7 Dr. Paulus Anam Ong SP.S (K) - Deteksi Dini Demensia Lampung 1 Oktober 2016
7 Dr. Paulus Anam Ong SP.S (K) - Deteksi Dini Demensia Lampung 1 Oktober 2016
S(K)
Klinik Memori RS Hasan Sadikin /RS ADVENT Bandung
anam_ong@yahoo.com
*Ny. Anna
Masalah Bahasa
Beberapa bulan kemudian:
Dia sangat tersinggung ketika menantunya memberitahu
bahwa masakan keasinan.
* Di panti wreda
Ny. Ana adalah contoh pasien
Penyakit Alzheimer
9
8
7
In c id e n c e
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
6 5 -6 9 7 0 -7 4 7 5 -7 9 8 0 -8 4 85+
AAge
ge
Neuroimaging Dementia Alzheimer
Faktor Risiko Penyakit
Alzheimer
Usia lanjut: diatas 65 tahn (10%), 85 tahun (50%)
Riwayat keluarga demensia atau Down Sydrome
Faktor Genetik: Apolipoprotein E4; Presenilin 1,2
Wanita lebih sering
Cedera kepala
Hipertensi
DEMENSIA VASKULER
DV adalah penyakit heterogen dengan patologi vaskuler yang luas termasuk
infark tunggal strategi, demensia multi-infark, lesi kortikal iskemik, stroke
perdarahan, gangguan hipoperfusi, gangguan hipoksik dan demensia tipe
campuran (PA dan stroke / lesi vaskuler)
Faktor risiko mayor kardiovaskuler
stroke akut
CADASIL (cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts
and leucoensefalopathy),
Neuroimaging demensia vaskuler
DEMENSIA LEWY BODY DAN DEMENSIA
PENYAKIT PARKINSON
15-25% dari kasus otopsi demensia
fluktuasi kognisi
halusinasi visual yang nyata (vivid) pada awal perjalanan penyakit orang dengan
Parkinsonism.
jatuh berulang dan sinkope
sensitif terhadap neuroleptik
PA tumpang tindih temuan patologi antara DLB dan Parkonson dementia
DLB cenderung mengalami gangguan fungsi eksekutif dan visuospasial
sedangkan performa memori verbalnya relatif baik jika dibanding dengan
Parkinson dementia yang terutama mengenai memori verbal.
DEMENSIA FRONTOTEMPORAL
early onset dementia/EOD (sebelum umur 65 tahun)
Klinis: perburukan progresif perilaku dan atau kognisi
tahap dini (3 tahun pertama): perilaku disinhibisi, apati atau inersia, kehilangan
simpati/empati, perseverasi, steriotipi atau perlaku kompulsif/ritual,
hiperoralitas/perubahan diet
gangguan fungsi eksekutif tanpa gangguan memori dan visuospasial pada
pemeriksaan neuropsikologi.
MRI pada demensia frontotemporal
FvFTD/ bv-FTD
Frontal/prefrontal cortex
Anterior temporal cortex
Semantic Dementia
Middle and inferior temporal
neocortex
Progressive Aphasia
Left perisylvian cortex
Kriteria diagnosis semua Dementia
The National Institute on Aging-Alzheimers Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimers disease tahun
2011
AD8
Penilaian:
- Ya = nilai 1; Tidak/tidak tahu = 0
Interpretasi
Total skor 0-1: normal
Toal Skor > 2: Gangguan kognisi
InaAD-8 Validity
AD_8
100
Sensitivity: 89,5
Specificity: 94,7
80 Criterion : >1
60
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
100-Specificity
Functional Cognition
Behavior
/ non cognitive
symptoms
Current Management of Dementia
(Alzheimers Disease)
Manage
cognitive
Intervention symptoms
Pharmacology
&
Non
Pharmacology Increased
Manage BPSD quality of life
Support for patient
and family
To
patient/family
Functional
Rekomendasi Dosis Penguat Kognisi
Obat Sediaan Dosis Awal Titrasi Contoh jadwal
titrasi
Inhibitor kolinesterase
Donepezil Tablet (5mg, 2.5 5mg satu Naikan hingga 2.5 mg
10mg) kali sehari 10mg/ 5 mg
hari setelah 4-8 10mg
minggu
Rivastigmine Patch 4.6mg/24 jam Naikan hingga 9.5 4.6mg/24 jam
(4.6mg/24h, satu kali sehari mg/24 jam setelah 4 9.5mg/24 jam
9.5mg/24h) minggu (ditempel di badan)
Galantamine Tablet (4mg, 4mg dua kali Naikan 4 mg dua 4mg (dua kali sehari)
8mg) sehari, sesudah kali sehari setiap 2-4 8mg (dua kali sehari)
PR Capsule *(16 makan minggu, hingga 16 atau 16 mg PRC (sekali
mg) mg per hari sehari)
(2) NMDA antagonists
Memantine Tablet (10mg) 5mg sekali Naikan 5 mg tiap 1-2 5mg (malam)
sehari minggu hingga 10 5mg (pagi dan
mg dua kali sehari malam)
5mg (pagi) dan
Benefit of Therapy
Placebo
AChEI +/-
Memantine
Birks J. Cholinesterase Inhibitors for Alzheimers Disease (Review). The Cochrane Library 2012 Issue 5.
http://www.cnsspectrums.com/aspx/articledetail.aspx?articleid=1842 44
Potential positive effects of
antidementia drugs
Slowed/stabilized illness
Happier/brighter/more aware/more active
Improved/helped memory loss
Calmer/less aggressive
More independent/taking care of personal needs
Showed an interest in things
Improved conversation/speech
Less confused/better understanding
Better quality of life
Restored/more confident
Common Side Effects
NMDA-receptor
Cholinesterase inhibitors antagonist
(Donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine)
(Memantine)
Gastrointestinal: nausea, vomiting, Dizziness
diarrhea, anorexia, loss of appetite Headache
Cardiovascular: bradycardia, Constipation
syncope (attention with sick sinus syndrome,
AV-block) Confusion
Neuromuscular: cramps
b. Psychotropics
a.Antidepressants
b.Antipsychotics
Reasons for using nonpharmacologic
intervention approach to treat
inappropriate behaviours
Aims at addressing the psychosocial/environmental
underlying cause for the behaviour
It avoids the limitations of pharmacologic interventions
Side effects
Drug-interactions
Limited efficacy
When medication is efficacious, it masks the real need. There
by reducing the already compromised communication by
elderly persons and limiting the caregivers ability to properly
care for him or her
Non-pharmacological intervention
for dementia includes:
Cognitive /emotion-oriented interventions
Cognitive training
Reminiscence therapy
Simulated presence therapy
Validation therapy
Sensory stimulation interventions
Acupuncture, Aromatherapy
Light therapy, Massage/touch
Music therapy, Snoezelen multisensory stimulation, TENS
Behavior management techniques (BMT)
Other psychosocial interventions
Animal-assisted therapy
Exercise
Targeting Wondering and agitation
Physical & Environment Factors
Antecedent Behavior
Consequencies
Triggers
0.5 Clinical
decline
1.0 s
i ons tion ion o n n i lity av g ion ty y
s a s s ti o
ti ita b a v eh ti n s s ie th
lu in e la i h b a e x a
De allu
c
ggr E h ib Irr be e e/e epr An Ap
/a sin r im it D
H Di ot
o t-t et
it on h p
i ta r r m Nig Ap
Ag e
Ab
*p<0.05 vs placebo H. Feldman, et al Neurology
20010
Memantine prevents behavioural symptoms
in asymptomatic AD patients
*
**
**
N= 30.000
veterans
COD:
Tromboembolic
events: Stroke
& pulmonary
Cardiac
arrhythmia
Moretti et al (2006)
1. Hypothyroidism
2. Pernicious anemia
3. Chronic Subdural Hematoma
4. CNS infections:
TB, Cryptococcal, viral,HIV, syphilis
5. Tumors
6. Normal pressure hydrocephalus
7. Drug intoxication
8. Heavy metal poisoning
83
Natural history of Alzheimers disease
and current stage-specific interventions
Control of
risk factors
Normal Cognitive
Aging training
Severity of the disease
Amnestic Antidepressants
MCI ChEI
Diagnosis of ChEI
AD Memantine
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Time (years)
Modified from Jelic & Winblad, 2004