Mineral
dr.Dinda Aprilia,SpPD
BACKGROUND
FUNGSI
•Vision: Pembentukan rodopsin yang penting
untuk adaptasi gelap .
•Pengaturan ekspresi gen: penting dlm
diferensiasi sel dan proses fisiologis tubuh
•Immunitas:penting dalam mengaktivasi
limfosit T, maturasi WBC dan barrier fisiologis
•Pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
Vitamin A
DEFISIENSI VITAMIN A
• Faktor risiko : kemiskinan, BBLR, sanitasi buruk, infestasi parasit
• Penyakit/kebiasaan yang bisa menyebabkan defisiensi vitamin A :
– malnutrisi energi protein malabsorpsi lemak
– penyakit hati gangguan transportasi vit A
– Alkoholisme gangguan hepar gangguan metabolisme vit A
– kebiasaan merokok penurunan kadar retinol
• Manifestasi klinis :
– Night blindness:
– Mata Xerophtalmia
The conjunctiva (or) the outer most layer of the eye becomes dry
– Kulit Follicular hyperkeratosis
RICH DIETARY SOURCES
Animal Foods Plant Foods
Cod liver oil Sweet potato
Liver & kidney Carrots
Egg Cantaloupe
Butter Spinach
Milk & cheese Apricot
Fish & meet Papaya
Pencegahan
• Difersifikasi makanan
• Fortifikasi makanan
• Supplementasi periodik dan
spesifik
• Pemeriksaan kesehatan secara
umum
Penggunaan teraupetik
Defisiensi vitamin A
Meningkatkan imunitas bayi
Kelainan kulit
Acute promyelotic leukemia
Pencegahan kanker (lung & breast)
Recommended Allowance
Life stage mg/day
Infants 400-500
Children 300-600
Adolescent 900M- 700F
Adult 900M- 700F
Pregnant women 750-800
Lactating women 122-1300
VITAMIN D
FUNCTIONS
Cahaya matahari
Fish liver oil
Fish & sea food (herring & salmon)
Telur
THERAPEUTIC USES
Fungsi
Fungsi utama anti oxidant
free radical dan mencegah
destruksi membran sel
Melindungi lemak LDL dr oksidasi
Menghambat agregasi platelet
Meningkatkan vasodilatasi
Menghambat aktivitas protein
kinase C
Sumber makanan yg
mengandung Vitamin E
• Minyak sayuran
• Almonds,kacang-kacangan
• alpukat
• bayam
• wortel
Vitamin E
• Defisiensi
– jarang
– Defisiensi vit E
• spinocerebellar ataxia,
• skeletalmyopathy,
• pigmented retinopathy
• Neurological symptoms and muscle weakness
• Increased risk of CVD
• Deficiency leads to sterility in males and abortions in females
• preventive
– Supplementasi vit E 100mg/KgBB/hari
Fungsi vitamin K
• Dibutuhkan dalam produksi
vitamin K-dependent coagulation
factors di hati
Vitamin K
• Defisiensi
Jarang
Sering terdapat pada pasien dengan
–gangguan sal. Cerna (malabsorbsi lemak);
–penyakit hati
–Pemanjangan PT
• Vitamin C
• Vitamin B Complex is group of Vitamins.
• It contains –
• Fungsi
berperan dlm reaksi oksidasi jaringan,pembentuka kolagen
yang diperlukan dlm pembentukan pembuluh darah,jaringan
penyambung,kartilago,dan dentin gigi
berperan dlm absorpsi dan penyimpanan besi dan
dibutuhkan dl pertumbuhan normal,perbaikan
jaringan,pemulihan luka dan fraktur
• Defisiensi
– Scurvy : swelling of gums, bleeding from gums and from the joints and
under the skin.
– Subcutaneus and intramuscular
hemorrhages
– Leg edema
– Neuropathy
– Vit C deficiency disease
• Defisiensi
– Anemia pernisiosa (anemia megaloblastik)
• Treatment
– Standard therapy regimen is to start weekly intramuscular
injection 1000 micrograms CN-Cbl for 4-8 weeks
– Oral doses for maintenance : 500micrograms/day
biotin
• Fungsi: diperlukan dlm metabolisme protein
• Sumber : kacang-kacangan,sayuran,hati dan
• Defisiensi
– Periorificial dermatitis,
– conjunctivitis,
– alopecia, ataxia, hypotonia,
– ketolactic acidosis
– organic aciduria,
– seizures,
– Infeksi kulit,
– Keterlambatan pertumbuhan pada bayi dan anak
– Following symptoms : rambut tipis,rambut rontok,rambut
pirang,depresi,letargi,halusinasi,parestesis,skin rash.
• RDA
– 30 micrograms/day
Panthotenic acid
• Fungsi: berperan dlm metabolisme KH,protein dan lemak.
• Sumber: sayuran segar,hati,ginjal,ragi,kuning
telur,daging, kacang.
• Defisiensi
– Jarang
– Associated Multiple nutrient deficiencies
– burning sensation in feet
• RDA
– 5 mg/day
Choline and carnitine
• Deficiency
– Choline : Fatty liver and
hepatocellular damage
– Carnitine : hypoglicemia, muscle
weakness,cardiomyopathy
• RDA
– Choline :425 mg/day (women) and
500 mg/day (men)
Kalsium
• Defisiensi dan penyakit yg terkait
– Osteoporosis, hipertensi, kanker,
batu ginjal
• RDA
– 9-18 years old : 1300mg/day
– 19-50 years old : 1000 mg/day
– >50 years old : 1200 mg/day
phosphorus
• RDA
• 700 mg/day
• remaja : 1250 mg/day
magnesium
• Defisiensi
– bisa merupakan komplikasi penyakit primer dan hasil
dari abnormalitas genetik yang jarang terjadi
– Extreme Mg def : tetany, neuromuscular problems(
spasticity, tremor, non fatal convulsion), soft tissue
calcification
– Associated chronic disease : cardiovascular,
eclampsia/preeclamsia, bone and osteoporosis,
diabetes
• RDA
– 320 mg /day (women)
– 420 mg/day (men)
Sodium, chloride and potassium
• Sodium and chloride
– Hyponatremia <135 mmol/l
– Symptoms :nausea, lassitude, muscle cramps, confusion,
coma, convulsion
• Potassium
• Hypokalemia < 3,5 mmol/l
• Oral or iv potassium at a doseof 40-120 mmol/day generally
improves all symptoms of hypokalemia
iron
• Deficiency
– Anemia,
– reduction physical work capacity,
– impaired psychomotor performance,
– impaired capacity to maintain body temperature,
decrease resistance to infection, adverse
pregnancy outcomes
• Treatment
– Fortification
– Supplementation
– Ferrous sulphate (60mg/day)
zinc
• Deficiency
– Severe : Bullous pustular dermatitis, alopecia,
retarded growth, diarrhea, mental disturbances,
recurrent infection from depressed cell-mediated
immune functions
– Mild : impaired dark adaptation, hypogeusia,
oligospermia, decreased serum testosterone
concentration, hyperammonemia, decreased lean
body mass, variety of immune function defects
• RDA
– 11mg/day (men) and 8 mg/day (women)
FACTS OF VITAMINS
• Vitamin sensitif terhadap panas.Over cooking akan menyebabkan
destruksi dari kandungan kimia alaminya dan dapat bersifat toksik.