FORMULATING QUESTION
(MEMFORMULASIKAN PERTANYAAN KLINIS)
1)Formulasi
4)Penerapan Siklus pertanyaan
bukti EBM klinis
8) Integration of
1) Patient current evidence
into practice
LANGKAH-LANGKAH EBM
1 PATIENT: BACKGROUND QUESTION, CLINICAL 1. PATIENT PROBLEM
SCENARIO
2 FORMULATE THE CLINICAL PROBLEMS INTO 2. FORMULATING
CLINICAL ANSWERABLE QUESTIONS USING P.I.C.O QUESTION
3 TRANSLATING CLINICAL ANSWERABLE QUESTION 3.SEARCHING EVIDENCE
INTO
SEARCH STRATEGY/ SEARCH KEYWORD/ SEARCH
TERM
4 SEARCHING RELEVANT ARTICLE
USING SEARCH KEY WORD/SEARCH TERM TO THE
ARTICLE SITE
5 SELECTING THE APPROPRIATE ARTICLE WHICH
RELEVANT TO PATIENT PROBLEM
6 DOWNLOADING, THE RELEVANT ARTICLE
7 CRITICALLY APPRAISED, THE RELEVANT ARTICLE 4.CRITICALY APPRAISAL
USING CRITICAL APPRAISAL WORKSHEET
8 APPLY THE VALID EVIDENCE TO THE PATIENT 5. APPLY THE EVIDENCE
CONSIDERING THE SIMILARITY OF EVIDENCE TO
OUR PATIENT
Berbagai Aspek Pertanyaan klinis
P I C O
Question (Pertanyaan):
‘In patients with recurrent furunculosis, do prophylactic antibiotics, compared
to no treatment, reduce the recurrence rate?’
Study: Therapy/RCT Bila di tambah Study apa menjadi PICOS
Skenario2 :
• Kita menghadapi anak dg defisiensi growth hormone,
dan memikirkan apakah pemberian gowth hormone
eksogen dpt memacu pertumbuhan anak tsb?
P: Anak dengan defisiensi growth hormone
I : Pemberian terapi growth hormone (pd anak short stature)
C:Tanpa terapi growth hormone
O :mencapai tinggi badan normal,
• Pertanyaan klinis.
– Pd anak dg defisiensi growth hormone, apakah
pemberian terapi growth hormon dibandingkan tanpa
growth hormone akan menghasilkan tinggi badan yg
normal?
Skenario 3:
• Kita sedang mengobati pasien BBLR dengan sindrome
gawat napas yg menggunakan ventilator mekanis. Terpikir
oleh kita apakah penggunaan ventilator mekanik
berpotensi memperbesar kemungkinan bayi tsb
menderita bronchopneumonia displasia.
P: Bayi berat lahir rendah
I :Penggunaan ventilator (pd bayi BBLR)
C: Tidak memerlukan ventilator
O: risiko menderita BP displasia
• Pertanyaan klinis:
– pd bayi bb lahir rendah dg sindorm gawat nafas , apakah
penggunaan ventilator, dibanding tanpa ventilator dpt
meningkatkan kejadiann BP displasia dikemudian hari?
Scenario 4
The patient is a 65 year old male with a long history of
type 2 diabetes and obesity. Otherwise his medical
history is unremarkable. He does not smoke. He had
knee surgery 10 years ago but otherwise has had no
other major medical problems. Over the years he has
tried numerous diets and exercise programs to reduce
his weight but has not been very successful. His
granddaughter just started high school and he wants to
see her graduate and go on to college. He understands
that his diabetes puts him at a high risk for heart
disease and is frustrated that he cannot lose the
necessary weight. His neighbor told him about a
colleague at work who had his stomach stapled and as a
result not only lost over 100 lbs. but also "cured" his
diabetes. He wants to know if this procedure really
works.
Patient
obese, diabetes type 2, male
Problem
clinical question
In patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity, is
bariatric surgery more effective than standard
medical therapy at increasing the probability of
remission of diabetes?
Clinical Scenario 5
Roger, a 26 year old student, has been diagnosed
with major depression. He has tried three different
antidepressant medications in the past with no
improvement. Reluctant to try a further prescribed
medication he asks about non-pharmacologic
alternatives. You have heard that repetitive
transcranial magnetic stimulation has been trialed
for treatment resistant depression but you are not
sure if its effectiveness has been proven. You tell
Roger that you will look into this for him.
1. Patient: Patients with major, treatment- resistant
depression (treatment failure after two or more courses
of anti depressants)
2. Intervention: Repetitive transcranial magnetic
stimulation (rTMS)
3. Comparison: No rTMS
4. Outcomes: Reduction in depressive symptoms,
improved quality of life, remission of illness.
Clinical question
P I C O
iNFANTS with Anti convulsant No drugs Furtehr seizure
febrile convulsion drugs
Clinical question
Clinical question
In older adults with early signs of cognitive impairment, is
the Mini-Cog test as accurate as the Mini-Mental State
Examination in diagnosing dementia or Alzheimer’s
disease?
Clinical Scenario 4
Julie is pregnant for the second time. She had her first
baby when she was 33 and had amniocentesis to find out
if the baby had Down syndrome. The test was negative
but it was not a good experience as she did not get the
result until she was 18 weeks pregnant. She is now 35,
one month pregnant and asks of she can have a test that
would give hear an earlier resultd. The local hospital
offers serum serum biochemistry plus nuchal
translucency ultrasound as a first trimester test for
Down Syndorme . You wonder if this combination of
tests is as relaiable as conventional amniocentesis.
Question:
• ‘For pregnant women, is nuchal translucency ultrasound
screening plus serum biochemistry testing in the first
trimester as accurate (ie with equal or better sensitivity and
specificity) as conventional amniocentesis for diagnosing
Down syndrome?’
Clinical scenario 5
Male, 38 years, complaining of stomach pains
(again). previously responsive to antacids. you
suspect H. pylori and suggest referring for
endoscopy. after describing what is involved,
patient is not keen and asks if there is another
test. You agree to find out about sensitivity and
specificity of non-invasive tests
P I C O
In patients ..is non Comparaed As sensitive
(men?) with invasive with and specific
Recurrent diagnostic endoscopy at identifying
stomach test (breath H pylori
complaint test) status
responsive
to antacids
Tulis lagi:
PICO DAN
ANSWERABLE QUESTION
EBM Frequency or rate
• Pertanyaan tentang frequency (prevalence) adalah
tentang berapa banyak orang di populasi
mempunyai st penyakit atau masalah, seperti
berapa frekeunsi masalah pendengaran pada bayi
baru lahir atau pravalensi Alzheimer’s disease pada
usia lebih 70an.
• Jika pertanyaan juga termasuk suatu periode waktu
seperti kasus influenzae pada musim dingin
dibandingkan musim panas, berupa pertanyaan
rate (incidence).
Scenario
• Mabel adalah bayi berumur 6 minggu yg ruitin
di follow up . Dia lahir prematur pada 35
minggu . Anda ingin menceritakan tentang
peluangnya bayi prematur tsb yang
berkembang masalah pendengaran.
Question:
• ‘In infants born prematurely, compared to
those born at full term, what will the
prevalence of sensorial deafness be?
EBM Phenomena
• Pertanyaan tentang phenomena dapat
dihubungkan dengan aspek praktik klinis,
seperti pemeriksaan fisik, riwayat kesehatan
atau hambatan partisipasi di pelayanan
kesehatan. Pertanyaan melibatkan population
(P) dan outcome (O) tetapi tidak intervention
atau comparator.
Scenario
• Mary adalah seorang ibu yang perhatian terhadap
anaknya usia 3 tahun. Dia mengalami demam.
Sesudah anda periksa anda simpulkan bahwa
kemungkinan dia terinfeksi virus. Mary bertanya
‘Tetapi bagaimana jika dia demam lagi sampai
malam dokter? Anda ingin memahami prinsip yg
melatarbelakangi kehawatirannya agar supaya
anda dapat memberikan jaminan lagi ke dia.
Question:
• For mothers of children with a fever, what are
the principle concerns?
E BM PREVENTION
Scenario 1
We will consider the issue of deep vein
thrombosis (DVT) on long -haul flights and
whether it is possible to prevent it by
wearing elastic stockings
Scenario 2
male, 28 years, with symptoms suggestive of
influenza
illness has caused misery, resulted in time off
work (self-employed)
aware that elderly are vaccinated, wants to
know if it can benefit him next year
you decide to look for evidence on efficacy of
vaccine among young, healthy adults
P I C O
In middle ..is influenzae With no Effective in
healthy immunization immunizat reducing
adults.. ion incidence flu
PICO diambil kata kunci saja ? Clinical question ? Sama dengan yg di tabel
SATU SCENARIO UNTUK BERBAGAI KASUS
(Etiology, Diagnosis, Prognosis,
Therapy,Prevention) ((
Female, 28 years, known to have SLE, shortness
of breath on exertion, swollen ankles at end of
day
Previous pericardial effusion, uncomplicated MI,
taking ibuprofen for painful knees
No chest pain, fever, cough or sputum
BP 145/85 mmHg, HR regular 88 bpm
Elevated neck veins, fluid in lungs & third heart
sound but no murmurs
Etiology
P I C O
P I C O
P I C O
P I C O
Mengurangi
Prevention
P I C O
TELAAH KRITIS
KUMPULAN ARTIKEL RELEVAN
ARTIKEL/CRITICAL
APPRAISAL