DRAINASE SISTEM

POLDER
Wahyu Widiyanto
Unsoed

PENGERTIAN
Polder : suatu kawasan atau lahan reklamasi

dengan kondisi awal mempunyai muka air tanah

tinggi yang diisolasi secara hidrologis dari daerah
di sekitarnya dan kondisi muka air (air permukaan
dan air tanah) dapat dikendalikan. Kondisi
lahannya sendiri dibiarkan pada elevasi asalnya
atau sedikit ditinggikan.

Polder adalah sebidang tanah yang rendah,

dikelilingi oleh embankment / timbunan

atau tanggul yang membentuk semacam kesatuan
hidrologis buatan, yang berarti tidak ada kontak
dengan air dari daerah luar selain yang dialirkan
melalui perangkat manual.

SIFAT-SIFAT POLDER
Polder merupakan daerah yang dibatasi dengan baik,

dimana air yang berasal dari luar kawasan tidak boleh

masuk, hanya air hujan (dan kadang-kadang air rembesan)
pada kawasan itu sendiri yang dikumpulkan.

Dalam polder tidak ada aliran permukaan bebas seperti

pada daerah tangkapan air alamiah, tetapi dilengkapi

dengan bangunan pengendali pada pembuangannya
(dengan penguras atau pompa) untuk mengendalikan aliran
ke luar.

Muka air di dalam polder (air permukaan maupun air bawah

permukaan) tidak bergantung pada permukaan air di daerah

sekitarnya dan dinilai berdasarkan elevasi lahan, sifat-sifat
tanah, iklim, dan tanaman.

Gambaran Sistem Polder

Gambaran Sistem Polder

KOMPONEN-KOMPONEN
SISTEM POLDER
1. Tanggul keliling dan atau pertahanan laut
2.
3.
4.
5.

(sea defense) atau konstruksi isolasi

lainnya
Sistem drainase lapangan (field drainage
system)
Sistem pembawa (conveyance system)
Kolam penampung dan stasiun pompa
(outfall system)
Badan air penerima (recipient waters)

Recipient waters

-1,5
-1,25

-2,5
-1,15

-1,5

Recipient waters

Stasiun pompa

Tanggul
Stasiun pompa

ASPEK TEKNIS SISTEM POLDER

1.
2.
3.
4.

Pembangunan tanggul laut

Penurunan tanah
Konservasi pantai
Manajemen polder

Pembangunan Tanggul Laut

Tanggul laut dalam sistem polder merupakan
pembatas hidrologi yang melindungi daerah di
dalam sistem polder dari pengaruh air laut
(pasang surut dan gelombang).
Pembuatan tanggul laut harus memperhatikan
kondisi tanah setempat. Banyak tanggul laut
harus dibuat pada lokasi yang kondisi tanahnya
sangat lunak, sehingga resiko kegagalan lereng
(slope failure) sering terjadi.

Penurunan Tanah
Banyak sistem polder yang dikembangkan
di daerah endapan alluvial, dengan
kondisi tanah lunak yang cukup tebal,
sehingga penurunan jangka panjang
akibat proses konsolidasi sangat
berpengaruh terhadap elevasi akhir, dan
dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada
bangunan-bangunan.

Konservasi Pantai
Kawasan pantai merupakan daerah yang

sangat potensial untuk dikembangkan.

Keanekaragaman pemanfaatan kawasan
pantai yang melibatkan berbagai pihak
dapat menimbulkan konflik dan
permasalahan bagi pengguna maupun
pengambil keputusan.
Perencanaan setiap prasarana harus
dilakukan secara terpadu/integral.

Manajemen Polder
Sistem polder merupakan bangunan yang
beresiko tinggi, sehingga perlu manajemen yang
memadai.
Manajemen polder yang menyangkut operasi
dan pemeliharaan, ditujukan untuk mencegah
penurunan fungsi dari semua elemen yang ada
di dalam sistem polder, yang meliputi tanggul,
jaringan drainase, kolam tandon, stasiun pompa,
dan receiving waters.

 A polder is a low-lying tract of land enclosed by embankments known as dikes,

that forms an artificial hydrological entity, meaning it has no connection with

outside water other than through man operated devices. There are three types of
polders:
Land reclaimed from a body of water, such as a lake or the sea bed
Flood plains separated from the sea or river by a dike
Marshes separated from the surrounding water by a dike and consequently
drained.
The ground level in drained marshes subsides over time and thus all polders will
eventually be below the surrounding water level some or all of the time. Water
enters the low-lying polder through ground swell due to water pressure on ground
water or rain fall and transportation of water by rivers and canals. This usually
means that the polder has an excess of water that needs to be pumped out or
drained by opening sluices at low tide . However, care must be taken in not setting
the internal water level too low. Polder land made up of peat (former marshland)
will show accelerated compression due to the peat decomposing in dry conditions.
Polders are at risk from flooding at all times and care must be taken to protect the
surrounding dikes. Dikes are mostly built using locally available materials and
each has its own risk factor: sand is prone to collapse due to oversaturation by
water while dry peat is lighter than water, making the barrier potentially unstable in
very dry seasons. Some animals dig tunnels in the barrier, undermining the
structure; the muskrat is notorious for this behavior. For this reason in the
Netherlands it is actively hunted to extinction. No such care is taken in neighboring
Germany though, causing the stock to be constantly resupplied across the border.
Polders are most commonly found, though not exclusively so, in river deltas,
former fen lands and coastal areas.

Polders and the Netherlands

The Netherlands is frequently associated with polders. This is illustrated by the

English saying: God created the world, but the Dutch created Holland .
The Dutch have a long history of reclamation of marshes and fenland, resulting in
some 3,000 polders [1] nationwide. About half of all polder surface within northwest
Europe is located within the Netherlands. The first embankments in Europe were
constructed in Roman times. The first polders were constructed in the 11th century.
Due to flooding disasters water boards called waterschap (below sealevel) or
hoogheemraadschap (above sea level) were set up to maintain the integrity of the
water defenses around polders, maintain the waterways inside a polder and control
the various water levels inside and outside the polder. Water bodies hold separate
elections, levy taxes and function independently from other government bodies. Their
function is basically unchanged through this day. As such they are the oldest
democratic institution in the country. The necessary co-operation between all ranks in
maintaining polder integrity also gave its name to the Dutch version of third way
politics - the Polder Model.
The 1953 flood disaster prompted a new approach to the design of dikes and other
water retaining structures, it is based on an acceptable probability of overflowing. Risk
is defined as the product of probability and consequences. The damage in lives,
property and rebuilding costs is offset against the cost of water defenses. From these
calculations follow an acceptable flood risk from the sea at 1/10,000 years - 1/4,000,
1/2,500 years - 1/100 years for a river flood. For comparison the risk of the New
Orleans (repaired) dike system in the future collapsing due to sea flooding is
estimated at 1/100 years[2] (i.e. flooding risks in New Orleans remain 100 times
higher compared to Rotterdam which is set at 1/10,000) The established policy forces
the Dutch government to improve flood defenses as new data on threat levels
becomes available.

Polder Tawang,
Semarang

Polder Banger,
sedang dibangun di
Semarang.

1. Tanggul keliling untuk melindungi dari rob

2. Dam untuk membendung sungai. Dam
merupakan bagian dari tanggul keliling.
3. Stasiun pompa, untuk mengalirkan air hujan
dan menjaga tinggi muka air dalam polder
4. Kolam retensi