Kinesiologi Awal

dr.Wikha Aprian
 Terminologi Umum
• Anatomical Position
• Fundamental Position
• Anteri0r>< Posterior
• Superior >< Inferior , medial lateral, proksimal
distal
• Head+ neck , Trunk (Thorax+abdomen), Upper
ekstrimitas (Arm+ Forearm+Hand) , Lower
Extrimitas (Thigh, Leg , foot)
 Kinesiology
• Static
• Dynamic
– Kinematics
• Osteokinematics
• Arthrokinematics
– Kinetic
 Kinesiology
Kinematic Motion or Movement without regard for the forces that produce
that motion
Osteokinematic Movement of the bony partners or segments that make up a joint
Arthrokinematic Motions between the articular surfaces of joints
Kinetic Study about forces that produce or resist the movement
 Kinematik
• Cabang dari mekanika yang menjelaskan tentang
gerakan tubuh tanpa memperhatikan gaya dan torsi
yang dapat menghasilkan gerakan .
• Secara umum terdapat 2 tipe gerakan :
– Translasi : gerak linier dimana seluruh bagian dari tubuh
bergerak sejajar dan dalam arah yang sama.
– Rotasi : Gerak tubuh pada jalur circular melalui titik poros
• Pergerakan tubuh manusia secara keseluruhan di
dideskripsikan sebagai gerak translasi dari center of
mass tubuh yang umumnya terletak pada sacrum
bagian anterior
Potongan tubuh yang membagi bidang
tubuh pada posisi anatomis
Sample of common osteokinetic terms
Plane Common Terms
Sagital Plane Flexion and extension
Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
Forward and backward bending
Frontal Plane Abduction and adduction
Lateral Flexion
Ulnar and radial deviation
Eversion and inversion
Horizontal Plane Internal (medial) and external (lateral)
Rotation

Axial rotation
Sendi glenohumeral (bahu) kanan menyoroti
tiga sumbu rotasi ortogonal dan bidang gerak
sudut terkait : fleksi dan ekstensi terjadi di
sekitar sumbu rotasi lateral medial; abduction
dan adduksi terjadi di sekitar sumbu rotasi
anterior posterior; rotasi internal dan rotasi
eksternal terjadi di sekitar sumbu rotasi vertikal.
 Osteokinematik
• Titik temu antara 2 tulang disebut sendi
• Gerakan pada sendi dapat terbagi menjadi 2
perpektif yaitu :
– Segmen proksimal berotasi atas segmen distal
• Open Chain Kinematics
– Segmen distal berotasi atas segmen proksimal
• Closed chain kinematics
 Gerakan Sendi
• Osteokinematic
– Movement of bones around a joint axis ( humerus
moving scapula )
• Arthrokinematic
– Joint surface movement (humeral head’s
movement within glenoid fossa of scapula )
 Arthrokinematik
• Gerakan yang terjadi antara permukaan sendi
• Permukaan sendi umumnya berbentuk
convex-concave, bentuk ini meningkatkan
kongruensi, mengurangi gesekan dan
memandu gerakan antar tulang
• Terdapat 3 gerakan dasar antara permukaan
sendi yaitu : roll , slide dan spin
 Three fundamental arthrokinematic :
roll , slide and spin
Movement Definition Analogy
Roll Multiple points along one rotating A tire rotating across a
articular surface contact multiple points strech of pavement
on another articular surface
Slide A single point on one articular surface A non-rotating tire skidding
contacts multiple points on another across a strech of icy
articular surface pavement
Spin A single point on one articular surface A toy up rotating on one
rotates on a single point on another spot on the floor
articular surface
 Simple terms
• Osteokinematics
– Movement of bones around the joint axis
• Arthrokinematic
– Joint surface movement
 Degree Of Freedom
• 3 plane of motion > max 3 deggree
– One degree > unaxial joint > hinge, pivot
– second > biaxial > ellipsoidal , condyloid , saddle
– three degree of freedom > triaxial joint > ball and
socket
• Arthrokinesis bidang convex terhadap bidang
convex > opposite direction
• Arthrokinesis bidang concave terhadap bidang
convex > similar direction
 Kinetic
• Unloaded
• Tension
• Compression
• Bending
• Shear
• Torsion
• Combine loading
 Terminologi yang berhubungan
dengan kinerja otot
• Agonist : otot atau group otot yang paling
berhubungan langsung dengan inisiasi dan
eksekusi dari gerakan
• Antagonis : otot atau group otot yang
memiliki kinerja berlawanan dengan otot
agonis
• Synergist : otot atau group otot yang
berkerjasama untuk inisiasi dan eksekusi dari
gerakan
 Type of Muscle Activation
• otot yang sehat menghasilkan kekuatan dalam
salah satu dari tiga cara
• isometrik : otot menghasilkan gaya tarikan
sambil mempertahankan panjang konstan
• consentric : otot menghasilkan gaya tarik saat
berkontraksi (memendek)
• eksentrik : otot menghasilkan gaya tarikan
seiring memanjangnya oleh gaya lain yang
lebih dominan
 Isotonic Contraction Isometric
Concentric Eccentric Contraction
1. Upward Phase 1. Downward Phase 1. Holding the weight still
2. Shortens 2. Lengthens 2. Stays the same length
 Gaya yang terjadi pada sistem
muskuloskeletal terbagi atas 2 macam
• Torsi adalah gaya rotasi
• Internal Forces
– Gaya yang dihasilkan dari struktur yang berlokasi
di dalam tubuh
• Aktif : kontraksi otot
• Pasif : ketegangan jaringan ikat
• External Forces
– Gaya yang dihasilkan dari luar tubuh seperti gaya
gravitasi dan kontak langsung
 Mechanical Advantage
• Tuas kelas pertama : axis berada ditengah antara
kedua gaya
• Tuas kelas kedua : axis terletak pada salah satu
ujung dan gaya internal memiliki lengan ayun
yang lebih panjang dibandingkan gaya eksternal
• Tuas kelas ketiga : axis terletak pada salah satu
ujung dan gaya eksternal memiliki lengan ayung
yang lebih panjang dibandingkan gaya internal
 Mechanical Advantage
• First lever : MA <1; MA =1, MA> 1 depend on
the arm length
– Tulang kepala
• Second class levers : MA always > 1> force
arm > resistance arm
– Tibia
• Third Class levers : MA always <1 > force arm<
resistence farm
– Bicep
 Struktur Dasar dan Fungsi Sendi
manusia
Joint Classification
type motion Structure Example

Synarthosis None Fibrous-suture Bones in the skull

Syndesmosis Slight Fibrous- Ligamentous Distal tibiofibular
Gomphosis None Fibrous- Peg-in-socket Teeth in mandible and
maxilla
Amphiarthrosis little Cartilaginous Symphisis pubis ,
intervertebral disks
diarthrosis free synovial Hip , elbow , knee
 Classification of diarthrodial
Number of axes Shape of joint Joint motion example
Nonaxial Plane , irregural gliding Intercarpals
uniaxial Hinge Flexion /extension Elbow and knee
pivot Rotation Atlas/axis,
radius/ulna
Biaxial Condyloid , Flexion/extension Thumb cmc
ellipsoidal Abduction/adduction

saddle Flexion/extension
Abduction/adduction
Rotation , accessory
 Klasifikasi sendi
• Berdasarkan potensi gerak sendi dibagi atas
• Synarthrosis
– Pertemuan antar tulang yang memungkinkan
sedikit atau tidak ada gerakan sama sekali . Dapat
diklasifikasikan sebagai fibrosa atau cartilago
• Diarthrosis
– Pertemuan antar tulang yang memungkinkan
terjadinya gerakan sedang sampai luas (ekstensif).
Sendi jenis ini memiliki cairan synovial
 Joints of the body
• Synarthroses : reinforced by a combination of fibrous and cartilaginous
connective tissues; permit slight to no movement
– Fibrous Joint
• Suture of the skull
• Distal tibiofibular joint (syndesmosis)
• Interosseus membrane reinforcing radio-ulnar joints
– Cartilaginous joint
• Symphysis pubis
• Interbody joint of the spine (including the intervertebral disc)
• Manubriosternal joint (in the young)
• Diarthroses
– Characteristics :
• Possess a synovial fluid-filled cavity ; permit moderate to extensive movement
– Examples :
• Glenohumeral joint
• Apophyseal (facet) joint of the spine
• Knee (tibiofemoral joint)
• Ankle (talocrucal joint )
 Elements always associated with
diarthrodial synovial joints
• Synovial fluid
• Articular cartilage
• Joint capsule
• Synovial membrane
• Ligaments
• Blood vessels
• Sensory nerve
 Elements sometimes associated with
diarthrodial synovial joints
• Intra-articular disc or menisci
• Peripheral labrum
• Fat pads
• Bursa
• Synovial plicae
 Intra-articular disc (menisci) Found in
several synovial joints of the body
• Tibiofemoral (knee)
• Distal radio-ulnar
• Sternoclavicular
• Acromioclavicular
• Temporomandibular
• Apophyseal (variable)
 Hinge joint
• Humero ulnar joint
 Pivot joint
• Humero-radial joints
 Ellipsoid Joint
• Radiocarpal joint
 Ball and socket Joint
• Hip joint
 Plane joint
• The combine slide and rotation at the fourth
and fifth carpometacarpal joints
 Saddle joint
• Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
• Represents the trapezium bone
 Condyloid joint
• Tibiofemoral (knee) joint
• The potential frontal plane motion at the knee
is blocked by tension in the collateral
ligament.
 Classification Of synovial joints based
onPrimary
mechanical
angular
analogyAnatomic examples
Mechanical
motion analogy
Hinge Joint Flexion and Door hinge Humero-ulnar joints
extension Interphalengeal
joints
Pivot Joint Spinning of one Doorknob Humeroradial joint
member around a Atlanto-axial joint
single axis of
rotation
Ellipsoid Joint Biplanar motion Flattened convex Radiocarpal joint
(Flexion extension ellipsoid paired
and abduction- with a concave
adduction trough
Ball and socket joint Triplanar motion Spheric convex Glenohumeral joint
(Flexion-extension, surface paired with Coxofemoral (hip)
abduction- a concve cup joint
adduction, and
internal rotation-
external rotation
 Classification Of synovial joints based
on mechanical analogy
Primary angular Mechanical Anatomic examples
motion analogy

Plane joint Typical Motion Relatively flat Carpometacarpal

include slide surfaces apposing joints (digiti II to IV)
(translation ) or each other, like a Intecarpal Joints
combined slide and book on a table Intetarsal Joints
rotation
Saddle joint Biplanar motion ; Each member has Carpometacarpal
spin beetween reciprocally curved joint of the thumb
bones is possible concave and concex
but may be limited surface oriented at Strernoclavicular
by interlocking right angles to the joint
nature of joint other, like a horse
rider and a saddle
 Classification Of synovial joints based
on mechanical analogy
Primary angular Mechanical Anatomic examples
motion analogy

Condyloid joint Biplanar motion ; Mostly spheric Metacarpophalange

either flexion- convex surface that al joint
extension and is enlarged in one
abduction and dimension like a Tibiofemoral (knee)
adduction, or knuckle; paired joint
flexion-extension with a shallow
and axial rotation concave cup
(internal- external
rotation)
• Kinesiologi adalah ilmu mempelajari tentang
gerakan manusia yang efektif dan efisien dan
aman