4 - DD Data Measurement - Pdsi

DIRECTIONAL DRILLING
DATA MEASUREMENT
pdsi.pertamina.com
TATA KERJA INDIVIDU
KEBIJAKAN DAN PROSEDUR
ANTI-COLLISION
NO. C-111/DSI1110/2021-S9
pdsi.pertamina.com
INDIKATOR & UKURAN KEBERHASILAN
Pekerjaan Directional Drilling

dengan kondisi risiko Anti-Collision
berjalan sesuai dengan

kaidah QHSSE, tata waktu, anggaran,
serta memenuhi KPI yang telah ditentukan oleh pelanggan
pdsi.pertamina.com @pdsi.pertamina
Kompetensi
Drilling Engineering PT. PDSI
Memastikan perancangan lintasan sumur (trajectory) mematuhi prosedur Anti-Collision
Semua personel yang terlibat dalam perencanaan terlatih dan kompeten dalam pelaksanaannya
Directional Driller bertanggung jawab untuk

• memastikan bahwa prosedur ini diikuti selama proses eksekusi.
• harus telah meninjau (me-review) file desain sumur
• benar-benar memahami semua persyaratan desain sumur sebelum dieksekusi
Manajemen PT. PDSI bertanggung jawab

• memastikan kompetensi Directional Driller
• untuk mampu mengikuti lintasan sumur
• mematuhi semua prosedur
Apabila terjadi perubahan lintasan sumur (trajectory)

 wajib memastikan semua perencanaan Anti Collision telah disimulasikan kembali dengan benar, dan
 disetujui oleh Klien
Kualitas dan Verifikasi Basis Data
Drilling Engineering PT. PDSI berkewajiban meyakinkan
Data dari Klien

• lengkap dan akurat
• Informasi lubang bor disekitar sumur referensi, sidetrack, ikan (fish) dan
• setiap sumur harus memiliki survey definitive dari permukaan hingga total depth yang
Geomagnetic Model
• Geomagnetic model yang digunakan oleh PDSI ialah IGRF (International Geomagnetic Reference Field)
• diperbaharui setiap 5 tahun sekali.
3 Well Position Uncertainty

Merujuk pada Industry Steering Committee on Wellbore Survey Accuracy (ISCWSA).
Metode Pemindaian Anti-Collision (Anti-Collision Scan)

• Pendekatan Terdekat
• Bidang Normal
• Horizontal Plane
ISCWSA model
Typical 1/2 axis Vertical x Lateral uncertainty / 1000 mHD
at 1σ
MWD ISCWSA IFR corrected ± 4 x 10 m
MWD ISCWSA Standard ± 4 x 20 m
High Accuracy Gyro ISCWSA ± 0.75 x 3.5 m
MWD ISCWSA IFR/SAG corrected ± 1 x 10 m
ISCWSA - Industry Steering Committee for Wellbore Surveying Accuracy

is a modern Well Positioning Uncertainty Model
Surface Uncertainty
Offset Well didefinisikan sebagai sumur yang sebagian atau seluruhnya terkandung dalam silinder
vertikal dengan radius yang ditentukan sebelumnya di sekitar asal sumur.
Radius = (Reference Wellbore Maximum Displacement * 1.25) + 350 m (1,150 ft)
Tinggi Silinder Vertikal adalah 350 m (1000 kaki) dari titik TVD (True Vertical Depth)
terdalam untuk setiap sumur offset.
Setiap trjektori sumur yang tidak berada di dalam radius yang telah ditentukan ditetapkan sebagai
Sumur Berdiri Sendiri (Stand Alone Well)
Desain Program Survei
Umum
biaya minimum dan menghindari tabrakan
Redudansi Survei (Survey Redudancy)
Instrumen survei yang digunakan untuk menentukan lintasan sumur definitive (definitive survey) di setiap
penampang lubang kinerjanya yang telah dikonfirmasi secara independen oleh instrumen survei lain
Bagian Program Survei
Program survey
pemindaian Anti-Collision (scan anticollision) terpisah
Separation Factor
Separation Factor = (D-R) / E
Separation Factor = (D-(R1+R2)) / (E1+E2)
dimana:
D (C-C Distance) Jarak tengah ke tengah antara dua titik
R (R1+R2) Jumlah dimensi lubang bor pada dua titik, baik cased maupun open hole
E (E1+E2) Ketidakpastian mengukur antara dua titik.
Ukuran ketidakpastian adalah jumlah jari-jari pedal sepanjang vektor pemisah yang
diskalakan oleh tingkat kepercayaan 2D
Tingkat Resiko Separation Factor & Tindakan Lanjutan
Pelaporan Anti-Collision
Menunjukkan
• jarak terdekat CC (Centre to Centre)
• SF (Separation Factor) terendah
• Nilai ES (Ellipsoid Separation - jarak antara dua tepi ellipsoid)
Pada kedalaman tertentu antara sumur yang dibor dengan sumur offset
Anti-Collision Monitoring
Eksekusi
 utamakan menghindari tabrakan
Validasi Survei Wellsite
 menjaga kualitas survei, alat survei harus diperiksa validitas kalibrasinya
Proyeksi ke bit
SF > 1.5 (Harus)
Anti-Collision Monitoring
Pelanggaran SF Resiko Rendah (Violation of Minor Risk SF)
proyeksi ke depan satu interval survei mendekati risiko tinggi (SF ≤ 1.5),
maka sumur harus di ‘plugged back’
Directional Driller berhak menghentikan proses pengeboran jika kriteria

“drilling ahead” dilanggar.
Deteksi Tabrakan Tak Terduga (Unexpected Collision Detection)

• data legacy survey tidak lengkap atau tidak akurat
• torsi tinggi atau tidak menentu (erratic torque), cutting yang tidak
terduga, gangguan magnetik yang tidak terduga dari survei MWD dan
• vibrasi yang terdeteksi di kepala sumur dari sumur
Anti-Collision Monitoring Program
Ketentuan Umum
File desain sumur harus mengacu pada program Anti-Collision Monitoring klien
Bila tidak ada, atau keberadaannya diragukan, program pemantauan Anti-Collision yang
terperinci harus disertakan.
Penerapan
SF harus >1.5  bila tidak jalankan clearance process atau Permission to Drill
Peran dan Tanggung Jawab

Semua pihak (Directional Driller, MWD Engineer dan Drilling Engineer)
• Koreksi Referensi Directional (Directional Reference Correction)
• Harus memeriksa sendiri (secara terpisah) data referensi survei dan koreksi (Grid Convergence dan
Declination) yang benar.
• Ditandatangani oleh Directional Driller dan perwakilan Klien di lokasi
Directional Driller
• QC survei definitif lokal
• Melakukan perhitungan Anti Collision, termasuk Clearance Factors (SF)
• Menggunakan perangkat lunak yang disetujui PT. PDSI selama pelaksanaan program survei.
Anti-Collision Monitoring Program
Peran dan Tanggung Jawab
MWD Engineer & Gyro/EMS Survey Engineer
Membuat catatan lengkap semua
Data survei mentah (survey raw data) & survei hasil perhitungan (calculated survey)
Secara independen mengkonfirmasi
• Semua koreksi referensi, dan
• Data perhitungan posisi untuk korelasi terhadap database definitif lokal.
Setiap hari dan pada akhir trayek selalu melaporkan kepada Directional Driller.
• Salinan cetak semua survei dan
• Perhitungan hingga posisi terakhir
• QC Survey
Drilling Engineer
• Melakukan verifikasi atas semua perhitungan Anti-Collision dan posisi yang disurvei dari
data yang diberikan oleh Directional Driller
• Memeriksa kesesuaian antara hasil perhitungan survei Directional Driller dan Drilling
Engineer.
Prosedur Survei
Pada periode monitoring Anti-Collision di mana ada risiko tinggi (SF ≤ 1.5), atau
di mana pengecualian berlaku, survei harus
dilakukan setiap 10 m (30ft) atau lebih sering dengan:
• Surface Readout Gyro (SRG), North Searching Gyro (NSG), atau
• MWD (harus diyakinkan tidak ada interferensi eksternal).
Di setiap stasiun survei,
Directional Driller dan Drilling Engineer
harus memastikan survei telah dicatat dan diplot dengan benar, serta menghasilkan
hasil posisi survei yang sama pada sistem independen.
Gyro survey yang dirun dengan wireline agar terhindar dari kesalahan,
survei yang disediakan di lokasi rig harus diulang atau di-recycle
setidaknya setiap
• dua stand pemboran atau
• empat run (mana yang lebih dulu terjadi).
Harus dipastikan posisi peralatan Gyro duduk di UBHO sub dengan benar.
Prosedur Survei
Proyeksi ke depan bit harus dihitung berdasarkan
• analisis garis lurus dan
• tren tendensi
didasarkan dari tiga survei terakhir.
Keputusan pengeboran harus
mempertimbangkan kemungkinan terburuk antara dua proyeksi.
Selama periode aturan risiko minor telah dilanggar, atau berlaku aturan pengecualian:
• SF harus dihitung pada posisi bit dan proyeksi survey berikutnya.
• Perhitungan SF harus dikonfirmasi secara independen pada saat pengeboran oleh
Drilling Engineer.
Pengeboran harus ditunda sampai konfirmasi telah selesai.
Bila periode diatas telah dilewati, pemboran bisa dilanjutkan dengan prosedur normal
Pengeboran harus dihentikan jika (sampai masalah dapat teratasi):

ada ketidakkonsistenan dalam
• survei yang tercatat,
• status Anti-Collision
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• perhitungan jarak bebas @pdsi.pertamina
Kriteria Shut In – Penutupan Sumur Offset
Harus disetujui dengan klien pada tahap perencanaan, dan
Didokumentasikan sepenuhnya dalam file desain sumur
Bila SF <1.5 dan potensial tumbukan berada di atas shut-in dan depressurized subsurface safety valve atau plug,
Pengeboran dapat dilanjutkan, dengan rekomendasi:
• Rock bit lebih diutamakan dibandingkan PDC bit.
• Mud motor low speed
• Pantau keberadaan cutting semen ada return lumpur,
• Pasang magnet di bagian hulu shale shaker dan pantau keberadaan serpihan logam
• Kendalikan ROP untuk mengurangi potensi kerusakan jika terjadi tabrakan sumur.
• Pantau torsi pengeboran dengan cermat.
• Pantau tekanan annular pada sumur yang berpotensi tabrakan dan laporkan jika terjadi fluktuasi.
• Gunakan alat pendengar/listening device di kepala sumur dari sumur terdekat yang berisiko tabrakan
Bila SF <1.5 dan potensial tumbukan berada di bawah shut-in & depressurized subsurface safety valve atau plug,
• Sumur yang di bor harus di plug back atau
• Memasang plug di bawah potensial tumbukan pada sumur offset
Sumur Offset
Dengan Data Survei yang Tidak Baik
Model kesalahan BLIND, diterapkan bila
posisi sumur offset diragukan karena belum disurvei dan
tidak ada informasi relevan lainnya
Model kesalahan UNKNOWN diterapkan bila

Posisi sumur offset diragukan sebagai akibat dari survei yang buruk, atau
posisinya tidak diketahui dengan baik karena alasan apa pun
Bila disain sumur menghasilkan masalah kedekatan potensial yang melibatkan sumur yang memiliki kode alat
UNKNOWN atau BLIND,
• Desain sumur harus diubah, atau
• Sumur yang disurvei dengan buruk harus menjadi subyek analisis risiko dan Permission To Drill harus
disetujui oleh klien.
Sumur dengan kode alat survei UNKNOWN atau BLIND

Tidak boleh melanggar SF berisiko rendah tanpa menjadi subjek pengecualian tertulis.
Keputusan mengenai kode alat survei UNKNOWN dan BLIND dikonfirmasikan oleh PDSI, kepada
pihak Klien sebagai pengambil keputusan akhir untuk perhitungan Anticollision
Pedoman Pencegahan Tabrakan
(Collision Avoidance Guide Line)
Drilling Engineer
• harus memverifikasi koordinat slot, elevasi sumur subjek dan sumur offset serta memvalidasi Laporan
Survey Legacy
• mengumpulkan status sumur, tekanan Casing & Kepala Sumur, dan permintaan untuk menutup sumur
offset yang berisiko.
• harus menyediakan pengawasan 24 jam dari kota untuk memantau pengeboran ketika SF <1,5, dan untuk
setiap revisi desain sumur berkomunikasi dengan
• Manager Unconventional dan Non-Rig Services – Klien – Directional Driller
Directional Driller
 Memverifikasi koordinat permukaan, elevasi slot aktual sumur yang dibor, dan jumlah sumur offset
dibandingkan dengan Anti-Collision Report
 Memantau drilling parameter, vibrasi, return fluida pengeboran dan mengawasi apabila ada peningkatan
aliran
 Memberikan Drilling Engineer (di kota) survei aktual yang mutakhir atau paling update
 Dalam kasus SF < 1,5,
• Melakukan proyeksi 2 survei ke depan untuk melakukan perhitungan jarak dengan interval 10 m.
• Di setiap stasiun survey (setidaknya setiap 30m) dilakukan perhitungan kedekatan dengan sumur offset
• GYRO survei harus dilakukan setiap 10 m
• 2 personil Directional Driller diharuskan stand by di lantai bor/rig floor
Pedoman Pencegahan Tabrakan
(Collision Avoidance Guide Line)
MWD akan mengalami gangguan magnetik eksternal dari casing terdekat penggunaan GYRO
direkomendasikan.
Sebelum beralih ke survei Magnetik, Azimuth survei berbasis magnet harus berada dalam 2 derajat
offset survey Gyro.
Indikator Kemungkinan Collision
Mengalami pengeboran dengan torsi yang kasar, tidak menentu (erratic), atau torsi tinggi.
Segera sirkulasi bottom-up untuk menemukan tanda-tanda logam atau semen.
Disarankan cabut keluar dari lubang untuk memeriksa kondisi bit jika langkah sebelumnya tidak meyakinkan
Hilangnya sirkulasi secara tiba-tiba atau kejadian kontrol sumur lainnya.
Perubahan ROP yang drastic

Peningkatan ROP mungkin mengindikasikan bahwa sumur subjek telah dibor ke dalam semen lunak dari sumur
offset
Penurunan ROP mungkin menunjukkan bahwa sumur subjek telah dibor ke dalam semen keras atau kontak
dengan casing sumur offset.
Cutting yang tidak biasa (logam / semen) terkumpul pada shale shaker.
Peningkatan interferensi magnetik dari hasi survei MWD. Hal ini mengindikasikan sumur subjek mendekati
sumur offset.
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MEASUREMENT HISTORY
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DATA MEASUREMENT
Parameters that can be measured on the bottom of the hole are
1. Measured depth corrected length of the drill string.
2. Hole Inclination: inclinometers or accelerometers
3. Hole Azimuth/Tool Face orientation:
compass, magnetometers or inertial tools/gyro
4. Tool Face orientation With compass,

magnetometers or accelerometers
DIRECTIONAL
DRILLING MEASUREMENT
TOOL FACE
HOLE DIRECTION
MEASUREMENT WHILE DRILLING
DATA ACQUISITION
Delayed time tools
 Inclinometers - Pendulum
DATA ACCURACY
OBSELETE
 Magnetic Single Shot IS QUESTIONED
 Magnetic Multi Shot CURRENT PRACTICE
 Gyroscopes WELL IS RESURVEYED
WITH HIGHER ACCURACY
Real time tools SURVEY TOOL
 Steering tools
 MWD Tools Inclusion of Formation Data (E-log)

 GWD Tools Acquisition during Drilling
 LWD Tools
MEASURING DEVICE - Inclinometers
• Also known as Pendulums (TOTCO)

• A dart under the effect of its own gravity perforates a
graduated paper disc (only Inclination is measured)
• Drop in the drill string or wire line deployed
• Made of a pendulum or a plumb bob which are only affected
by earth gravitational field
• Inclinometers are the simplest well bore surveying tools

• Measure borehole inclination only
• No direction
• Mainly used to monitor wells verticality
MEASURING DEVICE
DIRECTION MEASUREMENT
Magnetic Measurement
Magnetometers are used to
measure
the three components of
the earth magnetic field
MEASURING DEVICE
• Measuring Device Magnetic Survey Tool
• Angle Units:
 Inclination is measured by a pendulum or a floating mass
 azimuth is measured by a compass
 Sensors package assembly including:
accelerometers and magnetometers
• A recording device
• Camera
Designed to take a picture the measuring Device reading,
featuring a lens and a set of flashing lights to expose a sensitive
film disc
 •Down hole electronic memory
Single Shoot = Take One Data; Multi Shoot takes several data
MEASURING DEVICE
Magnetic Survey Tool
• Triggering Device to initiate the measurement
Timer : Mechanical or electronic
the timer is set on surface per estimate of the time necessary to bring
the tool in the measuring position
Motion sensor:
The picture is taken after a +/- 3 minutes instruments stand still
position
Monel Sensor:
The picture is taken after a +/- 3 minutes instruments exposure to a
non magnetic environment
• Power Source
provide energy to measuring, recording and triggering instruments
Usually made of a set of batteries (lithium or regular type batteries)
• Thermal Shield* (for high temp well)

MEASURING DEVICE
DELAYED TIME TOOLS Magnetic Survey Tool
MEASURING DEVICE
MEASURING DEVICE Magnetic Survey Tool
Lorentz force and moment method
Magnetometers
Magnetic Measurement Methods
Faraday’s Electromagnetic Induction
MEASURING DEVICE
Magnetic Measurement Methods
Magnetometers
Hall Effect
Josephson effect SQUID
Superconducting Quantum
Interference Devices
make-artificial
out-of-electrical-circuits
MEASURING DEVICE
Conventional or Free Gyroscope Gyroscope
Invented 1930 and 1970 introduced in the oil field
Principle: Newton Conservation Law
Tools provide a relative azimuth measurement from an initial known set surface orientation
Sensitive to the earth rotation forces and drift from their initial orientation
MEASURING DEVICE
Gyroscope
Inertial or “North Seeking Gyroscopes”
(Rate Integrated Gyros)
Developed since 1970 combined Gyroscope
and Accelerometers allow to determine the
earth rotational rate vector
This value associated to the location latitude
and hole inclination allow to integrate
a True North referenced hole azimuth.
Requirement to make gyroscope keep

pointing to certain direction: Spin axis
horizontal
Or
When the axis of a gyroscope is parallel to the Earth's spin axis the gyro will be stable,
but if the gyro axis is off a little it will precess.
In this way a gyroscope can be used to determine North to high precision.
https://cultofsea.com/bridge-equipment/gyro-compass-basic-principle-operation-and-usage-on-ships/
https://www.britannica.com/technology/gyrocompass
https://www.prc68.com/I/North.shtml
MEASURING DEVICE
Solid State Gyroscope
MEMS
(micro-electro-mechanical system) When the gyro is rotated, a small
resonating mass is shifted as the
angular velocity changes.
This movement is converted

into very low-current electrical
signals that can be amplified
Triple Axis MEMS and read by a host
Gyroscope microcontroller.
measures rotation on
three axes: x, y, and z.
MEASURING DEVICE
Fiber Optic Gyroscope
Two beams of light (laser) are injected into the same
fiber coil but in opposite directions.
FIBER COIL Sagnac effect

ROTATION The beam travelling against the rotation experiences a
slightly shorter path delay than the other beam,
resulting a phase shift.
Phase shift is measured photo-metrically through

interferometry can be deducted as angular velocity.
PHASE SHIFT MEASURED WITH INTERFEROMETRY
Further (current) Development NOT YET APPLIED IN O&G

Miniaturize the fiber gyro have fallen short/constrained because:
• second- and third-order errors that result from thermal fluctuations, component drift
• fabrication mismatch brought on degradation signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
• optical-path length shrinks
WIDELY APPLIED IN HAND PHONES

pdsi.pertamina.com https://www.eenewseurope.com/news/silicon-based-electro-optical-gyroscope-overcomes- @pdsi.pertamina
snr-deficiencies/page/0/1
MEASURING DEVICE
Fiber Optic & MEMS Gyroscope
Further (current) Development
2mm-square silicon-based optical gyroscope
The gyroscope mechanical spinning-wheel and laser-based optical gyro have been
supplanted in most applications by fiber-optic and MEMS gyros.
The optical gyro and the Sagnac effect:

Silicon nanophotonic waveguide supports a single mode at 1550 nm
Rotation of the ring induces a phase difference

between the two counter-rotating waves
The reciprocal sensitivity enhancement technique, the

incoming signal is switched between
• red path (clockwise propagation) and,
• blue path (anticlockwise propagation)
MEASURING DEVICE
REAL TIME DATA TRANSMISION - MWD
Measurement-While-Drilling & Logging-While-Drilling (or MWD & LWD) is
Type of well logging that incorporates the measurement tools into the drill-string and provides real-time
information.
Information
MWD : Directional Drilling Information: Inclination, Azimuth/Tool Face orientation
LWD : Geophysical Information: Natural gamma ray (GR), Density and photoelectric index, Neutron porosity, Resistivity,
Sonic Formation tester and sampler, Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Seismic while drilling (SWD)
Real Time Information
Information is send to surface
by modulating the info in the pulse of
circulating pressure.
Positive Pulse
Mud Pulse
Negative Pulse
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MEASURING DEVICE
DATA PROCESSING, TRANSMISION &
DATA DISPLAY
DISPLAY MD-INCL-DIR
DE-MODULATION
TRANSMISION
MODULATION
Electro Magnetic MWD System
Geo-Steering Log
PDSI MWD
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Tensor MWD System
Electrotrac
Features & benefits v Mud Pulse Telemetry Electro-Trac™ EM MWD System

• Reduced NPT risk
• No moving parts: less wear and tear, simpler maintenance
Electromagnetic telemetry (EM) technology
• LCM tolerant: no plugged pulsers or LCM limitations
Improved drilling efficiency Data without fluid circulation:
surveys during connection
• Up to 12 bps: less hidden NPT orienting mud motor
• Less pressure drop: increased flow for improved hole
cleaning
Tooltronix
positive Mud
Pulse (MP), Electro-Magnetic (EM)
wellbore surveys, shock/vibration, and gamma logging
ANNULAR PRESSURE WHILE DRILLING

PULSE-X
INC-RINC MODULE
Tolteq
Tolteq
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DATA MEASUREMENT
Parameters that can be measured on the bottom of the hole are
1. Measured depth corrected length of the drill string.
2. Hole Inclination: inclinometers or accelerometers
3. Hole Azimuth/Tool Face orientation:
compass, magnetometers or inertial tools/gyro
Computed Parameter
 True Vertical Depth
 Closure – Horizontal Displacement
 Northing – Easting
 Dog Leg Severity, Build Up Rate/Drop Off Rate, Turn Rate
TRAJECTORY CONTROL
Goal
Locate the position of the well in the 3-D space
Mean
Obtain enough parameters to perform a trigonometric calculation
Surveys Representation
How ? When ? Frequency ? Plot the resulting position on the vertical
Precautions and horizontal planes
Sources of errors Extrapolation
Calculations Extrapolate well trajectory in both vertical
Calculate the new position of the well and horizontal directions
Obtain: Anticipate “natural tendencies”
TVD, horizontal projection, Consider the “reasonable” possibilities of
X & Y relative coordinates trajectory correction
Collision Check
DECISION
Drill ahead
Change BHA
Trajectory correction
TRAJECTORY CALCULATIONS
Determine the local coordinates of any point of the trajectory
Step by Step Calculation Principle Starting from
 Surface location, or
 Tie-In Point
Sufficient measurement parameters to be able to perform a mathematical calculation
• Each measurement allows to calculate displacement variations from the preceding measurement and position
• Elementary values obtained likewise are cumulated to obtain a relative position from the reference point
Required parameters
Measured Depth, Hole Inclination, Hole Direction/Azimuth , (& Tool Face orientation)
COMPUTATION METHODS
Tangential
Balanced tangential
 Average angle
 Radius of curvature
 Minimum radius of curvature
(Dog Leg Severity)
Mercury
COMPUTATION METHODS
Obsoleted Average Angle
Tangential, Balanced tangential, Mercury
No More (hardly) Use
Average angle
• uses averaged inclinations and azimuths between two consecutives survey stations Radius of
Radius of Curvature Curvature
• assumes a curved well bore between two consecutives survey stations
• good accuracy – widely used with computers
Minimum radius of curvature – (also called circular arc)

• Assumes a curved well bore of minimum radius between two consecutives survey stations
• Very good accuracy become the standard method of the O & G industry
Computation Methods Comparison
A well drilled from surface to 2000 ft MD
• To North Direction
• With a 3°/100ft build up rate
• Survey station every 100 ft
Minimum radius of curvature
• Effectively fits a spherical arc onto the two survey points
• Takes the space vectors defined by the inclination and azimuth at each of the survey points
• Smooths these onto the well bore by use of a ratio factor which is defined by the curvature
of the well bore section
• Calculate the arc displacement with minimum radius between two consecutives survey stations
• Very good accuracy become the standard method of the O & G industry
• The curvature is the Dog-leg
DL = cos -1 [cos (I2-I1) -sin I1 sin I2 (1-cos (A2 - A1))]

The course length ΔMD is measured along a curve
whereas I and A define straight tangential line directions in space.
to smooth the straight line segments onto the curve using
Ratio Factor, RF, given by:
DL is in degrees.
For small angles (DL<0.0001),
it is usual to set RF = 1.
Increments along the three axes, can be determined

to define the position of the second survey point.
Minimum radius of curvature
DL = cos -1 [cos (I2-I1) -sin I1 sin I2 (1-cos (A2 - A1))]
RF = {360 / (DL x π)} x {(1- cos DL)/sin DL}
Δ TVD = (Δ MD/2) x (cos I1 + cos I2) × RF
Δ North = (Δ MD/2) x (sin I1 cos A1 + sin I2 cos A2) × RF
Δ East = Δ MD/2) x (sin I1 sin A1 + sin I2 sin A2) × RF
WELL PRESENTATION
Spider Plot
Well Trajectories
3D View
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Spider Plot
-49 -42 -35 -28 -21 -14 -7 -0 7 14 21 28 35 42
West(-)/East(+)
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SWP-G18 Definitive Survey
Peciko SWPG-Platform
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S lot
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0
21
40
21
40 600 PK-G19 Definitive Survey

0
14 14
40 400 PK-G20 Definitive Survey
0
200
168
200
20
7 7
0
22000
200 SWP-G11 Definitive Survey
20
20
0
0200
20
0
200
0
-0 0 -0
20
40 PK-G21 Definitive Survey

200 000
0
SWP-G13 Definitive Survey 202 0 PK

-7
20 -G -7
0 22000 21
20 0 S lot
200
400 200 Q-
1R
-14 ev -14
7.0
40
0
-21 -21
200
PK0G 104 PH Definitive Survey
0
40
-28 -28
Horizontal Hole 400

-35 -35
0 0
40 40
0
40
-42 -42
SWP-G02 Definitive Survey 600

-49 -49
-56 PK-G105 Slot P2 HzST Rev 1

-56
pdsi.pertamina.com SWP-G01 Definitive Survey @pdsi.pertamina

-63 PK-G105
PK-G105
Slot Slot
P2 HzP P2
RevPH
13Rev 11 West(-)/East(+) -63
58 - WCI/WLC/OEX
WELL TRAJECTORIES PK-G19-rSH2
PK-G19-rSH2 Rev 4.0 01 November 2012
SURFACE LOCATION – SWP-G SLOT R2

Water Depth: 48.58 RTE @ 34.22m (Raniworo) DDI: 6.107
Northing Easting Latittude Longitude
9880810.24 541757.07 1° 4' 42.333 S 117° 22' 31.322 E
TARGET DETAILS (MAP CO-ORDINATES AND LAT/LONG)
Name TVD +N/-S +E/-W Northing Easting Latitude Longitude Shape
PK-G19-FWS2 1792.22 1143.76 -974.27 9881954.00 540782.80 1° 4' 5.082 S 117° 21' 59.789 E Circle (Radius: 75 m)
PK-G19-Upper_rev 2223.93 1411.76 -1200.07 9882222.00 540557.00 1° 3' 56.353 S 117° 21' 52.481 E Circle (Radius: 100.00)
Bottom Gravel_G19 2429.22 1509.66 -1280.95 9882319.90 540476.12 1° 3' 53.165 S 117° 21' 49.863 E Circle (Radius: 100.00)
PK-G19-Main 2576.15 1534.75 -1302.04 9882344.99 540455.03 1° 3' 52.348 S 117° 21' 49.180 E Circle (Radius: 100.00)
PK-G19-TD_Rev 3609.22 1534.75 -1302.04 9882344.99 540455.03 1° 3' 52.348 S 117° 21' 49.180 E Circle (Radius: 150.00)
DLS BUR TR
Point MD (m) Inc (°) Azi (°) TVD (m) TVDSS (m) V.Sec (m) NS (m) EW (m)
(°/10m) (°/10m) (°/10m)
Last Gyro Point 168.00 4.92 69.32 167.91 133.69 -0.69 1.45 2.79 0 0 0
KOP 200.00 4.92 69.32 199.79 165.57 -1.62 2.42 5.35 0 0 0
EOB 725.06 48.00 318.94 666.90 632.68 198.71 168.08 -109.05 0.95 0.82 -2.1
13 3/8" Csg 1251.60 48.00 318.94 1019.22 985.00 590.22 463.15 -365.86 0 0 0
DOP 2848.50 48.00 318.94 2087.76 2053.54 1776.60 1357.94 -1145.57 0 0 0
EOD 3448.75 0.00 0.00 2620.22 2586.00 2013.65 1536.70 -1301.29 0.8 -0.8 0
9 5/8" Csg 3987.75 0.00 0.00 3159.22 3125.00 2013.65 1536.70 -1301.29 0 0 0
TD - 4 1/2" Csg 4462.75 0.00 0.00 3634.22 3600.00 2013.65 1536.70 -1301.29 0 0 0
-1575 -1350 -1125 -900 -675 -450 -225 0
1575
3500 West(-)/East(+)
25 9 5/8" Csg & 4”½ csg shoe
003000
PK-G19-TD_Rev 1350
0
Start hold at 168.00 MD 20
0 00
PK-G19-Main
0° Start DLS 0.950 TFO -114.35
PK-G19-FWS2
Bottom Gravel_G19 1125
475 Start hold at 725.06 MD PK-G19-Upper_rev

25°
900
South(-)/North(+)
15
00
950
10
00
675
13 3/8" Csg
True Vertical Depth

13 3/8" Csg
1425 450
10
48
00
°
20
00
PK-G19-FWS2 225
1900
Start Drop -0.800
50
0 0
PK-G19-Upper_rev 0
30
00
2375
Bottom Gravel_G19
PK-G19-Main
0°
2850
9 5/8" Csg 4000

3325
4"½ Shoe
TD at 4462.75
pdsi.pertamina.com 0 475 950 1425

Vertical Section at 319.69°
1900 2375
@pdsi.pertamina
WELL TRAJECTORIES
pdsi.pertamina.com 60 - WCI/WLC/OEX @pdsi.pertamina

TN-F50
Shallow Horizontal
COLLISION PREVENTION
WELL BORE POSITION
UNCERTAINTY
pdsi.pertamina.com
MOST OF THE WORLD CLUSTER SITUATION
ALL MEASUREMENTS HAVE
ERROR!
• MEASUREMENT ERRORS that are not corrected, resulting uncertainty.
• The uncertainty may exceed the allowable tolerance for a particular application
• Uncertainty valid quantification is compulsory to be defined

• For a downhole survey tool, the uncertainty is calculated using a “Positional
East Uncertainty Model”
Measurements in 3 dimensions
-
?? ?? +
Z
Uncertainty in 3 dimensions Y
X
South
The Ellipsoid Uncertainty when Along hole Uncertainty included
POSITION UNCERTAINTY
• Measured Depth errors affect Vertical and Radial Uncertainty

• Inclination errors affect Vertical and Radial Uncertainty
• Azimuth errors affect Lateral Uncertainty.
1. All ANTI-COLLISION & TARGET ANALYSIS rely on
2. The ability to make Well Position Uncertainty
pdsi.pertamina.com 3. RELIABLE ESTIMATES @pdsi.pertamina
DIRECTIONAL DRILLING POSITION UNCERTAINTY
Lateral Uncertainty (1-sigma)
CAUSES 300 MWD
Lateral Uncertainty (ft)

250
VERTICAL
200 EMS
sensor alignment, sensor 150
accuracy, sag, misalignment in 100 NSG
borehole and etc… 50
0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000
LATERAL Horizontal Displacement (ft)
• sensor accuracy, misalignment in borehole, magnetic anomaly, uncertainty in accuracy

of BGGM, drill string interference……
DEPTH
• Pipe tally accuracy, depth measurement error, pipe expansion (temperature)
Error Models
• All of the Error Sources are get added together to make up an Error Model
• Error Model is a set of Error Terms chosen with properly accounting for:
all significant error source which affect the survey tools
• There is one item that is not included in the error models.
What can it be? …………. GROSS ERROR/HUMAN FACTORS
For directional survey data to be of real use; it must:

Include a valid estimate of position uncertainty
Must Be free from gross error
Accurate Surveys Benefits

• Greater chance of hitting planned target
• Closer drilling possible, less shut-ins
• Easier relief well drilling
DD POSITION UNCERTAINTY
The Position Uncertainty are assumed
to follow “Gaussian” Normal Distribution Error profile
Every survey tool should DIMENTIONAL CONFIDENCE LEVEL GAUSSIAN DISTRIBUTION
have an error model which WITH EQUAL STANDARD DEVIATION IN ALL DIRECTION
defines its error sources.
Their magnitude and how

these combine to produce a
volume of uncertainty.
The Size and Volume of

Ellipse of Uncertainty are
different from Different
Survey Tools
DD POSITION UNCERTAINTY
Proximity Scanning Methods
3D MINIMUM DISTANCE NORMAL PLANE
Advantages : [TRAVELING CYLINDER]
Always show the Disadvantages-
Advantages :
Minimum Distance to an Distorted impression of separation
on a traveling cylinder plot. True to the concept of a
Offset Wellbore Traveling Cylinder plot.
HORIZONTAL PLANE
Reference Well
Advantages :
Offset Well Simple to understand.
Reference Well
Offset Well
Disadvantages-
Disadvantages- Does not Detect
Should not be used to scan the Offset Wells that Pass beyond
non-vertical wells. the End of Reference Well
Cannot be used to scan
Offset Well horizontal wells.
pdsi.pertamina.com Reference Well @pdsi.pertamina
COLLISION PREVENTION
COLLISION AVOIDANCE
pdsi.pertamina.com
COLLISION AVOIDANCE – ROLES & RESPONSIBILITY
ENSURE FOR US TO FUL-FILL OUR ROLES & RESPONSIBILITY IN THE ORGANIZATION

WHEN DIRECTIONAL DRILLING IS CARRIED OUT
FROM PLANNING TO EXECUTION STAGES
DIRECTIONAL DRILLING-DISTANCE PROXIMITY APPROACH
Under Any Circumstances
Centre to Centre Travelling Cylinder
and,
Horizontal Separation methods
should not be used
Because DO NOT Allow Determining
The Closest Separation Distance to Offset Wells
Rule 21:
The anti-collision calculation method shall be based on the 3D
Closest Approach and the Edge to Edge between Ellipses methods
Centre to Centre Distance of

Proximity between wells (center)
• Calculates the true minimum distances between wells
• Proximity distances with the reference well are defined by the ctc line normal to the offset well
COLLISION AVOIDANCE
DISTANCE PROXIMITY APPROACH
Ellipsoids of Uncertainty
Projected on a Plane
Unequivocally Defined by
Ellipsoid or Envelope of Uncertainty
refers to a volume of positional uncertainty.
An Ellipse is the result of
a projection of an ellipsoid on a plane.
CtC Line Normal from reference to the offset well

And
A Horizontal Line Perpendicular to this CtC Line
CtC line is the plane drainage line
(slope of greatest gradient)
Edge to Edge (EtE) between EOU (Ellipses) is

calculated using the the Uncertainty Projection onto
The Line Center To Center
COLLISION AVOIDANCE – DEFINITIONS & RULES
Edge to Edge (EtE)=
Center-to-Center Distance
Minus (-)
(Reference Error Radius + Offset Error Radius).
= CtC – {(R1 + r1) + (R2 + r2)}
Where:
Reference Well Error Radius = R1 + r1, and
Offset Well Error Radius = R2 + r2
Separation Factor (SF)

ratio of well to well separation distance
Over
combined well position uncertainty
(Center-to-Center Distance Offset Well Casing Radius to Reference Well Hole Radius)
(Reference Error Radius + Offset Error Radius).
(CtC - r1 - r2)
SF =
(R1+r1) + (R2+r2)
Rule 23: The use of Landmark Rule 25: If EtE < 1.5m
Rule 24: Reference well is converging toward any offset well Rule 26: If SF < 1.5 AND EtE ≥ 1.5 m
Rule 27: Reference well is converging toward an offset well with live annulus
The Position Uncertainty are assumed
Every survey tool should have an to follow “Gaussian” Normal Distribution Error profile
error model which defines its DIMENTIONAL CONFIDENCE LEVEL GAUSSIAN DISTRIBUTION
error sources. WITH EQUAL STANDARD DEVIATION IN ALL DIRECTION
Their magnitude and how these

combine to produce a volume of
uncertainty.
The Size and Volume of Ellipse of

Uncertainty are different from
Different Survey Tools
•ISCWSA model
•Typical 1/2 axis Vertical x Lateral uncertainty / 1000 mHD at 1σ
•MWD ISCWSA Standard ± 4 x 20 m
•MWD ISCWSA IFR corrected ± 4 x 10 m
•MWD ISCWSA IFR/SAG corrected ± 1 x 10 m
•High Accuracy Gyro ISCWSA ± 0.75 x 3.5 m
•ISCWSA - Industry Steering Committee for Wellbore Surveying

Accuracy is a modern Well Positioning Uncertainty Model
•7 - Références, date, lieu
COLLISION AVOIDANCE – PLANNING & EXECUTION
DIRECTIONAL DRILLING WELL DESIGN

DEFINING FACTORS
PLANNING
 GEODETIC – LOCATION
 GEOLOGY & RESERVOIR – TARGET
 SHALLOW GAS HAZARD
POSIBLE CONSTRAINING
FACTORS
RULES (VIOLATION) EXCEPTION
EXCEPTION TO THE RULES

DEROGATION MITIGATIONS
KEEPING THE SAFETY STANDARD
EXECUTION IS NOT COMPROMIZED
COLLISION AVOIDANCE - LEXICON
TERMS & DEFINITION
WELLBORE SURVEYING
pdsi.pertamina.com
WELLBORE SURVEYING OBJECTIVES
 Trajectory calculation
 Provide TVD's and positional reference of formation tops
 Confirm that the Geological Target is intersected
 Well collision avoidance
 Provide accurate data for drilling of a relief well
 To determine Dogleg Severity and potential Casing Wear
 Complying to Authority/Government Standards
DATUM and REFERENCES
 All survey data, depth, inclination, direction and coordinates should
clearly state the datum they are referenced to
 For Collision Avoidance monitoring, all wells coordinates data should
be referenced within the same coordinate reference systems
 Always refer to affiliate level TOPO to provide you the fully defined
Coordinate Reference Systems data you need and pertaining to your
project
 A unique Vertical Reference Datum between all wells of a field is
vital for correct/exact Collision Avoidance calculations.
It is typically Mean Seal Level (MSL)
DATUM and REFERENCES
 For practical matter to report all wellbore directional surveys from

any surveying tools converted to Grid North
 Magnetic declination and grid convergence input error shall be

prevented; because a wrong Grid Azimuth calculation escalating
into significant well position misplacement, and potential serious
collision risks.
WELLBORE SURVEYING OBJECTIVES
To ensure that all directional surveys are referenced to a known datum,
the Geodetic Datum and local Drilling Datum should be given in:
 the well prognosis
 the drilling program, and
 should be part of the header of each directional survey file
The same set of latitude and longitude coordinates, referenced to
different geodetic datum, will refer to different points on the Earth.
The coordinates alone, contrary to common belief, do not adequately
define a particular location.
REMINDER
Inclination Reference (Inc)
Angle between
local vertical, or gravity, and the tangent to the wellbore axis at a particular point
Azimuth References (Azt)

Angle between
the horizontal component of the direction of the wellbore at
a particular point measured in degrees, from 0° to 360°, in
a clockwise direction from Magnetic, True or Grid North.
Correct terms should be True, Grid or Magnetic
Bearings.
SURVEY DEPTH AND DRILLING DEPTH REFERENCES
Vertical Reference Datum
SURVEY DEPTH AND DRILLING DEPTH REFERENCES
Vertical Reference Datum
Zero Measured Depth (Drilling Depth Reference)
Well Reference Point
Land Wells during Well

Servicing and Production
Land Wells during Drilling Operations
Operations
Well Reference Point
Wells with Surface BOP during Drilling
Operations
Wells with Sub-sea BOP during Drilling
Operations
(Tide is not considered on this sketch; Air Gap is generally measured form the Tidal
pdsi.pertamina.com Height) @pdsi.pertamina
E
Geodetic knowledges

4 - DD Data Measurement - Pdsi

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4 - DD Data Measurement - Pdsi

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DIRECTIONAL DRILLING

Pekerjaan Directional Drilling

berjalan sesuai dengan

Directional Driller bertanggung jawab untuk

Manajemen PT. PDSI bertanggung jawab

Apabila terjadi perubahan lintasan sumur (trajectory)

Data dari Klien

3 Well Position Uncertainty

Metode Pemindaian Anti-Collision (Anti-Collision Scan)

MWD ISCWSA Standard ± 4 x 20 m

High Accuracy Gyro ISCWSA ± 0.75 x 3.5 m

MWD ISCWSA IFR/SAG corrected ± 1 x 10 m

ISCWSA - Industry Steering Committee for Wellbore Surveying Accuracy

Radius = (Reference Wellbore Maximum Displacement * 1.25) + 350 m (1,150 ft)

Directional Driller berhak menghentikan proses pengeboran jika kriteria

Deteksi Tabrakan Tak Terduga (Unexpected Collision Detection)

Peran dan Tanggung Jawab

Pengeboran harus dihentikan jika (sampai masalah dapat teratasi):

Model kesalahan UNKNOWN diterapkan bila

Sumur dengan kode alat survei UNKNOWN atau BLIND

Hilangnya sirkulasi secara tiba-tiba atau kejadian kontrol sumur lainnya.

Perubahan ROP yang drastic

4. Tool Face orientation With compass,

 MWD Tools Inclusion of Formation Data (E-log)

• Also known as Pendulums (TOTCO)

• Inclinometers are the simplest well bore surveying tools

• Thermal Shield* (for high temp well)

Faraday’s Electromagnetic Induction

Requirement to make gyroscope keep

This movement is converted

FIBER COIL Sagnac effect

Phase shift is measured photo-metrically through

Further (current) Development NOT YET APPLIED IN O&G

WIDELY APPLIED IN HAND PHONES

The optical gyro and the Sagnac effect:

Rotation of the ring induces a phase difference

The reciprocal sensitivity enhancement technique, the

pdsi.pertamina.com Continuous Siren @pdsi.pertamina

Features & benefits v Mud Pulse Telemetry Electro-Trac™ EM MWD System

ANNULAR PRESSURE WHILE DRILLING

Minimum radius of curvature – (also called circular arc)

DL = cos -1 [cos (I2-I1) -sin I1 sin I2 (1-cos (A2 - A1))]

Increments along the three axes, can be determined

SWP-G12 Definitive Survey

40 600 PK-G19 Definitive Survey

200 SWP-G11 Definitive Survey

40 PK-G21 Definitive Survey

SWP-G13 Definitive Survey 202 0 PK

PK0G 104 PH Definitive Survey

Horizontal Hole 400

SWP-G02 Definitive Survey 600

-56 PK-G105 Slot P2 HzST Rev 1

pdsi.pertamina.com SWP-G01 Definitive Survey @pdsi.pertamina

SURFACE LOCATION – SWP-G SLOT R2

-1575 -1350 -1125 -900 -675 -450 -225 0

475 Start hold at 725.06 MD PK-G19-Upper_rev

True Vertical Depth

9 5/8" Csg 4000

pdsi.pertamina.com 0 475 950 1425

pdsi.pertamina.com 60 - WCI/WLC/OEX @pdsi.pertamina

• Uncertainty valid quantification is compulsory to be defined

• Measured Depth errors affect Vertical and Radial Uncertainty

Lateral Uncertainty (ft)