PEMBUNGAAN

Pembungaan dapat diatur oleh:

FOTOPERIODISME dan VERNALISASI.
I. Fotoperiodisme
a. Reseptornya berupa Daun atau Tunas.
b. Daun TUA mencegah efek pembungaan
c. Jumlah jaringan daun yang terkena
fotoperiodisme ikut menentukan
keberhasilan efek pembungaan.
 HAL YANG PENTING DALAM
FOTOPERIODISME ANTARA LAIN

1. Terbentuknya florigen
2. Periodisasi gelap dan terang
3. Intensitas cahaya
4. Jumlah siklus
5. Jenis cahaya/panjang gelombang
1. Terbentuknya Florigen
2. Periodisasi Gelap dan Terang
a. Periode gelap yang sinambung yang
berperan dalam pembentukan bunga.
b. Periode terang menentukan jumlah
bunga
c. Batas kritis setiap jenis tanaman
berbeda
Catatan:
1. Batas kritis untuk menentukan: SDP, LDP, NDP
2. SDP belum tentu lama penyinarannya lebih pendek
daripada LDP.
SDP belum tentu lama penyinarannya
lebih pendek daripada LDP.
 3. Intensitas Cahaya

a. Intensitas cahaya kurang dari 100 fc

tidak berbunga.
b. Intensitas cahaya lebih dari 100 fc
berbunga, dan semakin kuat intensitas
cahaya, jumlah bunga semakin banyak.
 4. Jumlah Siklus
Jumlah
Nama Spesies siklus Efek
minimal
1. Xanthium pennsylvanicum 1 kali Berbunga
2. Impatiens balsamina 3 kali Berbunga
3. Salvia occidentalis 17 kali Berbunga
4. Plantago lanccolata 25 kali Berbunga
Catatan:
Sekali tercapai kebutuhan siklus, tumbuhan tetap
berbunga walaupun tidak diberi fotoperiodisme
lagi.
5. Jenis Cahaya/Panjang
Gelombang
 II. VERNALISASI
Vernalisasi perlakuan suhu rendah untuk
mempersiapkan tanaman supaya
berbunga atau untuk memperpendek
fase vegetatif.
Vernalisasi menghasilkan vernalin yang
dapat ditranslokasikan.
Reseptor vernalisasi meristem yang aktif.
Keberhasilan vernalisasi ditentukan oleh:
lama perlakuan dan umur reseptor
 Prosentase Pembentukan Bunga
pada Lunaria bienis
Waktu Vernalisasi (minggu)
Umur (minggu)
0 8 12 16 20
6 0 0 0 0 3,6
8 0 0 0 0 21,4
10 0 0 0 7,1 25,0
12 0 0 12,5 40,7 40,6
14 0 0 7,5 18,4 40,0
Devernalisasi perlakuan suhu tinggi atau
penghentian vernalisasi dalam waktu yang
lama (untuk biji) setelah vernalisasi,
sehingga efek vernalisasi hilang.

Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi

vernalisasi karena reseptornya
meristem aktif, maka semua faktor yang
mempengaruhi metabolisme terutama
respirasi, akan berpengaruh pada
vernalisasi.
EFEK VERNALISASI pada tanaman
Hyoscyamus niger (LDP)
EFEK VERNALISASI atau GA
pada tanaman Daucus carota
EFEK GA pada tanaman ROSET
 The Pigment That Controls
Growth and Flowering In Many
Plants
Photoperiodic Response:

Its all about Preferences!

Long Day Plants flower when there

is a prolonged larger pool of Pfr

Short Day Plants flower when there

is prolonged larger pool of Pr
 The Phytochrome System
Works Within The Apical Meristem
Photoperiodicresponses are
triggered in the meristem
(both apical and axillary),
long before the new branches
develop.
Photoperiodic shade cloth
Light penetration
through the shade cloth
should not be more than
2 fc in order to prevent
delay in flowering and/or
disfigured flowers.
To lengthen the night, plants are covered with a
blackout shade cloth. Applied in late afternoon
and removed in the morning (5 pm to 8 am)
 DAILY DURATION OF LIGHT
The length of day has an effect on two
plant processes
time of flowering
plant maturity
This light-induced response is called
photoperiodism, and plants that flower under
only certain day-length conditions are called
photoperiodic.
 What Is Phytochrome ?

Phytochrome is a pigment found in some plant cells

that has been proven to control plant development.
This pigment has two forms or phases in can exist
in. P-red light sensitive (Pr) and P far red light
sensitive (Pfr) forms.
The actual plant response is very specific to each
specie, and some plants do not respond at all.
 Which Wavelengths Are Photoperiodic?
The length of the night period plays a major role in determining
which wavelength will be effective, as the phytochrome pigment
tends to revert to Pr during long periods of darkness.

Thus the length of exposure to light in a building, or if outdoors,

the seasonal light changes, affect how long the plants perceives
each form of phytochrome. R FR
 660 nm 740 nm
Red Light
Pr (Fast) Pfr
Far Red Light

Synthesis Dark Destruction

Reversion

(Slow)
Vegetative Reproductive
(Non-Flowering) (Flowering)
Mid-Summer
Sunlight
660 nm
740 nm
Red Light
Pr (Fast) Pfr
Far Red Light
Synthesis Destruction
Dark
Reversion

(Slow)
Vegetative Reproductive
(Non-Flowering) (Flowering)

Long-Day Plants Need/Sense

Low Pr to Bloom!
 Long Night
660 nm 740 nm
Red Light
Pr (Fast) Pfr
Far Red Light
Synthesis Destruction
Dark
Reversion

(Slow)
Vegetative Reproductive
(Non-Flowering) (Flowering)

Long-Day Plants Sense/Need Low Pr!

 Mid-
Summer
Sunlight
660 nm 740 nm
Red Light
Pr (Fast) Pfr
Far Red Light
Synthesis Destruction
Dark
Reversion

Reproductive (Slow)
Vegetative
(Flowering) (Non-Flowering)

Short-Day Plant Sense/Need

Low Pfr to Bloom!
 Black Cloth
660 nm 740 nm
Red Light
Pr (Fast) Pfr
Far Red Light
Synthesis Destruction
Dark
Reversion

(Slow)
Reproductive Vegetative
(Flowering) (Non-Flowering)

Short-Day Plants Need Low Pfr!

Night Break
660 nm
740 nm
Red Light
Pr (Fast) Pfr
Far Red Light
Synthesis Destruction
Dark
Reversion

(Slow)
Reproductive Vegetative
(Flowering) (Non-Flowering)

Night lighting disrupts reversion to Pr

and maintains vegetative status by keeping
Pfr relatively high in short day plants!
 Types Of Photoperiodic Response
Whereas many plants are photoperiodic, they do not all respond the
same way. There are 10 distinct types, with many sub-responses
to temperature within many of the groups.

Short Day Plants Single Cycle.Rice

Requires only one short day cycle to initiate the photoperiodic response.

Long Day Plants Single Cycle.Dill

Requires only one long day cycle to initiate the photoperiodic response.

Day Neutral PlantsCucumber

Flower the same time under all day-lengths, least photoperiodic response.

Ambiphotoperiodic Plants.Setaria
These plants are inhibited by intermediate (Equinox) day-lengths.

Short then Long Day Plants.Clover

These plants are inhibited by intermediate (Equinox) day-lengths.
Types Of Photoperiodic Response
Qualitative Long Day PlantsHibiscus
Must have constant long days to initiate the photoperiodic response.

Quantitative Long Day Plants..FoxGlove

Requires a certain # of hours of LDs to initiate the photoperiodic response.

Qualitative Short Day Plants...Poinsettia

Must have constant short days to initiate the photoperiodic response.

Quantitative Short Day Plants..Chrysanthemum

Requires a certain # of SDs to initiate the photoperiodic response.

Intermediate Day PlantsSugar Cane

Plants flower when days are neither too long or too short. (Equinox)