TEAM TEACHING
Dept. Of Medical Biochemistry
Faculty of Medicine – Universitas Airlangga
INTRODUKSI
• SEL MEMERLUKAN STRUKTUR YANG DISEBUT MEMBRAN
YANG MEMBATASI SEL ATAUPUN ORGANEL DALAM SEL
7. DEPOLARISASI – REPOLARISASIEKSITASI
STRUKTUR KOMPLEKS
KOMPOSISI :
1. LIPID : UTAMA
2. PROTEIN
3. KARBOHIDRAT: SEDIKIT
• TEBAL + 7 nm
CATATAN:
ASAM AMINO HIDROFOBIK MISALNYA : LEU,
ILE,PHE
FUNGSI PROTEIN MEMBRAN
• KOMUNIKASI SEL RESEPTOR
• ADHESI SEL (“INTERCELLULAR JOINING”)
• KOMPONEN STRUKTURAL SITOSKELETON
• ENZIM
• TRANSPORTER, POMPA, SALURAN
• SEBAGAI INTERMEDIATE ( ZAT PERANTARA ) PADA
TRANSPOR ELEKTRON PADA MEMBRAN DALAM
MITOKONDRIA
KOMPOSISI KIMIAWI MEMBRAN
SIFAT : KOMPAK,
RIGID &
HIDROFOBIK
• SIFAT:
RELATIF PERMEABEL TERHADAP MOLEKUL NONPOLAR &
KURANG PERMEABEL TERHADAP MOLEKUL POLAR
MAKIN KECIL MOLEKUL & MAKIN HIDROFOBIK/NONPOLAR
MOLEKUL MAKIN CEPAT BERDIFUSI LEWAT MEMBRAN
PERMEABEL TERHADAP MOLEKUL NONPOLAR DAN MOLEKUL
POLAR KECIL (BM < 100), MISAL: O2, CO2
• TRANSPOR PASIF:
* ADALAH TRANSPOR SOLUT MELALUI MEMBRAN TANPA BANTUAN
ENERGI, SOLUT BERGERAK DARI KADAR TINGGI KE KADAR RENDAH
* SELALU BERSIFAT EKSERGONIK
TRANSPOR MELALUI MEMBRAN
• TRANSPOR AKTIF
ADALAH TRANSPOR SOLUT MELALUI MEMBRAN
MELAWAN GRADIEN KONSENTRASI ATAU GRADIEN
ELEKTROKIMIA. TRANSPOR AKTIF PERLU ENERGI.
[S]
TRANSPOR PASIF
DIFUSI SEDERHANA
UKURAN MOLEKUL CUKUP KECIL, ATAU CUKUP
NONPOLAR, ATAU KEDUANYA.
CONTOH: PROPANOL, ETANOL, UREA, CO2, O2, AIR
KECEPATAN DIFUSI MOLEKUL DIPENGARUHI OLEH
FAKTOR :
1. MUATAN
2. UKURAN MOLEKUL
3. KELARUTAN DALAM LEMAK
4. GRADIEN KONSENTRASI
5. KOEFISIEN PERMEABILITAS
6. TEMPERATUR
7. TEKANAN HIDROSTATIK
TRANSPOR PASIF
Pong Ping
• 2 MACAM :
I. MELALUI PORI/ CHANNEL YANG DIBENTUK OLEH
PROTEIN TRANSMEMBRAN
II. MELALUI BANTUAN MOLEKUL CARRIER
TRANSMEMBRAN
KECEPATAN SOLUT MASUK SEL PADA DIFUSI
BERBANTUAN DIPENGARUHI OLEH FAKTOR :
TEAM TEACHING
Dept. Of Medical Biochemistry
Faculty of Medicine – Universitas Airlangga
KOMUNIKASI ANTAR SEL
ORGANISME MULTISELULER
KOMUNIKASI
CELL COMMUNICATION
1. CELL CONTACT
2. GAP JUNCTION
3. CHEMICAL
A. AUTOCRINE
B. PARACRINE
C. ENDOCRINE
D. NEUROTRANSMITTER
coordination, integration, synchronization
Adaptation to changging environment
HORMONE
any substance in an organism that carries a
“signal” to generate some alteration at the
cellular level
Hormone act :
Endocrine hormones, classically are
considered to be derived from amino
acids, peptide or sterols and to act at
sites distant from tissue of origin
Paracrine hormones
Autocrine hormones
KLASIFIKASI HORMON
1. KOMPOSISI KIMIA
2. SIFAT KELARUTAN
3. LOKASI RESEPTOR
4. ISYARAT YANG DIGUNAKAN
UNTUK KERJA HORMON
KOMPOSISI / STRUKTUR KIMIA
HORMON
DERIVAT KOLESTEROL
DERIVAT TIROSIN
GLIKOPROTEIN
Classification of Hormones by Mechanism
of Action (1)
Classification of Hormones by Mechanism
of Action (2)
Hormones that binds cell surface receptors (2)
Factors determine response of
target cells to hormone :
Receptor
Hormones initiate their biologic effects by
binding to spesific receptors
Recognotion and coupling
CIRI HORMON GRUP I
1. LOKASI RESEPTOR DI INTRASEL
2. BERSIFAT LIPOFILIK / HIDROFOBIK
3. TERIKAT PADA PROTEIN
PENGANGKUT HORMON
4. WAKTU PARUH : PANJANG
5. FUNGSI : SINTESIS PROTEIN
6. MEDIATOR : KOMPLEKS :
HORMON - RESEPTOR
7. CONTOH ?
Tiroid / asam retinoat
glukokortikoid
CIRI HORMON GRUP II
1. RESEPTOR BERADA DI TRANS
MEMBRAN / PERMUKAAN SEL
2. BERSIFAT LIPOFOBIK / HIDROFILIK
3. TIDAK TERIKAT PD PROTEIN
DARAH
4. FUNGSI : BER-MACAM-MACAM
5. WAKTU PARUH RELATIF PENDEK
6. MEDIATOR : BER-MACAM MACAM
7. CONTOH : ?
STORAGE AND SECRETION HORMONES
• Steroid hormones & 1,25(OH)2-D3 secreted as
they made and no intracellular reservoir
• Cathecholamines stored in granules in
chromaffin cells (adrenal medulla) neural stimuli
exocytosis circulation
• PTH synthesized as proPTH storage vesicles
Ca2+ level low in parathyroid cells PTH secreted
• Insulin synthesized as preprohormone stored in
vesicles glucose stimuli release
• Thyroid (T3 & T4) stored in colloid TSH stimuli
release
TRANSPORT OF HORMONES
• Class I Hormones are hydrophobic not soluble
in plasma transported in plasma by tranport
protein (ex. Thyroid hormone by TBG)
• Advantage of transport proteins :
– Circumvent solubility problem
– Provide circulating reservoir
– Prolonging half-life
• Class II Hormones are soluble in plasma no
requirement of transport proteins, except for
IGF-I
BIOSINTESIS HORMON
1. BENTUK FINAL
Steroid, katekolamin
2. DIMODIFIKASI DI SEL
A. BERASAL DARI PROHORMON / MOLEKUL
LEBIH BESAR
1. ANGIOTENSIN I ---- ANGIOTENSIN II
2. INSULIN, GLUKAGON, SOMATOSTATIN, PTH
DAN TURUNAN POMC
B. HORMON GLIKOPROTEIN
TSH, LH, FSH DAN hCG
BIOSINTESIS HORMON (2)
3. DIUBAH JADI BENTUK AKTIF DI PERIFER
A. ORGAN SASARAN
T4 ------ T3 DAN T ----- DHT
B. NON ORGAN SASARAN
DHEA --- ANDROSTENEDION
C. GABUNGAN A DAN B
VIT. D3 – N.O.S -- 25 OH D3 ------
- - O.S - - KALSITRIOL
Tyrosine
Thyroid hormones, cathecholamines
Peptide
Insulin, glucagon, angiotensin II, etc
MAJOR PEPTIDE HORMONES
• Skeletal Muscle Hormones
Irisin
• Pituitary Hormones
ACTH, FSH, GH/somatotropin, Lipotropin/LPH, LH,
hCG (similar & produced in placenta), MSH,
Oxytocin, Prolactin, TSH, ADH
• Hypothalamic Hormones and Peptides
CRF/CRH, GnRF/GnRH, GRF/GRH, MCH,
Neuropeptide Y, Orexins, PRF, PIF/PIH,
Somatostatin/GIF, TRF/TRH
• Thyroid Hormones
Thyroxin & Triiodothyronin
• Parathyroid Hormones
• Adipose Tissues Hormones
leptin, etc
• Hormones and Peptides of The Gut
GLP-1, GLP-2, GIP, etc
• Pancreatic Polypeptide Family and Hormones
Amylin, Glucagon, Insulin Somatostatin,
Pancreatic Polypeptide, Neuropeptida Y, etc
• Placental Hormones
chorionic Gonadotropin, Chorioninc
Somatomamotropin, Relaxin
• Gonadal Hormones
Inhibins A & B
• Adrenal Medullary Hormones
Epinephrine (Adrenalin), Norepinephrine
(noradrenalin)
• Liver Hormones
Angiotensin II
• Cardiac Hormones
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
Synthesis of polypeptide-derived Hormones
Polypeptide hormone
Gene coding contain the coding sequence and control
elements upstream of structural gene
A. One gene, one copy of hormone
B. Several hormones are made from larger protein
precursors
- More than one hormones are encoded in a
gene, ex. Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)
- some hormones are synthesized as
preprohormone
C. gene can code for multiple copies of a hormone
Enkephalins
not expressed simultaneously in a
single cell type produced in
separate cells, depending on :
Specific protease within cells
Metabolic control
regulators
The Three Stages of hormone signaling
mechanism (within 1 cell) :
EXTRACELLULAR CYTOPLASM
FLUID Plasma membrane
Receptor
Activation
of cellular
response
Relay molecules in a signal transduction
pathway
Signaling
molecule
1) Reception
2) Transduction
3) Response 80
Step 1: Signal Reception
• A signaling molecule binds to a receptor
protein, causing it to change shape, and
initiating the transduction of the signal
• Most receptors are plasma membrane
proteins but some are inside of the cell
(cytoplasmic/nuclear receptors)
• The binding between a signal molecule
(ligand) and receptor is highly specific
81
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Cell Receptors
• Cell surface /
transmembrane
• Intacellular
– Cytoplasm
– nukleus
82
STEROID HORMONE MODE OF ACTION
Steroid
+
Target cell
Hsp90
SRC
SRC = Steroid Activated
receptor Hsp90
complex
DNA
Hsp90
mRNA
Biological New Protein
response protein synthesis
Steroid receptor complex in cytoplasm binding steroid activates and moves to nucleus
83
Tiroid / asam retinoat
glukokortikoid
84
Receptors in the Plasma Membrane
85
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Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptors
• A ligand-gated ion channel receptor acts as a
gate
• When a ligand binds to the receptor, the
shape changes, allowing specific ions, such as
Na+ or Ca2+, to pass into the cell through a
channel in the receptor
86
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Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptors
Signaling Extracellular
molecule Na+ fluid
Receptor
Cytosol
87
Fig. 6-5a, p. 140
G Protein Linked Receptors
• A GPCR is a plasma membrane receptor that
works with the help of a G protein, located in
the cytoplasm
89
Protein Kinase Receptors
• PKRs are membrane receptors that also have
enzymatic activity (intrinsic) or associates
directly with an enzyme
• transfer phosphate groups (phosphorylation)
from ATP to specific tyrosine residues on
proteins
• A receptor tyrosine kinase can trigger multiple
signal transduction pathways at once
• Abnormal functioning of PKRs is associated with
many types of cancers
90
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Receptor Tyrosine Kinases
Signaling Ligand-binding site
molecule (ligand)
helix in the Signaling
membrane molecule
Activated relay
proteins
Cellular
P Tyr P Tyr Tyr P
Tyr Tyr Tyr P response 1
Tyr Tyr P Tyr Tyr P P Tyr Tyr P
Tyr Tyr P Tyr Tyr P P Tyr Tyr P Cellular
6 ATP 6 ADP
response 2
Activated tyrosine Fully activated
kinase regions receptor tyrosine
(unphosphorylated kinase Inactive
dimer) (phosphorylated relay proteins
3 4
dimer)
91
Intracellular Receptors
• Intracellular receptors are found in the cytosol or
nucleus – most are transcription factors that
regulate expression of specific genes
• Signaling molecules are small, hydrophobic
molecules that diffuse across the membranes of
target cells
– Some combine with receptors in the cytosol, then
move into the nucleus (e.g. steroid hormones)
– Some bind to receptors already bound to DNA inside
the nucleus (e.g. thyroid hormones)
92
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Hormone EXTRACELLULAR
(testosterone) FLUID
Plasma
membrane
Receptor
protein
Steroid Hormone-
hormone receptor
complex
interacting
with an
intracellular
receptor DNA
mRNA
NUCLEUS
New protein
CYTOPLASM
93
Step 2: Signal Transduction
• Cascades of molecular interactions relay
signals from receptors to target molecules
in the cell.
• Signals are relayed by:
– Protein kinases
– Second messengers
• Both of these mechanisms help to amplify
the signal inside of the cell
94
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• Protein kinases help to transmit signals
through a cascade of protein phosphorylations
– Protein kinases transfer phosphate groups from ATP
to other proteins, a process called phosphorylation
• acts like a molecular on-off switch
– The addition of phosphate groups (by kinases)acts
like an “on” switch and activates proteins
– The removal of phosphate groups (by phosphatases)
acts like an “off” switch and de-activates proteins
95
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Figure 11.10
Signaling molecule
Signal
Receptor
Activated relay
molecule
transduction by
protein kinases
Inactive
protein kinase
1
involving a
Active
protein
kinase
phosphorylation
1 cascade
Inactive
protein kinase ATP
2 ADP P
Active
protein
PP kinase
Pi 2
Inactive
protein kinase ATP
3 ADP P
Active
protein
PP kinase
Pi 3
Inactive
protein ATP
ADP P
Active Cellular
PP
protein response
Pi
96
Step 2: Signal Transduction
• Second messengers
– Ions or small molecules that amplify signals inside
the cell and relay them to other signaling or target
proteins
– Ex: cyclic AMP (cAMP), inositol triphosphate (IP3) ,
and calcium ions (Ca2+)
97
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1 Ligand binds to Signaling molecule Extracellular fluid
GPCR, activating (first messenger)
Adenylyl
the G protein
Receptor G protein cyclase
and causing one
subunit to bind
to and activate
Adenylyl Plasma
Cyclase, which membrane
then catalyzes Cytosol
formation of
cAMP from ATP
cAMP
2 Signal is
amplified and Second
cAMP cAMP cAMP
relayed by the messenger
second
messenger
cAMP Protein Protein Protein
3 Response: some
cell process is Alters Affects Opens or closes
altered metabolism gene activity ion channels
98
Fig. 6-7, p. 143
Figure 11.14-3
EXTRA-
Signaling molecule
Signaling pathway involving
CELLULAR
FLUID (first messenger) the second messengers
IP and Ca 2
G protein 3
DAG
GTP
G protein-coupled PIP2
Phospholipase C
receptor
IP3
(second messenger)
IP3-gated
calcium channel
Various Cellular
Endoplasmic Ca2 proteins
reticulum (ER) responses
activated
Ca2
(second
CYTOSOL messenger) 99
Signal Amplification
• Enzyme cascades
amplify the cell’s
response
• At each step, the
number of activated
products is much
greater than in the
preceding step
100
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Step 3: Response
Cell signaling leads to regulation of cellular
activity including:
•Opening or closing of ion channels
•Alteration of enzyme activity, leading to
metabolic changes
• Ex, fight or flight response
•Alteration of specific gene activity
• specific proteins made or not made in response
•Apoptosis
101
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Cellular Response to Signaling
102
Growth factor Reception
Receptor
Phosphorylation
Cellular cascade
Transduction
Response:
CYTOPLASM
Activation
of a
specific gene
Inactive Active
by a growth transcription transcription
factor factor
factor P
Response
DNA
Gene
NUCLEUS mRNA
103
Termination of the Signal
• Inactivation mechanisms are an essential aspect
of cell signaling
• If ligand concentration falls, fewer receptors will
be bound
• Unbound receptors revert to an inactive state
104
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How does cell signaling trigger the
desperate flight of these people?
105
Epinephrine/Adrenalin
“EMERGENCIES HORMONES “
106
• Epinephrine (adrenaline)
is released by the
adrenal gland travels
through the blood
stream target in
muscle or liver cells.
• There is binds to a G
protein coupled receptor
and initiates a signaling
cascade
glucose release
Plasma
membrane
Cytosol
1
Reception of Signal
109
Fig. 6-9a, p. 144
Fight or Flight Signaling Pathway
G protein
Epinephrine coupled
receptor Adenylyl
G protein
separates cyclase
110
Fig. 6-9b, p. 144
Ligand: G protein Adenylyl
epinephrine coupled cyclase
Receptor activated
Dissociation of
activated G protein Phosphorylated
Protein kinase A
Fight or Flight
Protein Phosphorylated
Signaling protein (active)