FARMAKOLOGI DAN
TERAPI DIET PADA PPOK
GOLD 2017 Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD. Available online at http://goldcopd.org/. Accessed 21stNovember
2016.
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FAKTOR - FAKTOR YANG BERPENGARUH PADA PERJALANAN
DAN PERBURUKAN PPOK
1. Faktor genetik
2. Usia & jenis kelamin
3. Pertumbuhan dan perkembangan paru
4. Paparan terhadap partikel
5. Faktor sosial ekonomi
6. Asma dan saluran napas yang hiper reaktif
7. Bronkitis kronis
8. Infeksi
GOLD 2017 Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD. Available online at http://goldcopd.org/.
Accessed 21stNovember 2016.
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ETIOLOGI, PATOBIOLOGI & PATOLOGI PPOK
Etiologi
Merokok dan polusi
Host factors
Patobiologi
• Gangguan pertumbuhan paru
• Accelerated decline
• Kerusakan paru
• Inflamasi paru & sistemik
Inflammasi kronik*
Antioksidan Antiproteinase
Mekanisme perbaikan
Empisema
Bronkitis kronik
BARNES PJ. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE: EFFECTS BEYOND
THE LUNGS. PLOS MED 2010;7:1-4
YOUNG R.P, HOPKINS R, EATON T.E. PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF STATINS.
EUR RESPIR REV 2009; 18: 114, 222–232
PATOLOGI, PATOGENESIS DAN PATOFISIOLOGI
1. Patologi
GOLD 2017 Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD. Available online at http://goldcopd.org/. Accessed 21stNovember
2016.
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PATOLOGI, PATOGENESIS DAN PATOFISIOLOGI
2. Patogenesis
3. Patofisiologi
GOLD 2017 Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD. Available online at http://goldcopd.org/. Accessed 21stNovember
2016.
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Diagnosa dan penilaian awal
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ALUR DIAGNOSA PPOK
Gejala:
Sesak napas, batuk kronis
atau pembentukan
sputum, dan/atau riwayat
paparan akan factor
resiko
Spirometri:
Post-bronchodilator
FEV1/FVC < 0.70
GOLD 2017 Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD. Available online at http://goldcopd.org/. Accessed 21stNovember
2016.
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INDIKATOR UTAMA UNTUK MEMBUAT DIAGNOSA PPOK
1. Sesak napas
• Progresif sepanjang waktu Pertimbangkan PPOK, dan
• Diperburuk dengan olahraga lakukan spirometri, jika
ada dari indikator di
• Persisten bawah di temukan pada
2. Batuk kronis pasien usia di atas 40
tahun. Kehadiran beberapa
• Intermiten atau unproductive indikator utama
• Mengi yang sering kambuh memperbesar kemungkinan
diagnosa PPOK. Spirometri
3. Produksi sputum yang kronis diperlukan untuk
4. Infeksi saluran pernapasan bawah yang sering kambuh menegakkan diagnosa
PPOK
5. Riwayat faktor resiko
Genetik, abnormalitas kongenital, asap rokok, asap dari limbah
domestik atau bahan bakar, kondisi lingkungan pekerjaan seperti
debu, uap, bahan bakar, gas dan bahan kimia lainnya
6. Riwayat keluarga dengan PPOK dan/atau factor pada masa kecil
7. Berat badan pada saat lahir, infeksi pernapasan masa kecil, dsb
GOLD 2017 Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD. Available online at http://goldcopd.org/. Accessed 21stNovember
2016.
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PENYEBAB LAIN GEJALA BATUK KRONIS (SELAIN PPOK)
1. Asma
2. Kanker paru
3. TBC
4. Bronchiectasis
5. Left heart failure
6. Interstitial lung disease
7. Fibrosis cystic
8. Batuk idiopatik
9. Rhinitis alergi kronis
10. Post nasal drip syndrome (PNDS)
11. Upper airway cough syndrome (UACS)
12. GERD
13. Pengobatan (contoh. ACE inhibitors)
GOLD 2017 Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD. Available online at http://goldcopd.org/. Accessed 21stNovember
2016.
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PENILAIAN
GOLD 2017 Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD. Available online at http://goldcopd.org/. Accessed 21stNovember
2016.
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KLASIFIKASI DERAJAT KEPARAHAN ALIRAN UDARA PASIEN PPOK
(FEV1 POST-BRONCHODILATOR)
GOLD 2017 Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD. Available online at http://goldcopd.org/. Accessed 21stNovember
2016.
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PENILAIAN GEJALA PPOK
GOLD 2017 Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD. Available online at http://goldcopd.org/. Accessed 21stNovember
2016.
17
PATIENTS CASE
Diagnosa?
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MODIFIED BRITISH MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL (MMRC) QUESTIONNAIRE
bernapas
2016.
19
MODIFIED BRITISH MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL (MMRC) QUESTIONNAIRE
bernapas
2016.
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PPOK ASSESSMENT TEST (CATTM)
I never cough 1 2 3 4 5 I cough all the time
When I walk up a hill or one flight When I walk up a hill or one flight
of stairs I am not breathless of stairs I am very breathless
1 2 3 4 5
When I walk up a hill or one flight When I walk up a hill or one flight
of stairs I am not breathless
1 2 3 X
4 5
of stairs I am very breathless
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PENGELOMPOKAN PASIEN PPOK
Assessment of
Spirometrically Assessment of airflow
symptoms/risk of
confirmed diagnosis limitation
exacerbation
Exacerbation
history
≥ 2 atau ≥ 1
menyebabkan
FEV1 hospitalisasi C D
(%
Post-bronchodilator
predicted)
FEV1/FVC < 0.7
GOLD ≥ 80
1 0 atau 1 (tidak
GOLD 50 – 79
menyebabkan
hospitalisasi)
A B
2
GOLD 30 – 49 mMRC 0-
3 mMRC ≥ 2
1
CAT ≥ 10
CAT < 10
GOLD < 30
4
GOLD 2017 Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD. Available online at http://goldcopd.org/. Symptoms
Accessed 21stNovember 2016.
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PENGELOMPOKAN PASIEN PPOK
Assessment of
Spirometrically Assessment of airflow
symptoms/risk of
confirmed diagnosis limitation
exacerbation
Exacerbation
history
≥ 2 atau ≥ 1
menyebabkan
FEV1 hospitalisasi C D
(%
Post-bronchodilator
predicted)
FEV1/FVC < 0.7
GOLD ≥ 80
1 0 atau 1 (tidak
GOLD 50 – 79
menyebabkan
hospitalisasi)
A B
2
GOLD 30 – 49 mMRC 0-
3 mMRC ≥ 2
1
CAT ≥ 10
CAT < 10
GOLD < 30
GOLD 2017 Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD. Available online at
http://goldcopd.org/. Accessed 21stNovember 2016. 4 Symptoms
TUJUAN TERAPI PPOK
Reduce
Menghilangkan gejala symptoms
Meningkatkan toleransi latihan
Meningkatkan status kesehatan
GOLD 2017 Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD. Available online at http://goldcopd.org/. Accessed 21stNovember
2016.
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IDENTIFIKASI DAN MENURUNKAN PAPARAN TERHADAP FAKTOR
RESIKO
GOLD 2017 Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD. Available online at http://goldcopd.org/. Accessed 21stNovember
2016.
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PENGELOLAAN PPOK STABIL: NON - FARMAKOLOGI
Berhenti merokok
Vaksinasi flu
B, C, (termasuk pengobatan
Aktivitas fisik Vaksinasi
D farmakologi),
pneumococcal
Rehabilitasi paru
GOLD 2017 Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD. Available online at http://goldcopd.org/. Accessed 21stNovember
2016.
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PATIENTS CASE
Pengobatan?
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PILIHAN TERAPI PPOK
Beta2 - agonis
Short – acting Beta2 – agonis (SABA)
Long – acting Beta2 – agonis (LABA)
Antikolinergi
Short-acting anticholinergics (SAMA)
Long-acting anticholinergics (LAMA)
Kombinasi short-acting beta2-agonists + anticholinergic
dalam satu inhaler
Kombinasi long-acting beta2-agonists + anticholinergic
dalam satu inhaler
Methylxanthines
Kombinasi long-acting beta2-agonists + ICS dalam satu
inhaler
GOLD 2017 Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD. Available online at http://goldcopd.org/. Accessed 21stNovember
2016.
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Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors
PENGELOLAAN PPOK STABIL: FARMAKOLOGI
Grup A Grup B
GOLD 2017 Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention
Preferred treatment = of COPD. Available online at http://goldcopd.org/. Accessed 21stNovember
30 2016.
PENGELOLAAN PPOK STABIL: FARMAKOLOGI
Grup C
Eksaserbasi lebih
lanjut
LAMA
Preferred treatment = GOLD 2017 Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management
and Prevention of COPD. Available online at
http://goldcopd.org/. Accessed 21stNovember 2016.
PENGELOLAAN PPOK STABIL: FARMAKOLOGI
Grup D
Eksaserbasi lebih
lanjut
LAMA
Gejala persisten/eksaserbasi
+ LABA lebih lanjut
+ ICS
Eksaserbasi lebih
lanjut
LAMA +
LAMA LABA + ICS
LABA
Preferred treatment =
GOLD 2017 Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD. Available online at http://goldcopd.org/. Accessed 21stNovember
32 2016.
PENGELOLAAN PPOK STABIL: FARMAKOLOGI
Grup D
Eksaserbasi lebih
lanjut
LAMA Gejala
+ LABA persisten/eksaserbasi
+ ICS lebih lanjut
Eksaserbasi lebih
lanjut
LAMA +
LAMA LABA + ICS
LABA
Preferred treatment =
GOLD 2017 Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD. Available online at http://goldcopd.org/. Accessed 21stNovember
33 2016.
PENGGUNAAN ICS/LABA PADA PPOK (GOLD 2017)
Di sebagian pasien terapi awal dengan LABA/ICS dapat menjadi pilihan pertama.
• Yaitu pada pasien dengan riwayat dan/atau diketahui Asthma-COPD Overlap (ACOS).
• Atau pasien dengan jumlah eosinofil yang tinggi pada darah, walaupun ini masih dalam
debat
(Evidence A)
Penggunaan jangka panjang dengan ICS dapat dipertimbangkan dengan
LABA untuk pasien dengan riwayat eksaserbasi, walaupun pasien sudah
menggunakan LABA yang sesuai
GOLD 2017 Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD. Available online at http://goldcopd.org/. Accessed 21stNovember
34 2016.
PENGGUNAAN ICS/LABA PADA PPOK (GOLD 2017)
GOLD 2017 Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD. Available online at http://goldcopd.org/. Accessed 21stNovember
35
2016.
PROBLEM PADA PPOK
Partridge, Martyn R., et al., Effect on lunch function and morning activities of Budesonide/formoterol versus salmeterol/fluticasone in patients
with COPD. Ther Adv Respir Dis (2009), 3(4); 147-157
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Managemen nutrisi pasien PPOK