Asid sulfurik dan ammonia

1. (a) (i) H2SO4

(ii) pembuatan cat // pembuatan detergen // elektrolit dalam pembuatan kereta
(b) (i) gas sulfur dioksida
(ii) Sulfur dioksida bertindak balas dengan air hujan membentuk hujan asid. Hujan
asid mengakis bangunan, meningkatkan keasidan tanah, meningkatkan keasidan
sungai dan tasik
(c) (i) proses Haber
(ii) besi // ferum
(d) (i) tindak balas peneutralan
(ii) nitrogen
 Aloi
(a) suatu campuran dua unsur atau lebihmengikut peratusan yang tertentu dengan
unsur utamanya ialah logam
(b) (i) kuprum (70%) + zink (30%) = loyang
(ii) gangsa = kuprum (90%) + stanum (10%)
(c) atom
(e) (i) duralumin = aluminium (93%) + kuprum (3%) + magnesium (3%) + mangan
(1%)
(ii) ringan dan kuat
(iii) membuat badan kapal terbang dan keratapi laju
 Polimer
(a) monomer ialah unit ulangan kecil yang bersambung melalui ikatan kovalen
untuk membentuk suatu polimer
polimer ialah molekul berantai panjangyang terbina daripada banyak ulangan kecil
(monomer)
contoh monomer : etena → politena
(b) (i) polimer semulajadi - kanji (kelas makanan), selulosa, kapas
(pakaian), protein (kelas makanan), sutera (pakaian), getah asli
(pembuatan tayar kenderaan)
(ii) polimer sintetik - politena (beg plastik, bekas plastik), polivinil klorida
(paip air, baju hujan) , perspeks (cermin keselamatan, tingkap kenderaan),
nilon (tali, tali pancing)
 Kaca dan seramik
(a)(i) kaca diperbuat dari pasir, seramik diperbuat dari tanah liat
(ii) persamaan : keras, rapuh, lengai terhadap bahan kimia, tahan tekanan, penebat
haba dan konduktor elektrik yang lemah
perbezaan :
kaca - lutsinar, lembut apabila dipanaskan, tidak telap
seramik - legap, tahan haba, biasanya berliang tapi licin
(iii) Soda-lime glass and lead glass
(iv) Tiles and Cement.
(b) Fibre glass is a composite material made by embedding glass fibre filaments in
plastic. It is lighter, stronger and tougher than glass and is not brittle. It is more
resilient and flexible than plastic and is not flammable.
 Bahan komposit
Composite materials are produced to improve the original materials and to fulfill specific needs.
From the information above, explain what is composite materials. [7 marks]
• A composite material is a structural material formed by combining two or more materials with
different properties into a complex mixture. The following statements explain about
composite materials:
• The example of composite material is concrete. It is hard but brittle with low tensile strength
and can crack under the action of bending forces. Besides that, steel, another example for
composite material is strong with high tensile strength but it can corrode and expensive.
• Reinforced concrete is used in the construction of frame work in bridges, buildings and
highways. Renforced concrete is formed by adding a concrete mixture of cement, water, sand
and small stones into a frame of steel bars and allowed to set. Fibre glass is a composite
materials that is made from glass and plastic. Plastic is light, flexible and elastic but it is weak
and flammable. Glass is strong but heavy, non flexible and brittle. Fibre glass is formed by
embedding glass filaments in polyester resin. The new material formed is more strong,
though and flexible. Fibre glass is used in the making of boats, pipes and fishing rod.