Seluk Beluk Diplomasi Pertahanan dan

Implementasi di dalam Ruang Lingkup

Pertahanan dan Keamanan Negara

I Wayan Aditya Harikesa, S. IP., M. Si.

Jurusan Ilmu Hubungan Internasional
Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik
Sejarah perkembangan diplomasi
 I. DIPLOMASI & POLITIK LUAR
NEGERI
II. TRADITIONAL & MODERN
DIPLOMACY
III. INSTRUMEN DIPLOMASI
OUTLINE IV. DEFENCE DIPLOMACY
V. INTERNATIONAL PEACE
VI. INDONESIA PEACE KEEPING
OPERATION
VII. CONCLUSION
 diplomasi menurut para ahli
• Diplomasi adalah “management of international relations
by negotiations” atau “manajemen hubungan internasional
melalui negosiasi”.
• Oxford Dictionary

Diplomasi sebagai seni mengedepankan

kepentingan suatu negara dalam
berhubungan dengan negara
lain.

KM Panikkar, “The Principle and Practice of Diplomacy”

 Dalam arti luas:
“Diplomasi adalah
pembentukan dan
pelaksanaan politik
luar dalam segala
negeri
tingkatnya, dari yang
tertinggi hingga yang
terendah”
Dalam arti sempit:
“Diplomasi adalah suatu
medium, channel, atau cara
dimana hubungan resmi
antara pemerintah itu
Hans J. Morgenthau terjadi”
Sir Earnest Satow
Dalam bukunya Guide to
Diplomatic Practice
• Diplomasi adalah “the
application of
intelligence and tact
to conduct of official
relations between the
government of
independent
states”
• “penerapan • atau
kepandaian
dan taktik pada
pelaksanaan hubungan
resmi antara pemerintah
negara-

Perang merupakan kelanjutan
diplomasi dengan melalui sarana
lain.
Clausewitz
Filsuf Jerman,
Mayor General Pasukan
Leguin Russia-Jerman
Diplomasi dan Politik Luar Negeri
DINAMIKA GEO-POLITIK
DUNIA MASIH DIWARNAI KONFLIK
 KEKUATAN
DEMOKRASI
TERBESAR KETIGA DI
DUNIA
 INDONESIA SEBAGAI
NEGARA MUSLIM
TERBESAR DI DUNIA
 DAMAI DAN
TOLERAN

CERAMAH MENLU RI DI UNHAN, DES, 2017

INDONESIA ADALAH PEMIMPIN ASEAN
INDONESIA SEBAGAI BRIDGE-BUILDER
 Diplomasi & politik luar negeri

Military power
Polugri =
“SUBSTANSI”
Economic
power

Kepentinga Intelligence-
gathering
n &
operations
nasional Cultural &
information
Diplomasi = “Soft-
“METODE” / power”

“INSTRUME National unity

N”
TRADITIONAL & MODERN
DIPLOMACY
 Perkembangan diplomasi

PBB 1945
Perjanjian
Perjanjian Versailles 1919 Revolusi
Masa 4-16 M Westphalia Kolonialisasi Perang Dunia I Sosialis Rusia
Kautilya,
1648 1648-1900an 1914-1918 Kejayaan AS
Romawi, Liga Bangsa-
Yunani Kuno (Lahirnya Bangsa Kebangkitan
Nation- Negara
state) 1920
Berkembang

ORTHODOX/TRADITIONAL DIPLOMACY MODERN DIPLOMACY

HUTABARA
 Traditional diplomacy

1 Negara adalah aktor utama

Negosiasi hanya berfokus pada masalah
2 wilayah, perang dan kekuasaan

3 Lebih kepada European Centris

4 Diplomasi pada ranah Bilateral

5 Bersifat rahasia dan tertutup

 Modern diplomacy
Digital computing

Era keterbukaan
karena
perkembangan
teknologi
komunikasi
Diplomasi
modern
Peran media massa
berkembang menguat
pasca Perang
Dunia I Radio

Demokrasi & peran

publik
berkembang

Teknologi Radar
Perkembangan moda transportasi dan
teknologi komunikasi mempengaruhi

ways and means of

diplomacy.

Pertemuan antar pelaku diplomasi

lebih mudah dan sering dilakukan;
di sisi lain pertemuan langsung
sering kali tergantikan dengan
komunikasi per email, telepon,
teleconference

Komunikasi langsung antar teknik

antarnegara dapat berdampak
“uninformed diplomats”.
 Modern diplomacy

1 Banyak aktor yang terlibat

2 Negosiasi dan masalah yang dirundingkan lebih

luas, mencakup budaya, lingkungan, pendidikan

3 Bersifat global

4 Diplomasi mencakup bilateral, regional,

multilateral

5 Mulcul berbagai organisasi internasional

HUTABARA
Instrumen diplomasi

• Instrumen diplomasi
adalah NEGOSIASI.
• Negosiasi formal atau
informal, pada tataran
berbeda (Bilateral,
Multilateral, Summitry)
Pemutusan Hubungan Diplomatik Saudi-Iran pasca
• Diplomasi dilakukan Eksekuti Mati Sheikh Nimr
berdasarkan common
set of practices:
• Formal channels of
communication
• Pemanfaatan pihak ketiga
(third parties) atau jasa baik
(good offices)
• Extreme actions: Penarikan
duta besar, pemutusan
hubungan diplomatik,
perang
Penarikan
 Tataran diplomasi

BILATERAL
• Dilakukan oleh dua negara dalam hubungan internasional tanpa melibatkan aktor-aktor
lain dalam hubungan internasional

MULTILATERAL
• Berkembang pasca 1945
• Tantangan: multiaktor & multikepentingan, efficiency & speed decision-making, cross-
sectoral issues
• Diplomasi multilateral dapat menjadi peluang bagi negara yang tidak atau memiliki
sedikit hubungan diplomatik & awal “kick start” bagi diplomasi bilateral

SUMMITRY
• Serial Summit: pertemuan tingkat tinggi regular yang terkait dengan lembaga
internasional (G20, European Council, ASEAN, Arab League, dsb)
• Ad-hoc Summit: pertemuan tingkat tinggi yang diselenggarakan untuk mengatasi krisis
(Kyoto Summit 1999) atau konflik antarnegara
• High-level Exchange of Views: Pertemuan tingkat tinggi dalam rangka kunjungan
kenegaraan
 Diplomasi bilateral

Two-plus-Two Dialogue RI-Australia, 2015 Pertemuan Bilateral RI-Malaysia

Two-plus-Two Dialogue RI-Jepang Perundingan perbatasan RI-Filipina

 Diplomasi REGIONAL

China-ASEAN Defense
European Union
Ministers’ Meeting

Gulf Cooperation Council African Union

 Diplomasi multilateral

Paris Climate Talks 2015 World Trade Organization (WTO)

UN Security Council Trans Pacific Partnership Negotiations

 Channels of diplomacy

1st 2nd Multi-

Trac Trac track
k k
HUTABARA
 1st Track diplomacy

G-to-G
(Goverment-to-
Goverment)
Diplomasi untuk
Bersifat rahasia mengakhiri
& tertutup konflik atau
perang

1st
Trac
 2nd Track diplomacy

Goverment-
to-People
Cakupan isu
Bersifat
lebih luas
umum &
(poleksosbud-
komprehensif
hankam)

2nd
Trac
Multi-track diplomacy
Konsep multi-track diplomacy
dikembangkan oleh Louise Diamond &
John McDonald.

Konsep ini merupakan pengembangan dari

pendekatan track one dan track two
terhadap resolusi konflik.

Terdiri dari 9 TRACKS:

• government
• professional conflict resolution
• business
• private citizens
• research, training and education
• activism
• religious
• funding
• public opinion/communication
 Peran
diplomat
Diplomat adalah agen/perwakilan
pemerintah yang ditugaskan untuk
menjalankan misi negara.
Tugas Diplomat:
• Reporting (Information-gatherer &
analyst)
• Promoting
• Negotiating
• Representing (Spokesman of the
country)
• Protecting
Diplomats are counselors to national
leaders. They are regional, global, issue-
based experts.
 NEGOTIATING

Negosiasi antara Presiden Jokowi dengan Deputy Prime Minister &

Coordinating Minister for National Security Teo Chee Hean dari Singapura,
membahas permasalahan kabut asap dan counter terrorism antara kedua
negara
REPRESENTING

Penerimaan perwakilan Duta Besar

Luar Biasa dan Berkuasa Penuh
(LBBP) Republik Filipina,
Maria Lumen Banzon Isleta.
 PROMOTIN
G

Paviliun Indonesia di
Pameran Pariwisata di New
York

Paviliun Indonesia
“Hello Indonesia”di Trafalgar Square, London, 2015
PERLINDUNGAN WARGA NEGARA

Penyelamatan WNI dari Yaman tiba di Indonesia, 5 April 2015.

 DEFENCETable 1
DIPLOMACY
Defence Diplomacy
Bilateral and multilateral contactsActivities
between civilian defence officials and senior
military officers
Appointment of defence attachés to foreign
countries Bilateral defence cooperation
agreements
Training of foreign civilian and military personnel
Provision of advice and expertise on democratic civilian control over the
armed forces, defence management and military technical areas
Contacts and exchanges between military personnel and units, port calls
Placement of liaisons officers in defence and military establishment of
partner
countries
Deployment of training teams
Provision of military equipment and other material
assistance Bilateral or multilateral military exercise or
Source: Andrew Cottey and Anthony Foster, Reshaping Defence Diplomacy: New Roles for Military Cooperation an
training
Assistance, Adelphi Paper No. 365 (London: IISS, 2004), IIS GINDARSAH
p. 7.
 Table 2
DEFENCE DIPLOMACY AS CONFLICT PREVENTION
Defence Diplomacy as A Means of Conflict
Military cooperation can act Prevention
as a symbol of willingness to pursue broader
cooperation, mutual trust and commitment to work to overcome or manage
differences
Military cooperation can be a means of introducing transparency into defence
relations, particularly with regard to states’ intentions and capabilities
Defence diplomacy can be a means of building or reinforcing perceptions of
common interests
Military cooperation may change overtime the mind-sets of partner states’
militaries
Military cooperation can support specific, concrete defence reforms in partner
countries
Defence assistance may be used as an incentive to encourage cooperation in
other areas

Source: Andrew Cottey and Anthony Foster, Reshaping Defence Diplomacy: New Roles for Military Cooperation and
Assistance, Adelphi Paper No. 365 (London: IISS, 2004), p. 15-17.
IIS GINDARSAH
 CHART

MEF: Minimum Essential Force - merupakan amanat pembangunan nasional IIS GINDARSAH
bidang pertahanan keamanan yang telah ditetapkan dalam RPJMN 2010-
2014 sesuai Peraturan Presiden Nomor 5 Tahun 2010.
CHART

IIS GINDARSAH
FIGURE

IIS GINDARSAH
TABLE

IIS GINDARSAH
FIGURE

IIS GINDARSAH
FIGURE

IIS GINDARSAH
 Tujuan Politik Luar Negeri Indonesia
Alinea 4 Pembukaan UUD 1945

Melindungi Memajukan Mencerdas- Menjaga

bangsa & kesejahtera kan bangsa ketertiban
negara -an dunia

49
Hubungan Diplomasi, Kebijakan Luar Negeri dan
Kepentingan Nasional
 Perubahan dan keberlanjutan
NO ASPEK SBY JOKOWI-JK
1. Landasan UUD 1945; UUD 1945;
Konstitusional Pembukaan Alinea Pembukaan
1&4 Alinea 1 & io4
2. Prinsip Bebas Aktif Bebas Aktif
3. Operasional A million friends, Down-to-earth
and zero enemies diplomacy
4. Orientasi Internationalism Populism
5. Pendekatan Moderat & toleran Tegas &
bermartabat
6. Isu prioritas Politik & Ekonomi
demokrasi kerakyatan
berbasis maritim
“Diplomasi memberi
SOLUSI & membuka
PELUANG untuk DOWN-TO-
kepentingan negara & EARTH-
rakyat Indonesia.”
DIPLOMAC
“Diplomasi TERKONEKSI Y
dengan KEPENTINGAN
RAKYAT.”

“Diplomasi yang TEGAS

&
BERMARTABAT.”
“Diplomasi MEMBERI
MANFAAT LANGSUNG
untuk RAKYAT” 52
Prioritas Polugri Indonesia

Menjaga kedaulatan Indonesia

Perlindungan WNI & BHI

Diplomasi ekonomi untuk menopang

kemandirian ekonomi nasional

Meningkatkan peran aktif Indonesia di

kawasan dan dunia internasional
53
 The theme for 2017 is “Together for
Peace: Respect, Safety and Dignity for
All.”
• TOGETHER
• On 15 September 2017, from 9:00 a.m. to 9:30 a.m.,
the Secretary-General already had celebrated the Day
in the Peace Garden at United Nations Headquarters
by ringing the Peace Bell and observing a minute of
silence. United Nations Messengers of Peace will
participate in the ceremony. The United Nations
Education Outreach Section will hold a global student
videoconference on the same day, from 9:30 a.m. to
12:30 p.m., also at United Nations Headquarters
• Indonesia menganut politik bebas aktif dalam
diplomasi internasional. Selain itu dalam
pembukaan UUD Negara Republik Indonesia
Tahun 1945 pun tertulis tujuan untuk
mewujudkan perdamaian dunia.

• "...ikut melaksanakan ketertiban dunia yang

berdasarkan kemerdekaan, perdamaian abadi
dan keadilan sosial," bunyi kutipan alinea
keempat pembukaan UUD 1945.
WHO CONTROL WORLD PEACE ?
THE SECURITY COUNCIL OF THE UNITED NATIONS
• Under the Charter, the Security Council has primary responsibility for the
maintenance of international peace and security. It has 15 Members, and
each Member has one vote. Under the Charter, all Member States are
obligated to comply with Council decisions.
• The Security Council takes the lead in determining the existence of a
threat to the peace or act of aggression. It calls upon the parties to a
dispute to settle it by peaceful means and recommends methods of
adjustment or terms of settlement. In some cases, the Security Council
can resort to imposing sanctions or even authorize the use of force to
maintain or restore international peace and security.
• The Security Council also recommends to the General Assembly the
appointment of the Secretary-General and the admission of new Members
to the United Nations. And, together with the General Assembly, it elects
the judges of the International Court of Justice.
 ICJ and ICC
• The International Court of Justice (ICJ)
main office is in The Hague, The
Netherlands and is responsible for
settling arguments between member
countries and give its opinions on legal
matters (Example : Ukraine vs Russia)
• The International Criminal Court (ICC)
also has office in the Hague, Netherlands
and is responsible for punishing people
for crimes that the UN SC wants the ICC
to investigate (Example : war criminals
from the Congo conflict)
MEMBERSHIP
 PEACEKEEPING OPERATION
PBB didirikan setelah Perang Dunia II berakhir,
dengan tujuan untuk selamatkan generasi
berikutnya dari kekejaman perang. Dengan
perjalanan waktu, kemudian jadikan Operasi
Pemeliharaan Perdamaian (Peacekeeping
Operation) sebagai alat utama untuk mencapai
tujuan ini (United Nations, 2008)
Keterlibatan Indonesia Dalam UNPKO

Konflik Sinai, Mesir, 1957

Kontingen Garuda 1

Kontingen Terakhir, KONGA XXXVII-C

MINUSCA ( Kompi Zeni ) Central Africa
 ANNUAL CHART of INDF PEACEKEEPERS
SINCE 1957
4000 ?
4000
3457
P 3500 3128
3000
E 2686
2500
1833
R 2000
S 1500
1063 1673

O 1000
500
N
0

N
YEARS OF DEPLOYMENT 2019??
Sumber;
E PMPP TNI
 LOCATIONS OF DEPLOYMENTS
32.181 PERSONNELS (1957 – 2015)

BOSNIA: MACEDONIA
LEBANON EGYPT, 1997/ MILOBS
1993, 1996/MILOBS
2006 1957, 1974,1975 CROATIA SLOVANIA
1995/ MILOBS 1997/ MILOBS
GEORGIA PREVLAKA
1995/MILOBS 1997/ MILOBS

SUDAN TAJIKISTAN
2006/ MILOBS 1998/ MILOBS

SIERRA LEONE North NEPAL

1999/ MILOBS
America Europe 2007)MILOBS
MINUSMA
VIETNAM
2015/HELI Asia 1973, 1974,1975
HAITI
2011-2014
KIZI
CAMBODIA
1992
DARFUR
2008,MILOBS/STAF
South Africa
America PHILIPPINES
LIBERIA 1995, 2012
2004/ MILOBS

NAMIBIA IRAQ
1989/ MILOBS 1989/ MILOBS
KUWAIT
CAR 1992/
2014/ KIZI & MOZAMBIQUE SOMALIA MILOBS/STAF
CONGO
MILSTAFF 1994/ MILOBS 1993/ MILOBS SYRIA
1961, 1963 ,2002-2015
2012/MILOBS
Sumber; PMPPTNI
SNAPSHOOT PELUANG SIGNIFIKANSI
KARYA HISTORITAS TNI
MARITIME TASK FORCE ( MTF)
How to winning the heart and mind
of the peole
“I Leave My Heart In Lebanon “
Film Tentang TNI Penjaga
Perdamaian Lebanon
• Film yang mengambil shooting di
Indonesia dan Lebanon tersebut
menyampaikan pesan bahwa Bangsa
Indonesia melalui Pasukan Garuda
dapat mengukir prestasi dalam
forum internasional dan dicintai
bukan saja oleh bangsa sendiri
tetapi juga bangsa lain. Selain itu,
juga untuk memperkenalkan budaya
Bangsa Indonesia yang berbudi
luhur, dapat diterima dan membawa
nama baik dalam kancah
internasional.(penkostrad|red)
• Post Views: 341
 PERNYATAAN PALING TERKENAL DR. DAG HAMMARSKJÖLD

• \\

PEACEKEEPING IS NOT A SOLDIERS

JOB, BUT ONLY SOLDIERS CAN
DO IT DR. DAG
HAMMARSKJÖLD
 CONCLUSION
Diplomasi adalah salah satu mekanisme untuk mencapai
kepentingan nasional dan melindungi keamanan nasional.
(Reed J. Fendrick)
Metode diplomasi antarnegara dapat berbeda karena faktor
budaya, idiosinkratik, dan sejarah, namun memiliki tujuan yang
sama.

Defence diplomacy has been instrumental to harness the agenda of

hedging strategy and Military diplomacy as Operational level

International peace need supporting and maintenanning all nations

and states to promote peace and security as part of historical
armed forces on mission
 REFERENSI
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• "Diplomasi itu jangka panjang, hasilnya tidak hari
ini Anda bicara langsung kelihatan hasilnya. Tapi
ialah menjaga sinergi, menjaga koordinasi,
menjaga memperlihatkan sikap dan juga tentu
memberikan suatu partisipasi dalam konstalasi
keamanan, perdamaian dunia dan juga
bagaimana menjaga kepentingan Indonesia. Pada
akhirnya harus kita menomorsatukan
kepentingan kita," tutur Wapres JK di Markas
PBB, 1st Avenue, New York, Amerika Serikat,
Jumat (23/9/2016).