PUSAT
PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN
(responsibility centers)
Pokok Bahasan
2
Responsibility
Center
Merupakan unit organisasi yang dipimpin oleh
seorang manajer yang bertanggungjawab
terhadap segala aktivitas yang berlangsung di
dalam unit tersebut
Responsibility
Accounting System
Merupakan sistem yang mengukur kinerja setiap
pusat pertanggungjawaban berdasarkan informasi
yang sesuai dengan kegiatan operasi pusat
pertanggungjawaban tersebut
3
TOP MANAGEMENT TOP MANAGEMENT
RESPONSIBILITY RESPONSIBILITY
CENTER CENTER
Centralization Decentralization
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INDOFOOD SUKSES MAKMUR
Consumer Brand
Bogasari Agribusiness Distribution
Product
Noodles
Flour Edible oil
& fats
Dairy
Pasta Plantation
Snack food
Beverages
Food
seasoning
Nutrition and
special foods 5
Unit organisasi Pusat
pertanggungjawaban
“ ◂
◂
Input diukur dalam jumlah moneter
Output diukur dalam jumlah unit fisik
◂ Kinerja diukur berdasarkan jumlah input
yang dibutuhkan untuk memproduksi
satu unit output
◂ Efisiensi diukur dengan membandingkan
jumlah biaya aktual dan biaya standar
untuk memproduksi sejumlah output
Jenis-Jenis Pusat Pertanggungjawaban
10
The Minot plant of Rao’s Small Motor Division
produces a major subassembly for motorcycles.
The plant uses a standard costing system for Engineered Expense
production costing and control. The standard
cost sheet for the subassembly follows: Center
Direct materials (7.0 lbs. @ $6.00) $42.00
Direct labor (2 hrs. @ $12.00) 24.00
Variable overhead (2 hrs. @ $10.00) 20.00
Fixed overhead (2 hrs. @ $6.00) 12.00
Standard unit cost $98.00
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Engineered Expense Center During the year, the Minot plant had the following actual production
activity:
a. Production of subassemblies totaled 70,000 units.
b. A total of 465,000 pounds of materials was purchased at $5.80
per pound.
c. There were 26,400 pounds of materials in beginning inventory
(carried at $6 per pound). There was no ending inventory
d. Pengunaan material sebanyak 465.000 pounds + 26.400
pounds = 491.400 pounds (actual quantity/AQ)
e. The company used 150,000 direct labor hours at a total cost of
$1,950,000.
f. Actual fixed overhead totaled $913,000.
g. Actual variable overhead totaled $1,470,000. The Minot plant’s
practical activity is 75,000 units per year. Standard overhead
rates are computed based on practical activity measured in
standard direct labor hours.
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Engineered Expense Center
Compute the materials price and usage variances. Of the two
materials variances, which is viewed as the most controllable? To
whom would you assign responsibility for the usage variance in this
case? Explain.
Compute the labor rate and efficiency variances. Who is usually
responsible for the labor efficiency variance? What are some possible
causes for this variance?
Compute the variable overhead spending and efficiency variances.
Compute the fixed overhead spending and volume variances.
Interpret the volume variance. What can be done to reduce this
variance?
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Penyelesaian:
◂ Varians Volume
“ ◂
◂
Penyusunan Anggaran
Variabilitas Biaya,
◂ Jenis Pengendalian
◂ Pengukuran Kinerja
Karakteristik Pengendalian
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Discretionary Expense Center:
Administrative and Support Centers
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Biaya
Biaya Variable
Manufaktur
(variable cost)
Variable Costing
Income Statement
Biaya Tetap Biaya
(fixed cost) Periode
Lap.Laba Rugi
(Income Statement) • Biaya Bahan Baku
Langsung, Tenaga Biaya
Kerja Langsung dan Manufaktur
Overhead Variabel
• Biaya Overhead Tetap
Absorption-Costing
Income Statement
Biaya Penjualan
dan Administrasi, Biaya
baik Variabel Periode
maupun Tetap
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LABA YANG DIHASILKAN
BERBEDA? MASA SIH?
Absorption Costing
Income Statement VS Variable Costing
Income Statement
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Variable-costing vs Absorption
Costing: Exercise 1
CocaChino manufactures coffeemakers in US. Revenue and
cost information were incurred during 2017 & 2018 are as
follows:
2017 2018
Unit Produced 10.000 5.000
Unit Sold 5.000 10.000
Unit Variable Cost $ 10 $ 10
Unit Price $ 25 $ 25
Fixed Overhead
(estimated & actual) $ 100.000 $ 100.000 32
CocaChino, Inc
Variable-Costing Income Statement Variable-costing vs
Absorption Costing:
2017 2018
Sales Revenue Exercise 1
(5.000 unit x $25) $ 125.000
(10.000 unit x $25) $ 250.000
Variable Expense
(5.000 unit x $10) 50.000
(10.000 unit x $10) 100.000
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CocaChino, Inc CocaChino, Inc
Absorption-Costing Income Statement Absorption-Costing Income Statement
for the year ended December, 31 2017 for the year ended December, 31 2018
Sales Revenue Sales Revenue
(5.000 unit x $25) $125.000 (10.000 unit x $25) $ 250.000
Beginning Inventory 0 Beginning Inventory $100.000
Variable Cost Variable Cost
(10.000 unit x $10) $ 100.000 (5.000 unit x $10) $ 50.000
Fixed Cost 100.000 Fixed Cost 100.000
Cost of goods
Cost of goods Manufactured $200.000 Manufactured 150.000
Goods available for sale $200.000 Goods available for sale $ 250.000
Ending Inventory Ending Inventory 0
(5.000 unit x $20) 100.000
Cost of goods Sold 100.000 Cost of goods Sold 250.000
Operating Income $ 25.000 Operating Income 0
2017 2018
Selling and Sales Revenue
Administrative
Expenses??
Variable Expense
Overhead Expense
Selling and Admin. Expense
Contribution Margin
Fixed Cost
Overhead
Selling and Admin.
Operating Income
Beginning Inventory
Variable Cost
Fixed Cost
Cost of goods Manufactured
Goods available for sale
Ending Inventory
Variable
Fixed
Total Selling &Admin. Expense
Operating Income
During the year, Grehan produced 200,000 wooden pallets and sold 207,000 at $10 each.
Grehan had 9,300 pallets in beginning finished goods inventory; costs have not changed from
last year to this year. An actual costing system is used for product costing.
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Required
1. What per-unit inventory cost will be reported on Grehan’s balance sheet at the end of the
year? What will be the reported income?
2. What would the per-unit inventory cost be under variable costing? Does this differ from
the unit cost computed in Requirement 1? Why? What would income be using variable
costing?
3. Reconcile the difference between the variable-costing and absorption-costing income
figures.
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PUSAT INVESTASI
(INVESTMENT CENTER)
“ Membandingkan laba diantara 2 atau lebih
pusat pertanggungjawaban tanpa
mempertimbangkan jumlah sumber daya yang
digunakan bukan merupakan perbandingan
yang tepat
Pusat Investasi merupakan pusat
pertanggungjawaban yang kinerjanya diukur
berdasarkan kemampuan menghasilkan laba
dengan menggunakan sumber daya yang
PUSAT INVESTASI (INVESTMENT CENTER):
Pengukuran Kinerja
Corporate headquarters will borrow up to $1.5 million for the automotive add on
division for further investments. The amount borrowed will be through
unsecured bonds at a rate of 12 percent. The marginal tax rate is 25 percent.
◂ Operating Income Project
1
◂ ROI Project 2
Selecting the Investment
Select only Select only Select both Select neither
Project 1 Project 2 projects projects
Operating Income
Operating Assets
ROI
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PUSAT INVESTASI (INVESTMENT CENTER):
ROI
◂
◂ Alternatif
pengukuran kinerja pusat investasi lainnya adalah
Residual Income (RI) yang diukur dengan formula berikut ini:
◂
◂ Alternatif
pengukuran kinerja pusat investasi lainnya adalah
Economic Value Added (EVA) yang diukur dengan formula
berikut ini:
Q. 1
Wd = 3/12 = 0,25
We = 9/12 = 0,75
Cost of debt = rd (1 – T) = 6% (1-0,4) = 3,6%
Cost of equity = 3% + 8% = 11%
Q. 2
After-tax operating income = $350.000
EVA = $350.000 – (9,15% x $4.000.000) = - $16.000
PUSAT INVESTASI (INVESTMENT CENTER):EVA
Answering the Questions
Q. 3
Q. 4
After-tax operating income = $430.000
EVA = $430.000 – (8,613% x $5.000.000) = - $500