ALTERNATOR

Generator AC atau generator sinkron sering

disebut Alternator, karena membangkitkan
tegangan dan arus AC (Alternating Current)

Pembangkitan Gelombang AC

Pembangkitan Gelombang AC

Nilai Tegangan

Tegangan Terinduksi sbg fungsi waktu

Tegangan / Arus Bolak-Balik 3 Fase

Alternating Current
Nilainya berubah terhadap waktu
Mempunyai puncak, zero cross,
lembah
Mempunyai frekuensi (f)

Konstruksi Alternator

1. Rangka stator terbuat dari besi tuang

2. Stator bagian inti yang tersusun dari plat-plat,
yang mempunyai alur
3. Rotor bagian yang berputar, terdapat kutubkutub magnet dengan lilitannya yang dialiri
arus searah, melewati cincin geser
4. Generator penguat sebagai sumber arus
medan
8

Construction
Stator

Armature

Electrical

Mechanical

Rotor

Field

Stator

10

Penghantar dalam alur (slot)

11

Stator Construction

Single layer

Coil

1 coil arm
per slot

Stator Slots

Stator Construction

Stator Slots

Double layer

Coil

2 coil arms in
each slot

Stator Construction

Stators can be very large

Penghantar

15

Penampang melintang penghantar

16

Rotor

17

Synchronous Generators

Generator

Exciter
View of a two-pole round rotor generator and exciter.
(Westinghouse)

Synchronous Generators
Stator with
laminated iron core

B+

C-

A+
Rotor with
dc winding

Armature Windings
+
+
+
+
+

A-

Field Windings

B-

C+

Slots with
phase
winding

Construction of a two-pole salient pole generator

Salient Pole Generator

Slip
rings

Pole

Fan

DC excitation
winding

Rotor of a four-pole salient pole generator

BAGIAN UTAMA ALTERNATOR

Stator
Merupakan bagian alternator yang diam.
Umumnya digunakan sebagai tempat kumparan jangkar

Contoh Stator 3 Fase 500 MVA, 15 kV

21

BAGIAN UTAMA ALTERNATOR

Rotor
Merupakan bagian yang berputar
Umumnya digunakan sebagai tempat kumparan medan

Contoh Rotor 36 kutub dg arus eksitasi 2400 A

22

23

Tipe Rotor
Ada 2 tipe kutub pada rotor
a. Kutub menonjol (salient pole)
b. Kutub silinder (cylindrical pole)

Kutub Menonjol

Kutub Silinder
24

Rotor Construction
Salient Pole
Difference between pole face
curvature and stator creates non-linear
variation in flux across pole face

Non-linear variation in flux across

pole face produces sinusoidal
change in the induced EMF

Contoh Name Plate Alternator Unit #2

PLTA SAGULING

di

26

Kutub-kutubnya terletak di rotor

27

Alternator dengan kecepatan tinggi umumnya

menggunakan kutub silindris

28

Rotor Construction
Cylindrical
Difference in coil spacing creates nonlinear variation in flux around the rotor
surface

Non-linear variation in flux around

rotor surface produces sinusoidal
change in the induced EMF

Rotor Construction
Cylindrical
Difference in coil spacing creates nonlinear variation in flux around the rotor
surface

Non-linear variation in flux around

rotor surface produces sinusoidal
change in the induced EMF

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

POLYPHASE SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

Two types:
1-Cylindirical rotor: High speed, fuel or gas fired power plants

p n
p
fe

n
2 60 120
To produce 50 Hz electricity
p=2, n=3000 rpm
p=4, n=1500 rpm

2-Salient-pole rotor: Low speed, hydroelectric power plants

To produce 50 Hz electricity
p=12, n=500 rpm
p=24, n=250 rpm

5-31

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

How does a synchronous generator wo

1- Apply DC current to rotor winding
(field winding)

2- Rotate the shaft (rotor) with consta

speed.

3- Rotor magnetic field will create flux

linkages in stator coils and as a res

voltage will be produced because o

Faradays Law.

5-32

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

5-33

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

How is DC current applied to the rotor?

1- Slip Rings

Note: Magnetic field of

rotor can also be
produced by permanent
magnets for small
machine applications

2- Brushless Excitation System:

Excitation supplied from ac exciter and solid rectifiers.
The alternator of the ac exciter and the rectification
system are on the rotor. The current is supplied directly
to the field-winding without the need to slip rings.

5-34

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Synchronous generators
work in parallel with the
interconnected system.
Frequency and voltage
are constant.
The behivor is examined
based on a generator
connected to an INFINITE
BUS.

Generator

Infinite bus

f : constant
V : constant

5-35

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Open-circuit characteristic of a synchronous

machine.

5-36

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Typical form of an open-circuit core-loss curve.

5-37

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Open- and short-circuit characteristics of a

synchronous machine.

5-38

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Characteristic form of synchronous-generator

compounding curves.

5-39

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Typical form of synchronous-generator V

curves.

5-40

Generator Penguat (Exciter)

Ada 2 tipe exciter :
a. Dengan komutator dan sikat
b. Tanpa sikat
Exciter berfungsi untuk mensuplai arus DC
ke kumparan medan
41

Skema exciter yang mensuplai arus DC melalui komutator dan sikat

42

Sistem eksitasi menggunakan sikat

(brush excitation)

43

Sistem eksitasi menggunakan sikat (brush excitation)

44

Sistem Exciter Tanpa Sikat

45

Sistem eksitasi tanpa sikat

(brushless excitation)

46

Penguatan dengan Sistem Brushless

47

Eksternal Eksitasi

48

Arus medan akan mempengaruhi fluks magnet

dan akhirnya akan mempengaruhi juga GGL yang
dibangkitkan

49

Ditinjau dari jumlah fasenya alternator dibedakan menjadi

alternator fase tunggal dan alternator 3 fase

Skema alternator fase tunggal dua kutub

50

Skema alternator 3 fase dua kutub

51

Bentuk gelombang tegangan dan diagram fasor 3 fase

52

Gaya Gerak Listrik (Electromotive force)

GGL setiap fase dirumuskan sebagai
Emax = Bm l r

(volt)

Dimana :
Bm = Kerapatan fluks maksimum (T)
l = panjang kedua sisi koil dalam medan magnet (m)
= kecepatan sudut rotor, (rad/s ) (= 2 frekuensi)
r = radius armature (m)

53

Contoh :
Sebuah generator AC, 2 kutub,
membangkitkan tegangan 3 fase dengan
urutan ABC. Diasumsikan memiliki data sbb;
Bm = 1,2 T, panjang armatur 0,5 m,
kecepatan rotor 1500 rpm dan
diameter sisi dalam inti stator 0,4 m.
a.

hitunglah tegangan yang diinduksikan per fase

b.

berapakah frekuensinya
54

Penyelesaian :
GGL maksimum (Emax ) =

1,2 (0,5 0,5)

2 1500 0,4

60
2

Emax = 37,7 V

2 1500
f
25 Hz
120
55

Operation Concepts
Flux f

nsy
C-

B+

AA+

B-

C+

Operating concept of a synchronous generator

Flux Linkage
Maximum flux linkage with phase A

C-

No flux linkage with phase A

B+
-

C-

B+
-

A+

A-

A+

B-

S
-

+
+

B-

C+

(a) Flux is perpendicular to phase A

C+

(b) Flux is parallel to phase A

Flux linkage variation.

A-

Rotating Flux
rot

link

nsy
B+

C-

A+

A-

30

B-

C+

Rotating flux linkage to phase A.

EMF Equation
According to Faradays law,
the induced emf in the armature coil of Nsta turns is given by:

E s (t ) N sta

d link (t )
dt

link (t ) rot cos( t )

E s (t ) N sta rot sin( t )
N sta rot cos( t 90)

2 f

Esta Emax cos(t 90)

Emax N sta rot
N sta rot
where Erms
2
Erms 4.44 N sta rot f

ALTERNATOR

Keluaran (out put) alternator berupa Gaya

Gerak Listrik (GGL) yang memiliki frekuensi.
Frekuensi yang ditimbulkan oleh alternator
bergantung pada jumlah kutub dan
kecepatan putar rotornya.

pn
f
120
f = frekuensi
(Hz).
p = jumlah kutub per fase (buah)
n = kecepatan rotor ( rpm)
60

Contoh

a.
b.

Ada sebuah generator AC dioperasikan

pada kecepatan 1800 rpm.
Berapa frekuensi yang dibangkitkan ?
Berapa kecepatan rotor agar frekuensi
generator menjadi 50 Hz. ?

61

Speed and Frequency

nS is the synchronous speed (r/m)

f is the frequency in Hz.

2P = total number of poles.

Pns
f
60
Example:
calculate the frequency of a 1800 rpm , 4 pole synchronous generator
ns = 1800 r/m, 2P = 4 Then, f = 2*1800/60 = 60 Hz