SISTEM PERIODIK UNSUR

Universitas Ekasakti Padang

fatridha.yansen@gmail.com
Pokok Bahasan

1. Perkembangan Sistem Periodik Unsur

2. Klasifikasi SPU
3. Sifat keperiodikan
 1. PERKEMBANGAN SISTEM PERIODIK UNSUR

Glenn
Henry Seaborg
 Sistem periodic
In 1869 Mosley unsur modern
 Menemukan unsur
In 1864 Dimitri transisi, dan unsur
 Menemukan
John Mendeleev hubungan antara ke-106
 Berhasil membuat spectrum sinar X
Newlands dengan nomor atom
prediksi sifat
beberapa unsur yang  Nomor atom
Hukum Oktav belum ditemukan meningkat seiring
Ketika unsur-unsur disusun  SPU Mendeleev dengan peningkatan
berdasarkan massa atom, maka setiap mencakup 66 unsur massa atom (dengan
pengulangan delapan unsur memiliki yang sudah diketahui beberapa
sifat yang sama.  Ditemukan beberapa pengecualian)
Tidak cocok untuk ketidakkonsitenan
unsur-unsur setelah Ca DITOLAK
 Mendeleev mengajukan keberadaan unsur yang
belum diketahui – eka-aluminium – dan
memprediksi sejumlah sifat-sifatnya. Eka dalam Gallium melts in a
bahasa sansakerta berarti “pertama”; sehingga eka- person’s hand (body
aluminum akan menjadi unsur pertama setelah temperature is about
aluminium pada golongan yang sama. 37°C).

 Ketika gallium ditemukan 4 tahun kemudian, sifat-

sifatnya cocok dengan prediksi yang diajukan
Mendeleev.
 Inkonsistensi SP. Mendeleev

 Contoh : massa atom argon (39.95 amu)

lebih besar dari Kalium (39.10 amu). Jika
unsur-unsur disusun secara menyeluruh
berdasarkan kenaikan massa atom maka Menggiring penemuan
argon akan muncul segolongan dengan penyusunan unsur-unsur
kalsium (pada SPU modern). didasarkan pada nomor
atom, BUKAN massa
atom
 But no chemist would place argon, an
inert gas, in the same group as lithium
and sodium, two very reactive metals
2. KLASIFIKASI PERIODIK UNSUR
 Na K
23 19
11 9
3. SIFAT KEPERIODIKAN UNSUR

Sifat keperiodikan unsur terdiri atas :

 Jari-jari atom
 Energi ionisasi
 Afinitas electron
 Jari-jari ionic
 Elektronegativitas
 Atomic radii are often stated in
JARI-JARI ATOM angstroms (1 Å 10-10 m) or in the
SI units nanometers (1 nm 10-9 m)
or picometers (1 pm 10-12 m).
To convert from Å to nm, move the
decimal point to the left one place
(1 Å 0.1 nm). For example, the
atomic radius of Li is 1.52 Å, or
0.152 nm.
  Within a family (vertical group on the periodic
table) of representative elements, atomic radii
increase from top to bottom as electrons are
added to shells farther from the nucleus.

 Across a period in the periodic table, atomic radii

of representative elements decrease as a proton is
added to the nucleus and an electron is added to
a particular shell

 For the transition elements, the variations are not

so regular because electrons are being added to
General trends in atomic radii of A an inner shell. All transition elements have smaller
group elements with position in the radii than the preceding Group IA and IIA
periodic table. elements in the same period.
Contoh soal :

1. Arrange the following elements in order of increasing atomic

radii. Justify your order
Cs F K Cl

2. Latihan no. 18
ENERGI IONISASI
Energi ionisasi adalah energi minimum yang
diperlukan oleh atom netral dalam keadaan gas
agar dapat melepaskan satu buah elektron pada
kulit terluarnya

Elements with low ionization energies (IE) lose

electrons easily to form cations
General trends in first ionization
energies of A group elements
with position in the periodic
table. Exceptions occur at
Groups IIIA and VIA.
plot of first ionization energies for
the first 38 elements versus atomic
number. The noble gases have very
high first ionization energies, and
the IA metals have low first
ionization energies. Note the
similarities in the variations for the
Period 2 elements, 3 through 10,
to those for the Period 3 elements,
11 through 18, as well as for the
later A group elements. Variations
for B group elements are not
nearly so pronounced as those for
A group elements
Latihan :

Arrange the following elements in order of increasing first

ionization energy. Justify your order.

Na, Mg, Al, Si

3. AFINITAS ELEKTRON  Cl(g) + e  Cl-(g) + 349 kJ EA= -349 kJ/mol

 Ketika 1 mol atom Cl(g) memperoleh satu electron

Perubahan energi yang membentuk ion klorin, dibebaskan energy
terjadi ketika sebuah sebesar 349 kJ (eksotermik)
electron ditambahkan
ke atom dalam bentuk
gas terisolasi untuk
membentuk ion dengan Reaksi umum
muatan -1
 X(g) + e  X-(g) EA
A plot of electron affinity versus atomic
number for the first 20 elements. The
general horizontal trend is that electron
affinities become more negative (more
energy is released as an extra electron
is added) from Group IA through Group
VIIA for a given period. Exceptions
occur at the IIA and VA elements.
General trends in electron affinities
of A group elements with position in
the periodic table. There are many
exceptions. Elements with very negative electron
affinities gain electrons easily to form
negative ions (anions).
Latihan :

Arrange the following elements in order of increasing

values of electron affinity, that is, from
most negative to least negative.

K, Br, Cs, Cl
4. JARI-JARI IONIK

General trends in ionic radii of A

group elements with position in the
periodic table
 Guidelines :

1. Simple positively charged

ions (cations) are always
smaller than the neutral
atoms from which they are
formed.
2. Simple negatively charged
ions (anions) are always
larger than the neutral atoms
from which they are formed.
3. The sizes of cations decrease
5. Within an isoelectronic series, radii decrease with
from left to right across a
increasing atomic number because of increasing
period.
nuclear charge.
4. The sizes of anions decrease
6. Both cation and anion sizes increase going down a
from left to right across a
group.
period.
5. ELEKTRONEGATIVITAS

1. The electronegativity (EN) of an element is a

measure of the relative tendency of an atom to
attract electrons to itself when it is chemically
combined with another atom.

2. Elements with high electronegativities (nonmetals)

often gain electrons to form anions. Elements with
low electronegativities (metals) often lose electrons
to form cations. General trends in electronegativities
of A group elements with position in
3. For the representative elements, electronegativities the periodic table.
usually increase from left to right across periods and
decrease from top to bottom within groups
Arrange the following elements in order of increasing
electronegativity.

B, Na, F, O
DISKUSI