REALISME DAN

INSTRUMENTALISME
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 Ilustrasi

Pemikiran awal
Teori unobservable : ILMIAH
teori
unobsrvable

perilaku
ANTIBIOTIK

Bakteri,neutron
 Materi
VS

01. Realisme 02
Instrumentalisme
Penelitian ilmiah mungkin muncul untuk membuktikan kegunaan
dari ilmu pengetahuan yang dapat digunakan untuk menyelesai instrumentalisme sebagai
kan beberapa masalah metafisik pengetahuan ilmiah yang
.
disebut ‘empirisme
UNOBSERVABLE konstruktif’

???? √

TIDAK DAPAT
DIPERCAYA REALISME
 Realisme dan instrumentalisme
filsafat
Realisme Instrumentalisme
01 02

Paham ilmu pengetahuan objek berdasarkan kegunaan

Realisme ilmiah berpendapat bahwa apa-apa yang objek-objek ilmu pengetahuan lebih berdasar pada
disebutkan oleh pengetahuan ilmiah itu sebenarnya ada bisa dipercaya daripada kebenaran
di alam nyata, terpisah dan independen dari peneliti.

Filsafat ilmu
TEORI UNOBSERVABLE
Realisme
Sains tidak hanya memprediksi dunia tetapi Mengenai bentuk bakteri, neutron, dan ruang
memungkinkan untuk merumuskan strategi melengkung yang digunakan untuk menjelaskan
untuk berinteraksi dengan sesuatu yang tidak gejala perilaku yang tampak dan memungkinkan
dapat diamati kita berinteraksi secara sistematis

Penelitian ilmiah mungkin muncul untuk Teori ilmiah memberitahu hal- hal yang bersifat
membuktikan kegunaan dari ilmu pengetahuan observable (sesuatu yang tidak dapat diamati )
yang dapat digunakan untuk menyelesaikan di alam semesta dan struktur dunia yang cukup
beberapa masalah metafisika menarik secara filosofis
 Realisme Ilmiah
Penelitian ilmiah yang bertujuan untuk
memberikan pengetahuan
tentang sesuatu yang dapat diamati
(observable) dan sesuatu yang tidak
dapat diamati (unobservable)

REALISME Realisme Epistemik

Pandangan yang menganggap bahwa
penelitian ilmiah yang menyatakan
sains memiliki peranan penting dalam
dalam menyelesaikan pertanyaan-
pertanyaan metafisik
 REALISME EPISTEMIK

Argumen Utama

Keberhasilan suatu teori Jika argumen utamanya benar,

Teori-teori ilmiah bertujuan ilmiah adalah maka kita harus percaya bahwa
untuk menggambarkan menggambarkan teori tersebut mendekati benar
unobservables (sesuatu keberadaan unobservables dan mampu menggambarkan
yang tidak dapat diamati). Name
(sesuatu yang tidak dapat istilah-istilah utama dari
Name Here Here Name Here Name Here
diamati). keberadaan teori itu
Programmer Programmer Programmer Programmer
 INSTRUMENTALISME ILMIAH
TUJUAN SAINS KEBENARAN UNOBSERVABLE
Sains tidak bertujuan untuk memberi Teori tentang unobservable dapat dikatakan benar
kan kita pengetahuan tentang atau salah tergantung pada kepercayaan dan kepe
unobservables (sesuatu yang tidak d ntingan masing-masing individu, walaupun kita bel
apat diamati). um mengetahui bahwa teori tersebut benar atau sa
lah, misalnya peristiwa yang pernah terjadi di masa
lalu

TEORI UNOBSERVABLE
Teori tentang unobservable dapat dikatakan benar
atau salah tergantung pada kepercayaan dan kepen
tingan masing-masing individu, walaupun kita belum
mengetahui bahwa teori tersebut benar atau salah,
misalnya peristiwa yang pernah terjadi di masa lalu
 KRITIK CARRIER
“Sejarah sains menunjukan adanya masalah
argumen terakhir karena setidaknya ada 2
kasus teori yang istilah utamanya digunakan
untuk memprediksi fakta baru, namun istilah
utamanya sekarang dianggap tidak merujuk”

Carrier mengatakan bahwa:

HUKUM MENDEL PENYIMPANGAN “Tidak dapat dikatakan sebagai kebetulan kosmis ketika sebuah
FENOMENA TIDAK MENGIKUTI teori harus berhasil dalam memprediksi fakta baru, namun
KETURUNAN ATURAN istilah yang digunakan untuk memprediksi tidak merujuk pada
fakta tersebut”
 ANALISIS MASLAH
CONTOH
MASALAH
Masalah pertama: Ada barang yang kita amati pagi harinya, lalu malam harinya tiba-tiba kita tidak melihat benda tersebut dan itu akan menjadi kebetulan kosmis
karena pengamatan terhadap sesuatu dapat dijelaskan dan diprediksi secara sederhana dengan asumsi bahwa benda-benda itu tetap ada walaupun tanpa
pengamatan.

Kritik Carrier

Kritik Carrier terhadap argumen terakhir itu

keliru, bahkan tidak tahu persis bagaimana
Carrier mengatakan hal yang
hal tersebut bisa salah menghilang ketika tidak
content and meets various market mengamatinya akan dijelaskan dimasa
segments.
mendatang dengan penjelasan yang
penting dengan penjelasan ini
 Kritik Carrier

Masalah
Masalah kedua: kritik Carrier terhadap argumen terakhir bukan kritik yang kuat,
dalam modern nya argumen Carrier merupakan argumen probabilistik
(bukan argumen logis dan valid)
Seharusnya Carrier mengatakan
bahwa sangat tidak mungkin sebuah
teori dapat memprediksi fakta baru

Carrier mengatakan bahwa sebuah teori harus memprediksi

berbagai fakta baru dan tidak merujuk
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