PEMBAHASAN
SOAL TRY OUT
DVT
Adverse effects
Metabolic and electrolyte changes involve:
hyponatraemia sometimes severe,
especially in the
elderly;
hypokalaemia kaliuretis is a consequence
of increased
sodium ion delivery to the distal nephron
where
sodium and potassium ions are exchanged.
Mild
hypokalaemia is common but seldom clinically
important in uncomplicated hypertension;
hypomagnesaemia;
hyperuricaemia most diuretics reduce urate
clearance, increase plasma urate and can
precipitate
gout;
hyperglycaemia thiazides reduce glucose
tolerance: high doses cause hyperglycaemia
in
type 2 diabetes;
Medication (Drugs)
Vasodilators
No long-term studies indicate benefit in asymptomatic patients with normal LV function and chronic MR.
Symptomatic patients and those with deteriorating LV function should be referred for surgery.
Atrial fibrillation
Rate control can be achieved using b-blockers, calcium channel blockers, digitalis, or, rarely,
amiodarone if cardioversion is a consideration.
Anticoagulation using warfarin is indicated in patients with MR and atrial fibrillation with a target INR
of 2-3.
Patients with symptoms of heart failure should be treated using standard drug therapy (diuretics,
vasodilators, digoxin, etc.).
Afterload reduction therapy is indicated for acute MR.
Surgery
Mitral valve replacement or repair
Acute symptomatic MR
Patients with severe MR and New York Heart Association (NYHA) class IIIV symptoms with EF >60% and end-systolic dimension <45 mm
Patients with severe MR with EF 5060% and end-systolic dimension 4550 mm regardless of the symptoms
Patients with severe MR with EF 3050% and/or end-systolic dimension 5055 mm regardless of the symptoms
Asymptomatic patients with severe MR and atrial fibrillation in the presence of preserved LV function
Asymptomatic patients with severe MR and severe pulmonary hypertension with preserved LV function
Asymptomatic patients with severe MR with EF 5060% or end-systolic dimension 4550 mm
Patients with severe LV dysfunction (EF <30% and/or end-systolic dimension >55 mm) in whom chordal preservation is likely
Asymptomatic patients with severe MR and preserved LV function in whom mitral valve repair is highly likely
Patients with mitral valve prolapse and severe MR in the presence of preserved LV function who have recurrent ventricular arrhythmias despite
medical therapy