BOTANI FARMASI

RESPIRASI PADA TUMBUHAN

RESPIRASI

PROSES PEMBENTUKAN DAN

PELEPASAN ENERGI YANG SIAP DIGUNAKAN UNTUK
PROSE PERTUMBUHAN DAN HIDUP TUMBUHAN.

RESPIRASI
TERJADI DENGAN CARA OKSIDASI PADA TEMPERATUR RENDAH DARI
KARBOHIDRAT DENGAN BANTUAN ENZIM DAN SISTEM KEHIDUPAN
PADA TUMBUHAN.

MERUPAKAN REAKSI KEBALIKAN DARI FOTOSINTESIS :

1. TERJADI SECARA SPESIFIK DENGAN HASIL YANG BERBEDA.
2. TERJADI PADA ORGANELA YANG BERBEDA.

RESPIRASI
REAKSI KIMIA YANG TERJADI SELAMA
RESPIRASI

C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 40 ADP + 40 Phosphates 6 CO2 + 6 H2O

+ 40 ATP

RESPIRASI
PROSES DIMANA TERJADI PENGUBAHAN KARBOHIDRAT MENJADI ENERGI YANG SIAP DIGUNAKAN (ATP) PADA TUMBUHAN HIDUP DAN HEWAN.

KAPAN RESPIRASI TERJADI ???

1. TERJADI BERSAMAAN DENGAN
FOTOSINTESIS
2. TERJADI PADA MALAM HARI
3. PADA BUAH YANG TUMBUH DAN MATANG
4. PADA BIJI YANG SUDAH TUA (DORMANT
SEEDS)

DIMANAKAH
RESPIRASI
TERJADI?
RESPIRASI TERJADI DI MITOKONDRIA
MITOKONDRIA MERUPAKAN ORGANELLA YANG DITUTUP OLEH
MEMBRAN YANG TERDISTRIBUSI PADA SITOSOL PADA
ORGANISME EUKARIOT.
FUNGSI UTAMA DARI MITOKONDRIA ADALAH UNTUK
MENGUBAH MAKANAN MENJADI ENRGI YANG POTENSIAL (ATP)

KOMPENSASI CAHAYA PADA RESPIRASI

TINGKAT INTENSITAS CAHAYA MENENTUKAN KECEPATAN RESPIRASI
(PEMBENTUKAN CO2) DIMANA AKAN SEBANDING DENGAN
KECEPATAN FOTOSINTESIS (PENGGUNAAN CO2).
TERJADI PADA TUMBUHAN YANG HIDUP DI LUAR RUNGAN.

RESPIRASI AEROB (AEROB RESPIRATION)

3 TAHAP RESPIRASI
1. GLIKOLISIS (TERJADI DI SITOSOL)

TAHAP TAHAP PADA LIGHT REACTION

4. REDUKSI NADP MENJADI NADPH2

SIKLUS KREBS (TCA CYCLE)/SIKLUS ASAM

1.TERJADISITRAT
DI MATRIX MITOKONDRIA
2. SERANGKAIAN SIKLUS YANG MEMECAH PYRUVAT MENJADI C02 DAN
KERANGKA KARBON YANG LAIN.
3. KERANGKA KARBON TERSEBUT DIPAKAI SEBAGAI PEMBENTUKAN
PROTEIN, LEMAK, DINDING SEL, HORMON, PIGMEN,DAN MATRIX
BIOLOGIS LAINNYA.
3. DIHASILKAN CO2 DAN DIHASILKAN 10 NADH

TRANSPOR ELEKTRON
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Series of Proteins in the Mitochondria Helps
Transfer Electrons (e-) from NADH to Oxygen

Releases a Lot of Energy

Occurs on Mitochondrial Inner Membrane

(Proteins Bound to Membrane)

Respiration Steps

Released Energy
Is Used to Drive
the Reaction
ADP + P ATP

Many ATP Are

Made

Oxygen Is
Required for this
Step
Water Is
Produced
http://www.uccs.edu/~rmelamed/MicroFall2002/Chapter%205/ch05.htm

Anaerobic Respiration
Only

2 ATP Are Formed instead of 40

from Aerobic Respiration
Plant Soon Runs out of Energy
Can Begin to Suffer from Toxic Levels of
Ethanol and Related Compounds

Extended

Periods of Anaerobic
Respiration will Seriously Reduced
Plant Growth and Yields

Anaerobic:
C6H12O6 + O2 2 CH2O5 + 2 H2O + 2 ATP
Aerobic:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 40 ADP + 40 Phosphates 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 40 ATP

Photorespiration

In the "normal" reaction, CO2 is

joined with RUBP to form 2
molecules of 3PGA
In the process called
photorespiration, O2 replaces CO2
in a non-productive, wasteful
reaction
It is believed that photorespiration in
plants has increased over geologic
time and is the result of increasing
levels of O2 in the atmosphere--the
byproduct of photosynthetic
organisms themselves
The appearance of C4-type plants
appears to be an evolutionary
mechanism by which
photorespiration is suppressed
It has long been the dream of
biologists to increase the production
of certain crop plants, such as
wheat, that carry on C3 PS by
genetically re-engineer them to
perform C4 PS
It seems unlikely that this goal will
be accomplished in the near future
due to the complex anatomical and
metabolic differences that exist
between C3- and C4-type plants

Photorespiration
Respiration

Driven by Light Energy

Discovered when Scientists Realized that
some Plants Have Faster Respiration Rate
in Light than in Dark
Occurs in Chloroplasts and other
Structures in a Photosynthetic Cell
Rubisco can React with Oxygen to Start a
slightly Different Series of Rxs
Result in a Loss or no Net Gain of Dry Matter for
the Plant
Less ATP Is Produced from the Photorespiration
http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/webb/BOT311/BOT311-00/PSyn/Image81.gif

Factors Influencing
Photorespiration
O2

: CO2 Ratio
If Cells Have Low O2 but Higher CO2,
Normal PS Calvin Cycle Dominates
C4 Plants Have Little Photorespiration
because They Carry the CO2 to the
bundle Sheath Cells and can Build up
High [CO2]
Calvin Cycle Rxs always Favored over
Photorespiration
If

Cells Have Higher O2 and Lower CO2,

Photorespiration Dominates
http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/webb/BOT311/BOT311-00/PSyn/Image81.gif

Factors Influencing
Photorespiration
Light

Intensity

Increasing Light Intensity will Increase

Energy for the Photorespiration Process
and for PS
C3 Plants Light-Saturate at Lower Light
Intensities than C4 Plants
Reach Their Break-Even Point at much Lower
Light Levels due to Increasing
Photorespiration

http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/webb/BOT311/BOT311-00/PSyn/Image81.gif

Factors Influencing
Photorespiration
Temperature

Aerobic
Respiration and
Photorespiration
Increase with
Temp
Plants Have
Optimum,
Minimum and
Maximum Temp
Ranges
http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/webb/BOT311/BOT311-00/PSyn/Image81.gif

Factors Influencing
Photorespiration
Net

Photosynthesis or Net
Assimilation Rate
C4 Plants generally Have Net Assimilation
Rates about 2 to 3 Times that of C3 Plants
C4 Plants Are often Called Efficient Plants
and C3 Plants Called Non-Efficient Plants
A Few C3 Plants Have Low Respiration and
Similar Assimilation Rates as C4 Plants
Sunflower
Peanut
http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/webb/BOT311/BOT311-00/PSyn/Image81.gif

Factors Influencing
Photorespiration
Net

Photosynthesis or Net
Assimilation Rate
Cooler Temps Are the only Time when C3
Plants Have Higher Net Assimilation
Rates than C4 Plants
PEP Carboxylase Needed to Incorporate CO2
into the 4-Carbon Structure no Longer
Functions
C4 PS Rates Drop Dramatically or Stop
http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/webb/BOT311/BOT311-00/PSyn/Image81.gif

Factors Influencing
Photorespiration
Net

Photosynthesis or Net
Assimilation Rate
Cooler Temps Are the only Time when C3
Plants Have Higher Net Assimilation
Rates than C4 Plants
PEP Carboxylase Needed to Incorporate CO2
into the 4-Carbon Structure no Longer
Functions
C4 PS Rates Drop Dramatically or Stop
http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/webb/BOT311/BOT311-00/PSyn/Image81.gif

Factors Affecting
Respiration
Kind

of Cell or Tissue

Young and Developing Cells

(Meristematic Areas) usually Have Higher
Respiration Rates
Developing and Ripening Fruit and
Seeds, too
Older Cells and Structural Cells Respire
at Lower Rates

Factors Affecting
Respiration
Temperature

Respiration generally Has Higher

Optimum and Maximum Temps than PS
Rxs
Can Have Net Dry Matter Loss at High
Temps where Respiration Exceeds PS
Temp Refers to Temp Inside Plant or
Animal Cell, not Air Temp
Using Irrigation to Help Cool the Plant Can
Keep the Plant in Net Gain Range

Factors Affecting
Respiration
Oxygen

Low O2 Can Reduce Aerobic Respiration

and Increase Anaerobic Respiration
Low O2 Can Reduce Photorespiration

Factors Affecting
Respiration
Light

Can Enhance Rate of Photorespiration

Does not Directly Affect other Forms of
Respiration

Factors Affecting
Respiration
[Glucose]

Adequate Glucose Needed to Carry out

Respiration
Reductions can Occur
Reduced PS
Reduced Flow of Carbohydrates in Plant
Insect Feeding
Phloem Blockages

Factors Affecting
Respiration
[CO2]

Higher CO2 Levels Reduce Rate of

Respiration
Feedback Inhibition

Seldom Occurs except when O2 Levels

Are Limited
Flooded, Compacted Soils

Factors Affecting
Respiration
[ATP]

Higher [ATP] Reduces Rate of Respiration

Feedback Inhibition

Usually Occurs when other Metabolic

Processes Have Slowed or Stopped

Factors Affecting
Respiration

Plant

Injury

Injury will Increase Respiration

Plants Growth Rate Increases in Attempt to
Recover
Mechanical Damage
Hail
Mowing, Grazing, Cultivation, Wind

Plant Synthesizes Compounds to Fight Pests

Insect Feeding
Diseases

Some Herbicides Kill Plants by Disrupting or

Affecting Respiration
Generally an Indirect Effect
Herbicide Disrupts Enzyme Activity or some other
Metabolic Process that will Affect Respiration

Plant Mitochondria and

Chloroplasts May Have Evolved
from Bacteria

Many of the features of the

mitochondrial genetic system
resemble those found in
prokaryotes like bacteria. This has
strengthened the theory that
mitochondria are the evolutionary
descendants of a prokaryote that
established an endosymbiotic
relationship with the ancestors of
eukaryotic cells early in the history
of life on earth. However, many of
the genes needed for mitochondrial
function have since moved to the
nuclear genome.