dr. ISNANIAH, Sp. S
PENDAHULUAN
Definisi : gangguan fungsi atau perubahan patologik
pada sistem saraf perifer
Dapat mengenai saraf sensorik, motorik, otonom,
campuran
Prevalensi : 2 – 8%
Diidentifikasi > 100 tipe neuropati
KLASIFIKASI
Menurut onset serangan :
Neuropati akut, mis :
polineuropati idiopatik akut
Neuropati kronik, mis :
beri-beri, DM, lepra
Menurut derajatnya :
• Neuropati ringan :
hanya sensorik
• Neuropati sedang :
sensorik, motorik, refleks ↓
• Neuropati berat :
sensorik, motorik, refleks ↓, atrofi otot
Menurut jumlah saraf yang terlibat
1. Mononeuropati simpleks :
Gangguan pd satu saraf perifer
2. Mononeuropati multipleks
Mengenai beberapa saraf tepi, biasanya tidak
berdekatan dan tidak simetris
3. Polineuropati :
Beberapa saraf tepi, simetris dan serentak,
predominan di distal
Menurut letak lesi
1. Aksonopati distal :
Gangguan pada akson
2. Mielinopati :
Gangguan pada selubung mielin
3. Neuronopati :
Gangguan pd badan sel saraf di kornu anterior
medulla spinalis atau pada dorsal root ganglion
ETIOLOGI
1. Idiopathic inflamatory neuropathies
- Polineuropati idiopatik akut (GBS)
- Chronic Inflamatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy
2. Metabolic and nutritional neuropathies
Diabetes, hipotiroid, akromegali
Uremia
Liver disease
Defisiensi B1 atau B12
3. Infective and granulomatous Neuropathies :
AIDS, leprosy, difteri, sarcoidosis
4. Vasculitis Neuropathies :
Polyarteritis nodosa
Rheumatoid arthritis
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
5. Neoplastic & Paraproteinemic Neuropathies :
Kompresi dan iritasi oleh tumor
Paraneoplatis syndrome
Paraproteinemias
Amyloidosis
6. Drugs Induced and Toxic Neuropathies
Dapson, Isoniazide, Phenytoin, Pyridoxin, Vincristin,
Hidrqalazine
Alkohol
Toksin : organofosfat, Arsenik, Timbal, Thalium, Emas
Hereditary Neuropathies
Idiopatik
Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathies
Hereditary sensory neuropathies
Familial amyloidosis
Metabolik
Porfiria
Metachromatic leucodystrophy
A beta lipoproteinemia
8. Entrapment Neuropathies
Upper limbs
N. Medianus ( Carpal Tunnel Syndrome)
Nervus Ulnaris
Nervus Radialis
Lower limbs
Nervus Peroneal
Nervus Femoralis
Nervus Obturatorius
PENYAKIT YANG SERING
MELIBATKAN SARAF PERIFER
Trauma
Diabetes
Hereditary
Alcohol
Environmental
Nutritional Toxin and Drugs
Guillain Barre Syndrome Rheumatic (collagen vascular)
Amyloid
Paraneoplastic
Infections
Systemic Diseases
Tumors
PATOFISIOLOGI
1. DEGENERASI WALLERIAN
Terjadi degenerasi akson dan selubung mielin
ke arah distal dari lesi
Degenerasi bisa juga ke proksimal satu atau 2
segmen
2. DEMIELINISASI SEGMENTAL
Lesi pada sel Schwann
Proses dimulai di daerah nodus ranvier dan
meluas tidak teratur mengenai segmen2 internodus lain
Akson dapat mengalami degenerasi atau tidak
terganggu sama sekali.
3. DEGENERASI AKSON PRIMER
= Aksonopati
Degenerasi akson biasanya diikuti oleh
demielinisasi segmental sekunder
Sering pada uremia, keracunan alkohol, lepra,
karsinoma
Kerusakan saraf dibagi 3 tingkat → penting utk
menentukan prognosis :
1. Neuropraksia
2. Aksonotmesis
3. neurotmesis
Neuropraksia :
• Kerusakan paling ringan
• Hanya gangguan hantaran
• Tanpa gangguan kontinuitas
• Pemulihan beberap menit - minggu
Aksonotmesis :
• Kerusakan pada akson disertai degenerasi
• Tanpa kerusakan endoneural
• Regenerasi mungkin terjadi dengan hasil yang baik
Neurotmesis :
• Saraf terputus total atau sebagian
• Pengobatan dengan penyambungan
• Kemungkinan perbaikan 50%
GEJALA KLINIK
1. Gangguan Sensorik :
Keterlibatan akson sensorik menyebabkan
gangguan sensasi dgn disestesia atau parestesia
Rasa kaku, dingin, pedas
Gatal dan kebas
Nyeri seperti ditusuk jarum
Rasa terbakar
Rasa berjalan di atas kapas
Rasa tersandung saat berjalan
Rasa tidak stabil
2. Gangguan Motorik :
Keterlibatan akson motorik menyebabkan
pengurusan dan kelemahan otot diikuti atrofi dan
fasikulasi
Kelemahan bersifat LMN
Sulit memutar kunci pintu
Sulit membuka kancing baju
Foot drop
Wrist drop
Gangguan gerakan tangkas
3. Gangguan Refleks Tendon
Refleks tendon yang dipersarafi saraf yang terlibat
menurun atau menghilang
Contoh :
Refleks tendon biseps, triseps, KPR, APR
4. Gangguan otonom
Keterlibatan akson yg mensuplai fungsi otonom
menyebabkan keringat berkurang, perubahan fungsi
vesika urinaria, konstipasi dan impotensi
Contoh :
gangguan gastrointestinal seperti diare, konstipasi,
dilatasi lambung, mual dan muntah
Neuropati Motorik
Guillain Barre Syndrome
Diptheric Neuropathy
Dapsone-induced Neuropathy
Porfiria dan multifocal motor neuropathy
Neuropati Sensorik
Toksisitas obat : piridoksin, doxorubicine
Autoimun : paraneoplastik, Sjogren syndrome, dll
Infeksi : difteri, HIV
Defisiensi : vit E
Bawaan : A beta lipoproteinemia
DIAGNOSIS
1. Gejala klinik
2. Laboratorium
3. Foto thoraks
4. Punksi lumbal
5. EKG
6. Biopsi : >> n.suralis atau cutaneus radialis
7. Elektrofisiologi : EMG, NCV
NEUROPATI DIABETIK
Prevalensi : 10-20 % simptomatik
KHS 80% abnormal
Klinis dapat mengenai sensorik, motorik, otonom,
kombinasi.
Etiologi belum jelas
4 hipotesis :
1. hyperglicemia-polyol-myoinositol hypothesis
2. microvascular hypothesis
3. structural changes at the node of Ranvier
4. vasculitic neuropathy
Hyperglicemia-polyol-myoinositol hypothesis
Microvascular hypothesis
Structural changes at the node of
Ranvier
4. Vasculitic neuropathy
Bbrp kasus NIDDM and proximal diabetic
mengalami vaskulopati inflamasi dengan
penimbunan limfosit perivaskular dan neuropati
aksonal
PAINFUL DIABETIC NEUROPATHY
cranial nerve neuropathy
Acute thoracoabdominal neuropathy
Acute distal sensory neuropathy
Acute lumbar radiculoplexopathy
Chronic distal small-fiber neuropathy
Terapi
Intensive diabetic therapy
Maintain ideal body weight
Adjuvant analgetics :
TCA antidepressants
carbamazepine
gabapentin
intravenous lidocaine, etc
CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME
CHARACTERIZED BY :
FLUCTUATING NUMBNESS, PARESTHESIA AND PAIN
IN THE HAND DUE TO COMPRESSION OF THE MEDIAN
NERVE AT THE WRIST.
80% in WOMEN, A COMMON TEMPORARY
PHENOMENON DURING PREGNANCY
PRESSURE TO THE NERVE WHEN PASSING BENEATH
THE FLEXOR RETINACULUM OBSTRUCTION OF
VENOUS CIRCULATION AND EDEMA ISCHEMIA
INCREASING PRESSURE ON THE NERVE ISCHEMIC
ATROPHY OF NERVE FIBERS
Etiologi
1. Hereditary : HMSN type III
2. Traumatic : dislocation, fracture, hematoma, wrist sprain
3. Infection : tenosynovitis, tbc, sarcoidosis
4. Metabolic : amyloidosis, gout
5. Endocrine : acromegaly, DM, hypothyroidism, pregnancy
6. Neoplastic : ganglion cysts, lipoma , myeloma
7. Collagen vascular diseases : RA, polymyalgia rheumatica, SLE
8. Degenerative disease : OA
9. Iatrogenic : radial artery puncture, shunt for dialysis,
anticoagulant therapy
Gejala Klinis
Early : numbness dan parestesia distribusi
sensorik n.medianusnsory distribution of the
median nerve in the hand (thumb, index,
middle and lateral half of the ring finger)
Later : nyeri, memberat saat malam hari
Late : sulit membuka tutup botol atau
menggenggam
Terapi
Identifikasi penyebab
Injeksi kortikosteroid sekitar n.medianus
carpal tunnel.
Pembedahan ligamentum transversa (flexor
retinaculum)
Endoscopic carpal tunnel release
Polyneuropathies
Motorik
Sensorik
Gejala sensorik
Mulai pada kaki, lalu ke proksimal
Timbul pd tangan jika extremitas bawah sudah
mencapai lutut
Positive
Tertusuk jarum
Tingling
Burning
Negative
Numbness
Tebal
“Like I’m walking with thick socks on”
PEMERIKSAAN
Sensory impairment
akroparesthesias or tactile
hypestesias glove or
sock distribution
Vibration disturbances
pallhypestesia distally
(tuning fork C 128 Hz)
Bed side tests
tactile
myotatic reflexes
vibration thermal
Clinical features of Polyneuropaties
Weaknes of LL
Atrophies of distal
muscles
Walk on heels
Normal muscles
strenght at proximal
muscles
Diabetic feet
and
ulcerations
Amputation
CR 8 000/y
Germany 30 000/y
KLASIFIKASI
By types of fibers involved
Pure sensory
Sensory motor
Pure motor
Autonomic
By pathology
Demyelinating
Axonal
Mixed
By tempo
Acute
Subacute
Chronic
Acute Polyneuropathies
Guillain Barre Syndrome
Porphyria
Neuropathy, psychiatric disorder, unexplained GI
complaints
Toxins
Glue sniffing (n-hexane)
Arsenic
Guillain-Barré Syndrom
G Guillain JA Barré A.Strohl
1. Plasmafaresis
2. Imunoglobulin IV 0,4 gr/kg BB selama 5 hari
3. Perawatan umum
4. Fisioterapi
5. Perawatan di ICU bila terjadi gagal napas
Subacute Polyneuropathies
Vasculitis
Can be isolated to peripheral nerves or part of a more
systemic process
Paraneoplastic
May be presenting symptom of the cancer
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating
polyneuropathy
With or without a gammopathy
Toxins
Drug
Chronic Polyneuropathies
Metabolic
Diabetes mellitus
Chronic renal failure
Chronic liver failure
Thyroid disease
Nutritional
B12 deficiency
Infections
HIV
Leprosy
Inherited – Charcot Marie Tooth disease since 1886
EVALUASI
Lab work
Nerve conduction study/electromyography
Membedakan antara demielinisasi dan aksonal
Membantu menentukan derajat penyakit
Nerve biopsy
Frequently non-diagnostic
Can establish the dx in certain disorders, such as
vasculitis and amyloidosis
TERIMA KASIH