Hu, B., Guo, H., Zhou, P. et al. Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Nat Rev Microbiol 19,
141–154 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-020-00459-7
Epidemiologi (cont.)
Epidemiologi (cont.)
id
Etiologi
• Virus corona adalah virus RNA positif strand ber-
envelope
• Famili coronaviridae
• Genus betacoronavirus
• Analisis filogenetik penyebab COVID19
(betacoronavirus) subgenus = virus SARS, tapi
berbeda klade.
• 29.891 nukleotida yang mengenkode 9860 asam
amino protein structural.
• Struktur : spike, envelope, membran,
nukleokapsip
Etiologi (cont.)
Etiologi (cont.)
• Spike pegang peran penting antigenisitas. 1 subunit; S1 & S2
• S1 untuk binding dengan reseptor. S2 untuk fusi membrane
• Kecepatan mutase : 10−6 per site per siklus (rendah)
• Transmisibilitas tinggi
• Host : kelelawar (natural), tenggiling (intermediate ?), babi, anjing,
kucing, manusia (incidental)
• Reseptor ACE2
• Periode Inkubasi ± 5.2 hari, Periode Onset 6-41 hari (median 14 hari)
• Shelf life di udara 3 jam, shelf life di benda tergantung dari jenis benda
Etiologi (cont.)
Variants Name (Lineage) First Detected Country of First Detection
Usia Disabilitas
+81% kematian terjadi di ADHD, Cereblal Palsy,
usia > 65 thn. 97x lbh Defek Kongenital, Down
tinggi banding usia 18-29 Syndrome, Gangguan
thn Intelejensia, Spinal Cord
Injury
Faktor Risiko (cont.)
2. Ringan
Bergejala tanpa bukti virus pneumonia / tanpa hikposia.
Demam, batuk, fatigue, anoreksia, napas pendek, myalgia,
sakit tenggorokan, kongesti hidung, sakit kepala, diare,
mual muntah, anosmia, ageusia. SpO2 > 95% dgn udara
ruangan
Derajat Keparahan (cont.)
3. Sedang
Remaja/Dewasa : Tanda klinis pneumonia (demam, batuk,
sesak, takipnea) tapi tidak ada tanda pneumonia berat
termasuk SpO2 ≥ 93% dgn udara ruangan
ATAU
Anak : Tanda klinis pneumonia tidak berat (batuk/sulit
napas + takipnea dan/atau retraksi dada) dan tidak ada
tanda pneumonia berat
Derajat Keparahan (cont.)
4. Berat/Pneumonia Berat
Remaja/Dewasa : Tanda klinis pneumonia (demam, batuk,
sesak, takipnea) ditambah 1 dari (RR >30 x/min, distress
napas berat, SpO2 < 93% udara ruangan)
ATAU
Anak : Tanda klinis pneumonia tidak berat (batuk/sulit
napas) ditambah minim 1 dari (sianosis central / SpO2
<93%, distress napas berat, tanda bahaya umum,
takipnea/retraksi dada)
Derajat Keparahan (cont.)
5. Kritis
Px dengan ARDS, sepsis, dan syok sepsis, atau kondisi
lain yang butuh alat penunjang hidup seperti ventilasi
mekani atau terapi vasopressor
Diagnosis
Gold Standard : deteksi molekuler asam nukleat SARS-
CoV-2
Jantung Hematologi
Myocard injury, aritmia, Hipoksia, DIC
gagal jantung, acute
coronary syndrome
Komplikasi
Dermatologi
Erupsi morbilliform, lesi
Muskuloskeletal pernisiosa, Steven
Myositis, rhabdomyolisis
Johnson Syndrome,
periorbital edema
GastroIntestinal
Endokrin
Hepatobiliar DKA, hyperosmolar
GI bleeding, pankreatitis
hyperglycemic state,
akut, kolesistitis akut,
resistensi insulin, adrenal
Budd-Chiari syndrome,
insufficiency
ileus
Prevensi
Prevensi (cont.)
Prognosis
• Penyebab kematian : ARDS, sepsis, multiorgan failure,
tromboemboli, gagal jantung
• Angka kematian akibat ARDS 39%
• Usia < 65 thn risiko kematian kecil
• 99% pasien meninggal memiliki min. 1 komorbid
(paling sering hipertensi, DM, peny. respirasi)
Prognosis (cont.)
Referensi
Hu, B., Guo, H., Zhou, P. et al. Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Nat Rev Microbiol 19, 141–154 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-020-
00459-7
Jamison, D.A., Anand Narayanan, S., Trovão, N.S. et al. A comprehensive SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 review, Part 1: Intracellular overdrive for SARS-CoV-2
infection. Eur J Hum Genet 30, 889–898 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-022-01108-8
Rekha, M.S.; Kumar, G.S.; Meghana, G.; Balaji, A.; Kumar, M.S. COVID 19: A Comprehensive Review. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res. 2022, 72, 133–149.
https://covid19.go.id/id
https://covid19.who.int/region/searo/country/id
Cascella M, Rajnik M, Aleem A, et al. Features, Evaluation, and Treatment of Coronavirus (COVID-19) [Updated 2023 Jan 9]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure
Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776/
Calkovska A, Kolomaznik M, Calkovsky V. Alveolar type II cells and pulmonary surfactant in COVID-19 era. Physiol Res. 2021 Dec 16;70(S2):S195-S208. doi:
10.33549/physiolres.934763. PMID: 34913352; PMCID: PMC8884364.
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/variants/variant-classifications.html
Kumar, M., Al Khodor, S. Pathophysiology and treatment strategies for COVID-19. J Transl Med 18, 353 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-020-02520-8
John KJ, Nayar J, Mishra AK, Selvaraj V, Khan MS, Lal A. In-hospital clinical complications of COVID-19: a brief overview. Future Virol. 2021 Oct:10.2217/fvl-
2021-0200. doi: 10.2217/fvl-2021-0200. Epub 2021 Nov 4. PMID: 34777553; PMCID: PMC8577718.