TUBERKULOSIS
Disusun oleh:
Deasy Nur Chairin Hanifa,
M.Clin.Pharm., Apt.
Mycobacterium species
Acid fast bacilli - cell walls contain unusual glycolipids (mycolic acids)
Intracellular organisms (some are facultative others are obligate)
M. tuberculosis believed to have evolved from M. bovis after domestication
of cattle (8,000-4,000 BC)
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PATOGENESIS
Airborne Transmission
Kemungkinan seseorang terinfeksi TB
ditentukan oleh :
a.konsentrasi droplet dalam udara
b.lamanya menghirup udara tersebut /
kontak dengan droplet
c.Kedekatan dengan penderita TB
Infection limited
to small area of lung
Immune response
insufficient
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PATOGENESIS
TB – A Multi-system Infection
80% menyerang paru
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Natural History of TB Infection
Exposure to TB
No infection Infection
(70-90%) (10-30%)
Latent TB Active TB
(90%) (10%)
Never develop
Active disease Untreated Treated
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KLASIFIKASI TB
GEJALA
• menyembuhkan
• mencegah kematian
• mencegah kekambuhan
• menurunkan tingkat penularan
• mencegah terjadinya resistensi kuman
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TERAPI
Prinsip Pengobatan TB
• Menghindari penggunaan monoterapi Obat
Anti Tuberkulosis (OAT) (jumlah cukup dan
dosis tepat sesuai dengan kategori pengobatan).
• Untuk menjamin kepatuhan penderita dalam
menelan obat, pengobatan dilakukan dengan
pengawasan langsung (DOT = Directly
Observed Treatment) oleh seorang Pengawas
Menelan Obat (PMO).
• Pengobatan TB diberikan dalam 2 tahap, yaitu
tahap intensif dan lanjutan.
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Tahap Intensif vs Tahap Lanjutan
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Pedoman Nas Pengendalian TB, 2009 18
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Paduan OAT yang digunakan
di Indonesia
Kategori 1 : 2(HRZE)/4(HR)3.
Kategori 2 : 2(HRZE)S/(HRZE)/5(HR)3E3.
paduan obat sisipan (HRZE)
• In intensive phase
– H,R: kill rapidly dividing TB
– Z: works to kill semi dormant TB in the acidic
environment of the cavity or in macrophages
– E: used to prevent the emergence of RIF resistance
when primary resistance to INH may be present
• In continuation phase
– H,R: kill any remaining rapidly dividing cells as well as
sterilizing fibrotic areas
Rifampin / Rifampisin
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Rifampin side effects
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Isoniazid (INH)
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Isoniazid side effects
• Peripheral neuropathy
– Dose related side effect
– Vit B6 supplements to prevent
• Rare: seizures
• +ANA antibodies in 20%, less than 1%
develop lupus
*
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Isoniazid Hepatotoxicity
• Hepatitis
– Incidence increases with
age
– Generally occurs within
weeks to months rather
than days
– Takes weeks to regress,
recovery is complete in
most following drug
cessation
INH Drug Interactions
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Pyrazinamide (PZA)
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Pyrazinamide side effects
• Hepatotoxicity
– Actual incidence hard to predict as PZA always
used with other TB meds, in one study
hepatotoxicity attributed to PZA in 1%
– In the RZ studies for LTBI incidence os severe liver
injury 5%
• Rash
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Ethambutol
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Ethambutol side effects
– retrobulbar neuritis
• Manifests as decreased visual acuity or decreased red-
green colour discrimination in one or both eyes
• Risk higher in pts with renal failure
– Rarely used in children due to an inability to
monitor for symptoms
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KDT / FDC vs Kombipak
• Paket Kombipak.
– Adalah paket obat lepas yang terdiri dari Isoniasid,
Rifampisin, Pirazinamid dan Etambutol yang dikemas
dalam bentuk blister.
– disediakan program untuk digunakan dalam pengobatan
pasien yang mengalami efek samping OAT KDT.
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Kelebihan KDT (FDC)
• Dosis obat dapat disesuaikan dengan berat
badan sehingga menjamin efektifitas obat dan
mengurangi efek samping.
• Mencegah penggunaan obat tunggal sehinga
menurunkan resiko terjadinya resistensi obat
ganda dan mengurangi kesalahan penulisan
resep
• Jumlah tablet yang ditelan jauh lebih sedikit
sehingga pemberian obat menjadi sederhana
dan meningkatkan kepatuhan pasien
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Treatment in patients with
pre-existing liver disease
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Common Adverse Effects
Ethionamide
Cycloserine
PAS
G.I. complaints
Fluoroquinolones
Clofazimine
Rifabutin
INH
Hepatotoxicity Rifampicin/rifabutin
(early symptoms are anorexia and Ethionamide
malaise, then abdominal pain, PZA
vomiting, jaundice) PAS
Fluoroquinolones 55
Common Adverse Effects
INH
Ethionamide
Peripheral neuropathy Cycloserine
Linezolid
Ethambutol
Rash All
Fluoroquinolones
Isoniazid
Headache Cycloserine
Ethionamide
Ethambutol
Seizures Cycloserine 56
Common Adverse Effects
Cycloserine, Ethionamide,
Behavioral changes
Isoniazid, Fluoroquinolones
Ethambutol, Rifabutin,
Visual changes
Isoniazid, Linezolid
Renal failure
Hypokalemia, Aminoglycosides, Capreomycin
Hypomagnesemia 57
Monitoring for side effects
during therapy
• Clinical
– Screen for common side effects
• Microbiological response
– Sputum at 2 months
– Sputum at completion of therapy
• Laboratory response
– First 2 weeks: twice weekly
– At 1 month then monthly
– Check: AST, ALT, Bilirubin, CBC
...Terimakasih....
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