HUKUM UDARA DAN RUANG

ANGKASA

(Pertemuan Ke IV)

Pokok-pokok Pengaturan Konvensi Chicago

1944 Dan Amandemen-amandemennya
Mahasiswa mampu memahami Pokok-Pokok
Konvensi Chicago 1944 dan amandemen
amandemennya.
Pasal-pasal fundamental Konvensi Chicago 1944.
(Pasal 1 sampai dengan 7 Konvensi Chicago 1944)
Beberapa amandemen Konvensi Chicago 1944.
Ketepatan memahami pengertian territory, airspace,
complete and exclusive..
Ketepatan memahami Pesawat udara sipil.
Ketepatan memahami pesawat udara negara.
Ketepatan memahami penerbangan berjadwal..
Ketepatan memahami penerbangan tidak berjadwal.
Ketetapatan memahami Pasal 3 bis Konvensi Chicago
1944.
Penegakan hukum pelanggaran wilayah udara di
Indonesia.
 Chicago Convention,1944

Pasal 1: Kedaulatan yang lengkap dan

eksklusif dari negara kolong atas ruang
udara di atas wilayahnya.

Beberapa Permasalahan:
• Apa yg dimaksud dg Complete?
• Apa yg dimaksud dg exclusive?
• Apa yang dimaksud dg Airspace?
• Apa yang dimaksud dg Territory?
 Territory di dalam Pasal 2 Konvensi Chicago
Pasal 2 : Territory = Land Areas + Territorial Waters

1944 : wilayah Neg yg berupa daratan dan perairan

wilayah yang membatasinya, di bawah
kedaulatan, kepemilikan, perlindungan atau
perwalian dari negara tersebut.

Pengertian Territory mengalami perkembangan

(Saat berlakunya Konvensi Chicago 1944 dan Saat
berlakunya UNCLOS 1982)
 Pasal 49 UNCLOS 1982, yang pada ayat (1) menentukan bahwa
kedaulatan suatu Negara kepulauan meliputi perairan yang
ditutup oleh garis pangkal kepulauan, yang ditarik sesuai
dengan ketentuan Pasal 47, disebut sebagai perairan kepulauan,
tanpa memperhatikan kedalaman atau jaraknya dari pantai.

 Kedaulatan tersebut meliputi ruang udara di atas perairan

kepulauan, dst.

 Dg demikian ruang udara nasional (national airspace) Republik

Indonesia sebagai Negara kepulauan (archipelagic state)
berdasarkan UNCLOS 1982 : airspace di atas wilayah (territory)
Negara kepulauan, yg meliputi ruang udara di atas land
territory, ruang udara di atas internal water, ruang udara di atas
territorial sea, ruang udara di atas archipelagic waters.
Article 3 (Civil and state aircraft)
        
(a) This Convention shall be applicable only to civil
aircraft, and shall not be applicable to state aircraft.

(b) Aircraft used in military, customs and police services

shall be deemed to be state aircraft.

         (c) No state aircraft of a contracting State shall fly over

the territory of another State or land thereon without
authorization by special agreement or otherwise, and in
accordance with the terms thereof.

         (d) The contracting States undertake, when issuing

regulations for their state aircraft, that they will have due
regard for the safety of navigation of civil aircraft.
Konvensi Chicago 1944 hanya menyebutkan adanya
perbedaan antara pesawat udara sipil (civil aircraft)
dengan pesawat udara negara (state aircraft) di mana
pesawat udara militer (military aircrfat) masuk
didalamnya.

Pengertian pesawat udara militer (military aircraft)

sebagai bagian dari pesawat udara negara (state
aircraft) belum dirumuskan secara hukum dalam
suatu perjanjian internasional.
Air Force Operations and Law “Military Aircraft”. Like
the term "state aircraft", there is no settled definition
of military aircraft in international law.

As a general rule military aircraft include all aircraft

operated by commissioned units of the armed forces
of a nation bearing the military markings of that
nation, commanded by a member of the armed forces,
and manned or operated by a crew subject to regular
armed forces discipline.

Ketentuan Nationality dan Registration Pesawat

Udara Sipil akan dibahas pada perkuliahan
pertemuan keenam
 Ketentuan Pasal 3 bis Konvensi Chicago 1944

(Amandemen dari Konvensi Internasional

Penerbangan Sipil disahkan pada 10 Mei 1984 di
Montreal melalui sidang Luar Biasa ke-25 Majelis
ICAO)

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LATAR BELAKANG AMANDEMEN
Pertimbangan
Elementary considerations of humanity the safety and the lives of
persons on board civil aircraft must be assured

setiap negara memiliki kedaulatan yang penuh dan eksklusif

terhadap ruang udara di atas wilayahnya,

ketika mengeluarkan peraturan untuk pesawat udara negaranya,

mereka akan tetap memperhatikan keselamatan navigasi pesawat
udara sipil,

Setuju untuk tidak menggunakan penerbangan sipil untuk tujuan

apapun yang tidak sesuai dengan tujuan dari konvensi.

Non use weapons against civil aircraft in flight)

Dimasukkan, pasal baru setelah Pasal 3, yaitu Pasal 3 bis:

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Memutuskan bahwa oleh karena itu dikehendaki adanya
perubahan Konvensi Internasional Penerbangan Sipil
yang dilakukan di Chicago pada tanggal 7 Desember 1944,

Menyetujui, sesuai dengan ketentuan Pasal 94(a) dari

Konvensi sebagaimana dimaksud, di bawah ini diusulkan
perubahan terhadap Konvensi dimaksud .

Dimasukkan, setelah Pasal 3, pasal baru yaitu Pasal 3 bis:

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 Article 3 bis
(a) The contracting States recognize that every State must refrain from resorting
to the use of weapons against civil aircraft in flight and that, in case of
interception, the lives of persons on board and the safety of aircraft must not be
endangered. This provision shall not be interpreted as modifying in any way the
rights and obligations of States set forth in the Charter of the United Nations.

(b) The contracting States recognize that every State, in the exercise of its
sovereignty, is entitled to require the landing at some designated airport of a civil
aircraft flying above its territory without authority or if there are reasonable
grounds to conclude that it is being used for any purpose inconsistent with the
aims of this Convention; it may also give such aircraft any other instructions to
put an end to such violations. For this purpose, the contracting States may resort
to any appropriate means consistent with relevant rules of international law,
including the relevant provisions of this Convention, specifically paragraph (a)
of this article. Each contracting State agrees to publish its regulations in force
regarding the interception of civil aircraft.
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(c) Every civil aircraft shall comply with an order given in
conformity with paragraph (b) of this Article. To this end each
contracting State shall establish all necessary provisions in its
national laws or regulations to make such compliance mandatory
for any civil aircraft registered in that State or operated by an
operator who has his principal place of business or permanent
residence in that State. Each contracting State shall make any
violation of such applicable laws or regulations punishable by
severe penalties and shall submit the case to its competent
authorities in accordance with its laws or regulations.

(d) Each contracting State shall take appropriate measures to

prohibit the deliberate use of any civil aircraft registered in that
State or operated by an operator who has his principal place of
business or permanent residence in that State for any purpose
inconsistent with the aims of this Convention. This provision shall
not affect paragraph (a) or derogate from paragraphs (b) and (c) of
this Article.
PASCA AMANDEMEN PS 3 BIS MASIH TERJADI PENEMBAKAN PSW
UDARA SIPIL
Pesawat Boeing 777 Malaysia Airlines Nomor penerbangan MH17 dalam
penerbangan dari Amsterdam menunju Kuala Lumpur pada 17 Juli 2014
ditembak jatuh sebuah rudal di kawasan udara Ukraina
Article 4 : Misuse of civil aviation

Each contracting State agrees not to use civil aviation

for any purpose inconsistent with the aims of this
Convention.

Catatan : Ketentuan ini kembali ditegaskan dalam Pasal

3 bis huruf d (Amandemen Konvensi Chicago 1984)
CHAPTER II FLIGHT OVER TERRITORY O CONTRACTING STATES
 Article 5 (Right of non-scheduled flight)

Each contracting State agrees that all aircraft of the other

contracting States, being aircraft not engaged in scheduled
international air services shall have the right, subject to the
observance of the terms of this Convention, to make flights into or
in transit non-stop across its territory and       
 to make stops for non-traffic purposes without the necessity of
obtaining prior permission, and subject to the right of the State
flown over to require landing.
 Each contracting State nevertheless reserves the right, for reasons
of safety of flight, to require aircraft desiring to proceed over
regions which are inaccessible or without adequate air navigation
facilities to follow prescribed routes, or to obtain special
permission for such flights.      
Catatan : Ketentuan Implementasi Pasal ini lihat pula pada PP
tentang Pengamanan Wilayah Udara RI  
Article 6 (scheduled air services)

No scheduled international air service may be operated over or

into the territory of a contracting State, except with the special
permission or other authorization of that State, and in accordance
with the terms of such permission or authorization.

Catatan:
Ketentuan pelaksanaan Pasal 6 Konvensi Chicago 1944
dilaksanakan melalui Perjanjian Bilateral/Multi Lateral Bidang
Penerbangan, antara lain mengatur Grant of Right. Akan
diperdalam pada Kuliah Pertemuan Ke 5.