Fisiologi Pernapasan
Respiratory Failure
ARDS
Sepsis
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FUNGSI PARU
Fungsi pertukaran gas O2 & CO2: ventilasi - difusi
(fungsi utama)
Pertukaran panas
Respiratory muscles
Chest wall
Lung
Upper airway
Bronchial tree
Alveoli
Pulmonary vasculature
Obstructive Pathophysiology
Restrictive Pathophysiology
Diffusion Pathophysiology
Ventilation Pathophysiology
Control System
Pathophysiology
INADEQUATE BREATHING
RESPIRATORY
Anatomy, signs, symptoms
Management respiratory emergencies:
Upper airway
Lower airway
Airway
Ventilasi yang baik tidak bisa berlangsung tanpa airway adequate
Breathing
Tanda dari life-threatening problems
Perubahan kesadaran
Sianosis, pucat, atau diaphoresis
Suara napas hilang atau tidak normal (suara napas tambahan)
Berbicara terbatas pada 1–2 kata
Takikardia
Penggunaan otot bantu napas atau retraksi interkostal
Disstres napas biasanya disebabkan masalah sistem pernapasan:
Spontaneous pneumothorax
Pulmonary edema
Asthma (Exacerbation)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Exacerbation)
Pneumonia (severe) → Sepsis → ARDS
Obstructive/ restrictive disease
Environmental/ industrial exposure - Toxic gas
Pulmonary embolism
Normal 97 97
Kisaran normal >80 >95
(Collapse)
(COPD)
✓Hypercapnic
RF
✓Hypoxemia
is common
ARDS
PENDAHULUAN
Alveolar macrophages
release proinflamatory
cytokines
Cytokines attract
neutrophils
Perubahan khas pada ARDS adalah peningkatan permeabilitas endotel & epitel,
ekstravasasi cairan & komponen plasma lainnya dalam interstitium dan alveolar.
Albumin komponen yang paling penting.
Konsekuensi Klinis yang terjadi:
Hipoksemia
Atelektasis
Penurunan compliance paru
Peningkatan tekanan arteri pulmonalis
PERJALANAN PENYAKIT
Exudative phase
Occurs within hours after initial pulmonary insult
Usually lasts 2-7 days
Hyaline membranes, loss of the alveolar epithelium, edema, & hemorrhage
Proliferative phase
Usually 7-28 days after initial pulmonary insult
Proliferation of type 2 pneumocytes, widening of septa & interstitial fibroblast proliferation
Late proliferative or fibrotic phase
Deposition of collagen and proteoglycans.
Fibroblast proliferation
Interstitial fibrosis develops in some patients.
Diagram illustrating the time course for the development and resolution of ARDS
Initial "eksudatif" stage: kerusakan alveolar secara
diffuse dalam minggu pertama.
Proliferatif stage: resolusi edema paru, proliferasi sel
alveolar tipe II, metaplasia sel skuamosa, infiltrasi
interstisial oleh myofibroblas, dan early deposition of
collagen.
Beberapa pasien mengalami stadium ketiga
"fibrotik", ditandai dengan obliteration arsitektur
paru normal, fibrosis diffus, dan pembentukan kista.
RADIOGRAPHIC ABNORMALITIES
Due to alveolar epithelial injury, or diffuse alveolar damage, that causes leakage of protein-rich fluid into the
alveolar spaces.
Chest X-ray
Exudative phase: progression from diffuse bilateral interstitial infiltrates to diffuse, fluffy, alveolar opacities +/- air
bronchograms
✓White out
✓Ground glass opacities
Proliferative and fibrotic phase: a more heterogeneous, linear or reticular pattern.
To help distinguish from cardiogenic pulmonary edema: often a lack cardiomegaly, obvious pleural effusions,
and vascular redistribution.
Radiographic findings tend to stabilize and if further worsening occurs after 5-7 days, another process should
be considered.
MANAGEMENT
Adapted from: Bone RC, et al. Chest 1992;101:1644 SIRS = Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
Opal SM, et al. Crit Care Med 2000;28:S81
DEFINISI (SEPSIS-3)
5
0
A. qSOFA Variables : Respiratory rate,
Mental status, Systolic blood pressure
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Berdasar publikasi “Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International
Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2016”, yang
telah direvisi & dikembangkan “hour-1 bundle”
(The elements of the 2018 bundle).
“The 3-h & 6-h bundles” telah digabungkan menjadi satu “hour-1 bundle”
dengan maksud eksplisit memulai resusitasi & manajemen segera.
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Sepsis six:
1. Titrasi oksigen dengan target saturasi ≥94%
2. Pengambilan kultur darah untuk mengetahui antibiotik yang
tepat.
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3. Pemberian antibiotik intravena empiris.
4. Pengukuran serum laktat & darah lengkap.
5. Mulai resusitasi cairan intravena.
6. Mulai pengukuran urine output yang akurat.
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• Resusitasi cairan sejak dini krusial untuk stabilisasi hipoperfusi jaringan akibat
sepsis atau shock sepsis.
• Resusitasi cairan harus segera diberikan pada pasien setelah didiagnosa dengan
sepsis, atau hipotensi dengan peningkatan laktat, dalam 3 jam pertama.
• Resusitasi cairan direkomendasikan minimal 30 ml/ kgBB kristaloid intravena
Strong Recommendation, Low Quality Of
Evidence
Anti Viral
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Thank You