Resonance (NMR)
UV/Vis
lower spin +1/2
energy state (aligned with
the applied field
Pemisahan Energi
Tingkatan Spin Proton
Tingkat Spin Proton
ΔE = h Bo / 2π
Spins Orientation in a Magnetic Field (Energy Levels)
RF
Frequency of absorption: = Bo / 2
Frekuensi energi yang
diabsorpsi
h = konstanta planck
= Frekuensi resonansi NMR 10-10 10-8 10-6 10-4 10-2 100 102
wavelength (cm)
Peak position Chemical shifts () (ppm) = obs –ref/ref (Hz) chemical (electronic)
environment of
nucleus
lattice
19F μ = 2.6273
31P μ = 1.1305
13C μ = 0.7022.
Frekuensi sinyal
The Surrounding Electrons
Mengapa inti proton dalam senyawa
berbeda memiliki perilaku berbeda dalam
NMR?
Inti proton yang terlindung oleh elektron akan
memberikan perlawanan terhadap medan
magnet eksternal (Bo). Sehingga diperlukan
frekuensi yang lebih tinggi untuk terjadinya
resonansi (Bo harus diperbesar untuk
tercapainya resonansi, absorpsi energi rf).
Electrons Shield
What causes differences?
Electrons shield. Remove electrons they de-shield.
1
H NMR—The Spectrum
“I suck”
Elektronegatifitas
Electroneg-
CH3 -X ativity of X of H
CH3 F 4.0 4.26
CH3 OH 3.5 3.47
CH3 Cl 3.1 3.05
CH3 Br 2.8 2.68
CH3 I 2.5 2.16
(CH3 ) 4 C 2.1 0.86
(CH3 ) 4 Si 1.8 0.00 (by definition
Efek Anisotropi
Awan elektron di atas dan di bawah cincin
aromatik bersirkulasi dan menghasilkan efek
yang menentang (shielded,+) medan magnet
eksternal pada daerah pusat cincin dan
memperkuat medan magnet eksternal
(deshielded,-) pada tepi cincin. Efek variasi
ruang ini disebut anisotropi (tergantung
lokasi proton).
Ring currents usually deshield
Alkene and aromatic ring hydrogens are
deshielded by the circulation of
electrons.
A terminal alkyne hydrogen is shielded by
the circulation of electrons.
EFEK MESOMERI
Contoh: nitrobenzene (-M effect).
All protons in nitrobenzene will be more deshielded than benzene. In
particular, the effect at the ortho and para positions will be the largest.
O O
N
H H
H H
O O O O O O
N N N
H H H H H H
H H H H H H
H H H
EFEK MESOMERI
NH2
EFEK IKATAN HIDROGEN
H3 C Si CH3
CH3
Tetramethylsilane (TMS)
Cl Cl CH3
CH3 CHCl O C C
H H
1,1-Dichloro- Cyclopent- (Z)-1-Chloro- Cyclohexene
ethane anone propene (3 signals)
(2 signals) (2 signals) (3 signals)
Number of Signals
=>
=>
Interaksi Spin-Spin
Spektrum nmr 1,1-dichloroethane lebih
rumit dibandingkan dengan yang kita
harapkan
2 signal dari H yang berbeda split menjadi
suatu kelompok
1,2-dichloroethane 1,1-dichloroethane
General Rules
Inti dengan chemical shift yang sama (disebut
isochronous) tidak menghasilkan spin-splitting
Inti yang dipisahkan oleh 3 atau kurang ikatan (e.g. inti
vicinal and geminal) biasanya akan berlaku sebagai spin-
coupled dan memiliki geseran kimia yang berbeda. Longer-
range coupling dapat diamati dalam molekul yang memiliki
konfigurasi atom yang rigid.
Besarnya spin-splitting tergantung pada banyak faktor dan
ditunjukkan dengan parameter coupling constant J (Hz).
Berkisar antara 1 - 18 Hz. J adalah sama untuk kedua
partners dalam interaksi spin-splitting.
Pola splitting dari inti (atau kelompok inti yang ekivalen)
dapat diprediksi dengan aturan n+1, dimana n adalah
jumlah inti spin-coupled tetangga.
Pola signal splitting untuk H dengan 0,1, 2 dan 3
hidrogen tetangga yang ekivalen
Ha
C C
Ha Hb
1 1
C C
Ha Hb
1 2 1
C C Hb
Ha Hb
C C Hb 1 3 3 1
Hb
Coupling Constants
Coupling constant (J): the distance between peaks in
an NMR multiplet, expressed in hertz
J is a quantitative measure of the magnetic
interaction of nuclei whose spins are coupled
Ha Ha
HaHb
-C-C- Hb
Hb
6-8 Hz 8-14 Hz 0-5 Hz
Ha Ha Hb Ha
C C C C C C
Hb Hb
11-18 Hz 5-10 Hz 0-5 Hz
kopling konstan bergantung pada
Sudut dihedral
Panjang ikatan
elektronegatifitas
Magnitude of Some Typical Coupling Constants
<
Intensitas Sinyal
The area under each peak is
proportional to the number of protons.
Shown by integral trace.
=>
Intensity of Signals
=>
1,4-dimethylbenzene
1,1,2-trichloroethane
Methyl Acetate
O
H3C C O CH3
Ethyl acetate
O
H3C C O CH2CH3
Isopropyl alcohol
C7H12O4
13
C-NMR
12C has no magnetic spin.
13C has a magnetic spin, but is only 1% of the
carbon in a sample.
The gyromagnetic ratio of 13C is one-fourth of that
of 1H.
Peak areas are not proportional to number of
carbons.
Carbon atoms with more hydrogens absorb more
strongly.
Signals are weak, getting lost in noise.
→ higher field strength magnets
→ Fourier transform instruments
Hydrogen and Carbon
Chemical Shifts
=>
Carbon – 13 shifts
Combined 13C
and 1H Spectra
=>
Spin-Spin Splitting
It is unlikely that a 13C would be adjacent
to another 13C, so splitting by carbon is
negligible.
13C will magnetically couple with attached
protons and adjacent protons.
These complex splitting patterns are
difficult to interpret.
=>
Interpreting 13C NMR
The number of different signals indicates
the number of different kinds of carbon.
The location (chemical shift) indicates the
type of functional group.
The peak area indicates the numbers of
carbons (if integrated).
The splitting pattern of off-resonance
decoupled spectrum indicates the number
of protons attached to the carbon. =>
Off-Resonance
Decoupling
C nuclei are split only by the protons
13
decoupled mode
13
C-NMR
In a hydrogen-decoupled mode, a sample is
irradiated with two different radio frequencies
one to excite all 13C nuclei
a second is a broad spectrum of frequencies
that causes all hydrogens in the molecule to
undergo rapid transitions between their
nuclear spin states
On the time scale of a 13C-NMR spectrum, each
hydrogen is in an average or effectively constant
nuclear spin state, with the result that 1H-13C
spin-spin interactions are not observed; they are
decoupled
Off-Resonance Decoupled Spectra
Broad-band decoupling removes all information about the number of
hydrogens attached to each carbon
Off-resonance decoupling removes some of the coupling of carbons
to hydrogens so that the coupled peaks will not overlap
Use of off-resonance decoupled spectra has been replaced by use of
DEPT 13C NMR
=>
Example: 1-chloro-2-propanol
(a) The broadband decoupled spectrum and (b) a
set of DEPT spectra showing the separate CH, CH2,
and CH3 signals
2D NMR
Homonuclear
Through bond: COSY, TOCSY,
2D-INADEQUATE
Through space: NOESY, ROESY
Heteronuclear correlation
One-bond correlation HSQC, HMQC
Long-range correlation HMBC
COSY= Correlated Spectroscopy
N S Magnet
B1
Recorder
Frequency Generator
Detector
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Introduction to NMR
1H-1H COSY
H3 H2
H3 C3 C2 O H1
H3 H2
There are cross peaks between OH and CH2
hydrogens
H3 H2
H3 C3 C2 O H1
H3 H2
and also between CH3 and CH2 hydrogens hydrogens.
There are no cross peaks between the CH3 and OH hydrogens
CH3(C=O)CH2CH3 H3 C3 C C2 C1 H1
H3 H2 H1
H2 H3 H1
H1
H3
H2
H3 H2 H1
CH3CH2CH2OH
H3 C3 C2 C1 OH4
H1 H4 H2 H3 H3 H2 H1
H3
H2
H4
H1
H3
(CH3)2CHOH H1
H1 O H1
C1 C2 C1 H1
H3 H1 H1 H2 H1
H2
H1
H3
H2
H5
CH3CH2CH(OH)CH3 H1 H2 O H4
H1 C1 C2 C3 C4 H4
H4
H1 H2 H3 H4
H2 H1
H3
H5
Ho H2 H1
C6H5CH2CH3 Hm C C H1
H2 H1
H o,m,p Hp Ho
H2 H1
Hm
2D COSY Spectrum of
2,3-Dibromo Propionic Acid Ethyl Ester in CDCl3
Br Br H4 H5
H1 C1 C 2 C 3 O C 4 C 5 H5
H1' H2 O H4 H5 H5
H1’
H1
H4
H2
2D Proton-Carbon HSQC NMR Spectrum of
C1
C2
C4
COSY spectrum of codeine
Shift shift Assignments
6.6 6.7 7-8
H-3 —> H-5 —>
5.7 5.3 3-5 H-10 —> OH
5.7 2.7 3 - 16 H-10 -> H-9
5.7 4.9 3-9 weak
H-3 —> H-16
H-16 —> H-11
5.3 4.2 5 - 10
5.3 2.7 5 - 16
4.9 4.2 9 - 10
4.2 2.9 10 - OH
3.3 2.7 11- 16
3.3 2.4 11 - 14
3.3 2.3 11 - 18'
3.0 2.4 18 - 14
3.0 2.3 18 - 18'
2.6 2.4 13 - 13'
2.6 2.1 13 - 17
2.6 1.9 13 - 17'
2.4 2.1 13' - 17
2.4 1.9 13' - 17'
2.1 1.9 17 - 17'
TOCSY spectrum of codeine