Limnologi dan Lahan Basah

&
Proses Pembentukan Danau dari sudut
Geologi
(Trophic Nature of Lakes)
Oleh
I Nyoman N. Suryadiputra & Sigid Hariyadi
Definisi Limnologi :
• Dari bahasa Yunani: Limne (danau, kolam, atau rawa)
+ logos (ilmu).
• Ilmu yang mempelajari (karakter biologi, kimia dan
fisika) perairan yang terkurung oleh daratan di
permukaan bumi (airnya tawar, payau atau
bergaram).

Disiplin Ilmu lainnya yang terkait :

Geologi (terkait dengan proses Pembentukan Danau &
Trophic Status perairan)
Fisika & Matematika,
Kimia , Biologi
 Lahan Basah
(Konvensi Ramsar ps. 1 ayat 1)

Daerah payau, paya, tanah gambut

atau perairan, baik yang bersifat alami
maupun buatan, tetap ataupun
sementara, dengan perairannya yang
tergenang ataupun mengalir, tawar,
agak asin ataupun asin, termasuk
daerah-daerah perairan laut yang
kedalamannya tidak lebih dari enam
meter pada waktu air surut.

(vide Keputusan Presiden RI

no. 48 tahun 1991
ps. 1 ayat 1 lampiran)
Sistem Klasifikasi Ramsar: lahan basah secara garis besar
dikelompokkan menjadi 3 kelompok, yaitu:

lahan basah pesisir,

lahan basah daratan, dan

lahan basah buatan

Istilah-istilah Perairan darat yang
digunakan di Indonesia :

• Perairan Umum = perairan bebas.

• Dataran banjir / flood plains
• Saluran alami / water courses
• Danau dangkal / shallow lakes
• Waduk / man-made reservoir :
• Perairan Kuala (muara) / Estuary:
• Kolam
• Situ
• Parit
• Rawa buatan
Bendungan / waduk adalah bagian dari kajian Limnologi
Proses Pembentukan Danau dari sudut Geologi
1. Crustal Warping: (a) Folding/melipat,
(b) Faulting/patahan, DANAU TEKTONIK
(c) Tilting/bergeser
2. Sea Level Changes: (a) Lagoonal /coastal lakes,
(b) Evaporitic lakes
3. Ice – Glacial Action : (a) inland, (b) Coastal
4. Volcanic Activity : (a) Coalescence,
(b) Massive explosion (caldera lakes)
5. Solution Actions : under ground lakes (danau di dalam gua kapur)
6. Wind Action : (lakes in sand dune areas)
• River / Water Action: (a) meander (ox-bow lakes),
(b) valley lakes (lakes formed due to
landslides)

• Plunge type : danau / genangan air/ telaga terbentuk karena

gerusan air terjun

• Meteoritic action : danau terbentuk akibat hantaman meteor

(banyak di Arizona USA)

• Terbakarnya lahan gambut

 (a) Folding/melipat
(b) Faulting/patahan
 DANAU TAPAL KUDA / OXBOW LAKE

http://www.scioly.org/wiki/GMOA_Notes

http://www.uleth.ca/vft/Oldman_River/Lanfdforms.html
Telaga Warna, Puncak

http://www.pbase.com/archiaston/image/66133917
Telaga Warna, Dieng

http://tourismindonesiaonline.com/telaga-warna-dieng/

1.690 m dpl
Danau Kelimutu
(Danau Tigawarna)
Flores
http://travelling-nusantara.blogspot.com/
 G
o
o

LAGOON –Teluk
Lagoon di Danau airNias
Belukar payau di Teluk MEDA
N
g
l
e
E
a
r

Belukar-Nias t
h
,
2
0
Teluk Sibolga 0
Beluka 7
r Gunun
Pulau g Sitoli
Nias
Sebaran nilai suhu, pH, salinitas, DHL
di Laguna Teluk Belukar- Nias
DHL (µmhos/cm) pH

0 0
39,000
-2 40,000 41,000 42,000 43,000 44,000 45,000 46,000 -27.50 7.80 8.10

kedalaman (m)
kedalaman (m)

-4 -4
-6 -6
-8 -8
-10 -10
-12 -12
-14 -14
-16 -16
Tengah Laguna Tengah Laguna

suhu (oC) salinitas (o/oo)

0 0
27.5 28 28.5 29 29.5 30 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
-2 kedalaman (m) -2
kedalaman (m)

-4 -4
-6 -6
-8 -8
-10 -10
-12 -12
-14 -14
-16 -16
Tengah Laguna
Tengah Laguna
 LOCATION OF LAGOONS IN ACEH BESAR DISTRICT
Cement Location of lagoons
factory in Aceh Besar and its
water quality
characteristics

Lagoon No 1:
Salinity 6 ppt, Conductivity
10.500µS/cm, pH 6.7,
Temperature 29 ºC,
Dissolved Oxygen 6.8 ppm
1
Lagoon No 2 dried out.
Lagoon No 3:
Salinity 1.5ppt,
Conductivity 2,250µS/cm,
2 pH 7.25, Temperature 29
ºC, Dissolved Oxygen 7.6
ppm
3
Lagoon No 4
Salinity 6.5 ppt,
Conductivity 11,000µS/cm,
pH 7.1, Temperature 29.1
ºC, Dissolved Oxygen 7.0
ppm
4
Lagoon No 5
Salinity 5 ppt, Conductivity
5 2,400µS/cm, pH 6.98,
Temperature 29.6 ºC,
Dissolved Oxygen 5.3 ppm

SUBSIDENCE CREATE LAGOONS ??

 Salinitas (ppt)
8 13 18 23 28
0 8.5
20.5

25
-0.5 15

Kedalaman (m)
Desember 2005
-1 20 25.5
September2005

-1.5 20 25.5
Formerly (before tsunami & earth quake) used
to be fish ponds & paddy fields and river mouth -2

Lagoon No. 5: Desa Pucok Lueng

Nama Lokal Nama Ilmiah Kelimpaha
n 30 30.5 31 31.5
Suhu (o C)
32
Salinitas (ppt)
17 19 21 23 25 27
0 31
Kakap / Lates calcarifer +++
0
20.5

Serakap 25

Kedalaman (m)
-0.5 30.5 -0.5

Kedalaman (m)
Bayam / Lutjanus argentimaculatus ++ -1 30.5 -1 25.5

Tengoh -1.5 30.5 -1.5 25.5

Merah mata Caranx spp. ++ -2 -2

Kerape Epinephelus spp. ++

DHL (uS/cm)
Kirung Mesopristes argentus ++ 5 5.5 6 6.5
DO (mg/l)
7 25000 27000 29000 31000 33000 35000 37000
0 0
6.1
Saridin Ambassis spp. ++
29000
Kedalaman (m)

-0.5 5.8 -0.5 34000

Kedalaman (m)
Ciri’ Leiognathus equlus + -1 5.8 -1 35000

Kapur-kapur Gerres acinaces + -1.5 5.8 -1.5 35000

Cabeh Scatophagus arguna + -2 -2

Marang Siganus javus ++

Belanek Mugil cephalus ++
Demo site at Pulot Lagoon-Aceh

Kantor perwakilan
 Kaali Meteoritic lake - Estonia
Kaali meteoritic lake
it is just 17 km from Kurressaare, centre of Saaremaa, Estonia

http://www.flickr.com/photos/gints/2623979479/ Photo: Gints Plivna

 Bosumtwi Crater: built of bedrock

This impact craters is

located in Ghana,
Africa. It is about 10.5
km in diameter and
about 1.3 million years
old. The crater is filled
almost entirely by
water, creating Lake
Bosumtwi. The
lakebed is made of
crystalline bedrocks.

http://www.universetoday.com/19616/earths-10-most-impressive-impact-craters/
 Clearwater Craters: two for the price of one.
Clearwater craters. Credit: NASA

http://www.universetoday.com/19616/earths-10-most-impressive-impact-craters/

Twin, lake-filled impact craters in Quebec, Canada were probably formed

simultaneously, about 290 million years ago, by two separate but probably
related meteorite impacts. The larger crater, Clearwater Lake West has a
diameter of 32 km, and Clearwater Lake East is 22 km wide.
 While this crater isn’t all
Barringer Crater: well preserved that big, what’s most
impressive about Barringer
Crater in Arizona (USA) is
how well preserved it is.
Measuring 1.2 km across
and 175 m deep, Barringer
Crater was formed about
50,000 years ago by the
impact of an iron meteorite,
probably about 50 m across
and weighing several
hundred thousand tons.
Most of the meteorite was
vaporized or melted,
leaving only numerous,
mostly small fragments with
in the crater and scattered
up to 7 km from the impact
site. Only about 30 tons,
including a 693-kg sample,
are known to have been
recovered.
http://www.universetoday.com/19616/earths-10-most-impressive-impact-craters/
 A cave with stalagtites and underground lake
Cheddar Gorge
Cheddar Gorge is
Britain’s biggest
canyon and is
found within the
Cheddar Caves,
where the UK’s
oldest complete
human skeleton
was found in
1903. Known as
the Cheddar Man,
the remains were
estimated to be
9,000 years old.

http://www.environmentalgraffiti.com/featured/underground-lakes-river/2190?image=1
 Hamilton Pool Preserve, in Austin, Texas
Hamilton Pool
Preserve, in Austin,
Texas, was created
quite naturally when
the dome of an
underground cave
collapsed revealing
this stunning natural
pool. It is now
frequented by day-
trippers and
naturalists. That’s
naturalists not
naturists, although
no doubt someone
has tried to go
skinny dipping at
one point!

http://www.environmentalgraffiti.com/featured/underground-lakes-river/2190?image=2
Plunge type : danau / genangan air/telaga
terbentuk karena gerusan air terjun Ice Action : inland
Plunge type:
danau/genangan air/telaga terbentuk karena gerusan air terjun
Jagala waterfall, Estonia

http://www.flickr.com/photos/gints/2624807496/in/set-72157603514591742/
https://simplyindonesia.wordpress.com/tag/danau/

Danau Galunggung
ex kawah Gn. Galunggung,
Tasikmalaya

http://indonesiamini.blogspot.com/2010/06/galunggung.htm
 1. Semayang,
2. Melintang
3. Jempang
4. Belibis
5. Tempatung
6. Siran
7. Kedangmurung
8. Danau Tanah Liat
9. Danau Polong
10. Danau Nanga
11. No-name
12. No-name
13. No-name
14. No-name
15. No-name
16. Klanyangan
17. Danau Katun
18. Danau Loakang
19. Danau Balikpapan
20. Danau Wis
21. Danau Perian
22. Danau Aloh
Dataran Banjir /Flood 23. Grege Kecil
24. No-name
Plain/Lebak - lebung 25.Batubumbun
26. DanauRuba/Cabir 27. Tawar
28,29,30 No-name
31. Danau Berambai
THE MAHAKAM LAKES – EAST KALIMANTAN 32. Danau Merayag
(SEE PRESENTATION: Mahakam lakes)
Trophic Nature of Lakes
(Sifat-sifat kesuburan danau), dipengaruhi oleh:
• Edaphic factors : allochthonous (mineral dari luar
danau) & autochtonous (mineral dari dalam danau
sendiri)... Edaphic = edaphos = terkait dengan garam2
di tanah
• Morphology characteristics (dimensi permukaan/
surface dimensions & bawah permukaan/sub-surface
dimensions dari danau)
• Climatic conditions (suhu, radiasi matahari, angin,
curah hujan, dsb)
• Human activities within and surrounding the lakes
(unsur hara dari pemukiman, pertanian, peternakan
dsb)
< 1m > 3m < 1m

3,000 – 20,000 yrs

Aquatic habitat Terresterial habitat
climax

productivity
eutrophy
Bog forest

mat

lake
senescence
oligotrophy

1997 – 2006 (10 years) Time (geological time)

Aquatic habitat succession from

productivity point of view
 Problems with “open” wetlands ecosystem

SILTATION due to upland Logging

Over-exploitation

Kekeringan

Lake, ponds, reservoir, river, etc

Eutrophication Converted into paddy field & pollution

http://www.piercecollegeweather.com/water.html