Polisi merupakan elemen terpenting dalam kitaran konsep pelaksanaan SHE.

Polisi adalah satu

dokumen penyataan hasrat (statement of intent) yang dikeluarkan oleh pengurusan tertinggi
syarikat. Dokumen tersebut adalah terjemahan iltizam majikan dalam mempraktiskan Kod
Amalan SHE. Dasar bertulis ini hendaklah menyatakan dengan jelas pendirian dan komitmen
majikan terhadap langkah-langkah mencegah kemalangan dan risiko ke atas keselamatan dan
kesihatan pekerja. Antara perkara- perkara yang perlu dinyatakan dalam pembentukan sesebuah
polisi adalah seperti berikut:

Kitaran konsep pelaksanaan dan elemen-elemen utama Rajah 2.1

a. Polisi Keselamatan dan Kesihatan syarikat
b. Peranan Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif (CEO)
c. Penyertaan pekerja
d. Kaedah komunikasi antara majikan dan pekerja dalam merangka polisi dan prosedur yang jelas tentang
keselamatan dan kesihatan di tempat kerja, majikan hendaklah berunding dengan pihak-pihak seperti di
bawah ;
• pemegang amanah harta (stakeholder)
• kesatuan sekerja
• wakil pekerja
• anggota jawatankuasa keselamatan dan kesihatan
• pegawai keselamatan dan kesihatan
• wakil majikan
Polisi ini hendaklah menggariskan tanggungjawab majikan dan pekerja. Ia hendaklah
mencerminkan sifat dan keperluan tempat kerja itu sendiri dalam menangani isu-isu berhubung
dengan keselamatan dan kesihatan pekerja serta orang lain yang terlibat di dalam tempat kerja
tersebut. Contoh polisi tersebut adalah seperti Rajah 2.2 dan ianya hendaklah ;
i. Disampaikan dan dipaparkan kepada semua pihak yang berkenaan dengan bahasa yang
mudah dan jelas.
ii. Sentiasa disemak dan dikemaskini sejajar dengan keadaan dan perubahan semasa.
iii. Disemak, dikemaskini dan ditandatangani oleh pihak pengurusan tertinggi syarikat apabila
terdapat pertukaran pada pucuk pimpinan.
iv. Dipantau dan dinilai dari segi pelaksanaan dan keberkesanannya.
Polisi Keselamatan dan Kesihatan

Syarikat .............................. berikrar untuk menyediakan suasana yang selamat dan sihat untuk

kesemua kakitangan, kontraktor dan pelawat memasuki tempat syarikat beroperasi.

Pengurusan akan:

• Mematuhi semua tuntutan perundangan berkaitan keselamatan dan kesihatan pekerjaan

• Mengenalpasti dan menilai semua kemungkinan bahaya di tempat kerja

• Mengawal selia semua ancaman bahaya

• Proaktif dalam mengawal ancaman bahaya yang baru

• Menyediakan latihan dan penyeliaan keselamatan dan kesihatan

• Memberi peluang kepada staf untuk mengundi wakil keselamatan kesihatan supaya terlibat

dalam proses pengurusan risiko bahaya

• Memberi sokongan kepada staf yang cedera untuk kembali bekerja secepat yang mungkin

Kakitangan akan:

• Menyumbang secara aktif dalam mengenalpasti bahaya di tempat kerja dan cara-cara untuk

menguruskannya

• Menyertai latihan keselamatan dan kesihatan

• Mempraktikkan cara kerja yang selamat

• Mempengaruhi pekerja lain supaya mempraktikkan cara kerja yang selamat

• Melaporkan kecederaan secara cepat dan tepat

• Menyertai program kembali bekerja jika berkenaan

Tarikh:

Tandatangan: _______________

Ridwan Jaafar, Pengarah Urusan

Fire code
The Fire code (also Fire prevention code or Fire safety code) is a model code adopted by the
state or local jurisdiction and enforced by fire prevention officers within municipal fire
departments. It is a set of rules prescribing minimum requirements to prevent fire and explosion
hazards arising from storage, handling, or use of dangerous materials, or from other specific
hazardous conditions. It complements the building code. The fire code is aimed primarily at
preventing fires, ensuring that necessary training and equipment will be on hand, and that the
original design basis of the building, including the basic plan set out by the architect, is not
compromised. The fire code also addresses inspection and maintenance requirements of various
fire protection equipment in order to maintain optimal active fire protection and passive fire
protection measures.

A typical fire safety code includes administrative sections about the rule-making and
enforcement process, and substantive sections dealing with fire suppression equipment,
particular hazards such as containers and transportation for combustible materials, and specific
rules for hazardous occupancies, industrial processes, and exhibitions.

Sections may establish the requirements for obtaining permits and specific precautions required
to remain in compliance with a permit. For example, a fireworks exhibition may require an
application to be filed by a licensed pyrotechnician, providing the information necessary for the
issuing authority to determine whether safety requirements can be met. Once a permit is issued,
the same authority (or another delegated authority) may inspect the site and monitor safety
during the exhibition, with the power to halt operations, when unapproved practices are seen or
when unforeseen hazards arise.

[edit] List of some typical fire and explosion issues in a fire code

 fireworks, explosives, mortars and cannons, model rockets (licenses for manufacture,
storage, transportation, sale, use)
 certification for servicing, placement, and inspecting fire extinguishing equipment
 general storage and handling of flammable liquids, solids, gases (tanks, personnel
training, markings, equipment)
 limitations on locations and quantities of flammables (e.g., 10 liters of gasoline inside a
residential dwelling)
 specific uses and specific flammables (e.g., dry cleaning, gasoline distribution, explosive
dusts, pesticides, space heaters, plastics manufacturing)
 permits and limitations in various building occupancies (assembly hall, hospital, school,
theater, elderly care, child care, prisons, warehouses, etc)
 locations that require a smoke detector, sprinkler system, fire extinguisher, or other
specific equipment or procedures
 removal of interior and exterior obstructions to emergency exits or firefighters and
removal of hazardous materials
 permits and limitations in special outdoor applications (tents, asphalt kettles, bonfires,
etc)
  other hazards (flammable decorations, welding, smoking, bulk matches, tire yards)
 Electrical safety code
 Fuel gas code

How Smoke Detectors Work

A very simple device that has saved thousands of lives is the smoke detector. It also probably
goes off every time the cook of the house makes pancakes or grilled cheese sandwiches.

A smoke detector is basically just an electrical circuit

that gets interrupted or at least disturbed by particles.
The circuit runs through a chamber where there is a
very small separation between two electrodes. The
electricity "jumps" across this open space. The current
goes around and around. Meanwhile the microchip
monitors the flow of electricity. As long as the flow is
constant it does nothing.

It has been said that where there is smoke there is fire.

It is even more true that where there is fire there is
smoke. A fire sends little particles into the air. When
these particles reach the smoke detector, they go
through the little chamber where the electrons are
flying from one electrode to the other. The smoke
particles interfere with this flow enough to alert the
microchip. The microchip is programmed to send a
signal to the alarm. The alarm sounds and either
someone takes a frying pan off the stove and silences
the alarm or everyone exits the house in an orderly
fashion and waits for the fire department to handle the blaze.

How Fire Alarms Work

It seems like the question of how a fire alarm system works passes through everyone's mind at
some point or another. Before that question can be answered, it is even more important for a
person to know exactly what a fire alarm system is. Fire alarm systems are devices or series of
devices that are meant to alert people and institutions to the presence of a fire within some
building or another. In the industry, these systems are referred to as "active fire protection",
which basically translates to mean that the system can be turned on or off, that is, activated, in
some way or another.

Every single fire alarm system in the world operates on a simple principle, no matter what sort of
form it takes. There are things working in it that tell it there is a fire, so called alarm initiating
devices, things that let people who use it know there is a fire, the so called alarm notification
appliances, things that it uses to try to prevent the spread of fire, the so called fire control units,
and all the infrastructure that holds these three things together, all the electricity and wires that
runs throughout the whole affair. All these things working in unison and correctly have often
saved the lives of people who were in buildings that have caught fire.

Then, how does a fire alarm system work? Basically, it works by having the devices looking for
fire being tripped. This can mean that a smoke alarm sniffs smoke and sends the signal to the
system, or it can mean that someone sees a fire and pulls the alarm lever to let the system know
that something is burning. At this point a sound too loud to be ignored is raised so that people
will know there is a fire and can begin to get out of the building in an orderly fashion. Some fire
alarm systems are equipped with strobe lights or the like so that people who are deaf can be
alerted as well.

Nearly every single fire alarm system has a smoke detector installed on it in some location. This
is because, as the old adage goes, where there is smoke there is fire. So one of the best ways to
spot a nascent fire is to look for sign of smoke. Smoke detectors come in two flavors, those that
use light and those that use air. The smoke detectors that use air look out the world with a beam
of light and can detect when smoke scatters the signal of the light in a particular way. Those that
use air "sniff" for smoke by analyzing the ionization of the air in the location where they are
stored.

Gregg Hall is an author living in Navarre Beach, Florida. Find more about this as well
as a how to use a fire extinguisher at http://www.rechargeablefireextinguishers.com

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Gregg_Hall

How fire alarm monitoring works

Fire Alarm Systems Buyer's Guide

When one or more of your fire alarm system devices sends a warning message to the fire alarm
control panel (FACP), the panel reacts by transmitting a signal via a dedicated phone line to the
alarm receiving centre (ARC). The ARC notes the signals unique reference number (see Fire
alarm system regulations) and contacts the Fire and Rescue Service. The ARC also keeps a
record of the incident for any subsequent review.

Table of Contents

 Introduction
 Fire Alarm System Regulations
 The Components of a Fire Alarm System (i)
 The Components of a Fire Alarm System (ii)
 How Fire Alarm
Monitoring Works
  How to Choose a Fire
Alarm System Dealer
 What a Fire Alarm System Can Cost You
 Find a dealer

Consequently, your ARC must be reliable and responsive at all times. When you contact a
range of fire alarm system suppliers, ask whether the suppliers use their own ARCs or contract
the service to a third party. If they use a third party, request contact details and ask the ARC for
their response statistics. Suppliers who use their own ARCs should give you their statistics as a
matter of course.

Whoever runs the ARC, check for certification. This gives you confidence that the ARC meets
the highest professional standards.

Finally, check that your phone connection from the FACP to the ARC will be backed up with
something like a VOIP (voice over Internet protocol) line.

Understanding Basic Fire Alarm Systems

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Dec 1, 2006 12:00 PM, By David Herres, Master Electrician

Increased revenue opportunities await contractors willing to put in the time and effort necessary
to acquire fire alarm expertise

Even if you're not ready to take the plunge into fire alarm system design and installation just yet,
you should still know the fundamentals in order to perform emergency work. This includes
knowing how to disarm the control panel of a deranged system and troubleshoot the heads, pull
stations, horns, and zone wiring so that the equipment goes back online, restoring fire protection
for the building. Because these ailments can be frequent with older and newly commissioned
systems alike, it's important for electrical contractors to understand the basics of fire alarm
systems.
A medium-sized control panel with touchpad for alarm and trouble silence and system reset is
shown above. Referring to the installation manual, you can use the touchpad to program the
system’s many options.

The modern fire alarm system is capable of detecting smoke and heat from a small flame, water
flow in a sprinkler system or an activated pull station, and reporting this information to on-site
personnel via dedicated phone line to any location in the world. Although a seemingly
straightforward device from an installation standpoint, fire alarm work can be quite complex,
especially when you consider the enormous moral and legal responsibilities involved. There have
also been some recent updates to the technology over the last few years worth noting.

Recent advances. The latest major development in the fire alarm system arena has been the
introduction of the addressable head. Before these updates, in the event of an alarm, the
alphanumeric display at the control panel indicated which zone was affected — something like
“Fire Alarm — Zone 6, East Wing Third Floor.” With an addressable head system; however, the
exact location is pinpointed. Moreover, the addressable head system has enhanced diagnostic
capabilities. This is a great advantage because when a system goes down, time is of the essence
in restoring fire protection to the building.

To upgrade to addressable heads, it's not usually necessary to do a complete system replacement.
Typically, installers must put in new heads, pull some extra wire, and insert new printed circuit
cards into the existing control panel. Each new head possesses an address, which conveys its
exact location. You may be asking yourself if this means a spare head has to be kept in inventory
for each location. No, each initiating device has on its back a set of DIP switches by means of
which you enter a binary number that comprises the address prior to installation. If replacement
is necessary, use a small screwdriver to set the DIP switches on the new device.

The option to upgrade with addressable heads or to completely replace a legacy system has to be
carefully considered by building owners with the input of in-house electricians and outside
consultants. For a large set of buildings, the expense to upgrade can be formidable.

For example, besides addressable and non-addressable heads, there are high- and low-impedance
initiating devices, 2- and 4-wire circuitry, and various operating protocols. These are reflected in
the different states a control panel can be in as reported by the alphanumeric display. A system
may also be power limited, or, less commonly, non-power limited.
In addition to familiarizing yourself with the most recent technology trends as outlined above, it's
also important for electrical contractors to realize how sensitive these devices are to certain
design, installation, and operational issues — all of which can result in lost revenue, unplanned
downtime, and unhappy customers. Here's a good example. Say an expensive commercial
building is all but finished; however, the fire alarm doesn't pass inspection, meaning the facility
cannot legally be used. As a few rattled electricians work feverishly to get the bugs out of the
system, the owners lose thousands of dollars every day. Another potentially problematic scenario
might involve slightly creased conductors coming out of a conduit connector at the detector head
base. Although this situation would pose no problem in ordinary power or telephone circuits, it
could throw one of these systems into false alarm.

Realizing that these types of unforeseen circumstances can throw a wrench into even the best
conceived plans, it makes sense for contractors to review fundamental design, installation, and
operational considerations for fire alarm systems to keep their skills sharp.

Design considerations. Typically, a fire alarm system is made up of the following components:

 Initiating devices, capable of placing the system in the alarm state. These can be
photoelectric smoke and heat detectors, ionization smoke detectors, heat detectors, in-
duct smoke detectors, manually operated pull stations and sprinkler waterflow sensors.

 Indicating appliances, whose purpose is to announce builidng occupants or at a remote

location when the system enters the alarm state, such as horns, strobe lights, chimes,
bells, or combination units. They are also available in weatherproof and hazardous
location versions.

 A control panel, containing programming and operating electronics and user interface, is
fed by standard branch-circuit wiring and contains replaceable circuit cards — one for
each zone. This includes an alphanumeric display, showing the state of the system and
providing troubleshooting information, and a touchpad so that onsite personnel can
silence an alarm or trouble signal, reset the system following an event, and reprogram if
necessary (Photo on page C10).

 Sealed batteries similar to emergency light batteries, but listed for fire alarm systems.
These are usually 6V batteries wired in series to make up 24VDC for a power-limited
system. The batteries can be contained in the control panel or in a separate enclosure.
When AC power fails, the batteries take over with no interruption in fire protection. Of
course, there is also a charger.

 Auxiliary devices, including remote annunciators with LEDs showing the state of the
system, an alarm silence switch, and visual LED indication of the zone from which a fire
alarm is initiated. Electromagnetic door holders (floor- or wall-mounted) are available. In
case of alarm, the magnet is de-energized, allowing the door to swing shut. Later, it is
reopened manually.
Initiating devices are connected to the control panel by a 2- or 4-wire initiating device circuit. In
the case of a power-limited system, 24VDC is applied to two wires going to a string of initiating
devices, which are wired in parallel. Neither wire is grounded, and they are isolated from EMT
or other raceways, which are grounded through the connector at the control panel. Polarity is also
critical. This voltage is used to power the solid-state circuitry within each detector. It's also used
by the control panel to monitor the state (alarm or no alarm) of the initiating devices and zone
wiring.

A typical fire alarm system has numerous initiating devices divided among separate zones —
each connected via an initiating device circuit to a central control panel. The control panel
performs supervisory functions over the initiating devices, indicating appliances, all associated
field wiring, telephone ties, and its own internal wiring and circuit cards.

Installation tips. During initial setup, all zone wiring, initiating device, and indicating appliance
installation should be completed before the telephone tie is hooked up, typically by means of a
ribbon connector. This is so that the monitoring agency won't receive false alarms.

The control panel should be located where it can be responded to as necessary either around the
clock or during operating hours. This can be at building security headquarters, adjacent to a
telephone switchboard or in a maintenance office — whichever location offers maximum
coverage. It should also be positioned in a fairly central location because if the system goes into
alarm, a person needs to be able to race to the location and verify fire status before the alarm is
silenced.

Operational issues. A fire alarm system operates in one of three (or more) states: normal, alarm,
and trouble. The state is reported at all times on the alphanumeric display. If the system goes into
alarm, the indicating appliances throughout the building go off. These could be very loud horns
for some occupancies, or softer chimes in others, such as a nursing home.

The control panel monitors the initiating device circuits at all times for shorts and open wiring by
means of the applied DC voltage. The initiating devices are normally open. In the event of a fire
they become conductive at close to zero ohms. How, then, is it possible for the control panel to
differentiate between a non-alarm state and an open wiring fault? This is accomplished by means
of an end-of-line resistor.

A 4.7 kilohm (typically) resistor is placed across the line after the final device. When this
resistance is seen by the control panel, normal status is maintained. If the resistance increases, it
means that an open has developed, and the panel goes into the trouble state. A buzzer sounds to
alert maintenance personnel but the much louder horns throughout the building do not go off.
The alphanumeric display will read something like “Open Circuit in Zone Three.” The trouble
alert can be silenced by pressing a touchpad location under the trouble alert LED.

The control panel also monitors the functionality of its own wiring and zone cards, and trouble is
reported in the display.
A low-level voltage is applied to the indicating appliance circuits when the system is normal.
This voltage is not sufficient to set off the horns, but it is monitored as part of the control panel's
supervisory function. If current ceases to flow, the trouble alert buzzer sounds, and the display
indicates the presence of an open circuit.

Several troubleshooting techniques are appropriate when the system enters the trouble state.
Initially, you can unhook a zone in the control panel (after disabling the system) and place an
end-of-line resistor across the output terminals. This will simulate a zone in place and the actual
field wiring (including devices) can be worked on while the rest of the system is operational.
Another approach is to break the zone at the middle of the run and insert an end-of-line resistor.
Using the “half-splitting” troubleshooting method, as discussed in “Maintenance Facts” on page
16 of the November issue, you can easily pinpoint a fault — either short or open.

Another capability of the fire alarm system is to call out in case of alarm. Two dedicated phone
lines are connected, and the system performs test calls periodically in accordance with
programmed instructions. If either phone line won't connect, the system goes into the trouble
state, so repairs can be made.

The essence of a fire alarm system, as opposed to individual smoke detectors, even if they are
wired to indicate in concert, is that it is supervised from a central location. The whole notion of
supervision is critical. It does not mean that a person sits at the console and watches it at all
times. What it means is that a supervisory voltage is applied to all circuitry, and current flow is
monitored electronically to verify that equipment and wiring are intact.

If the system goes into alarm and won't silence due to touchpad malfunction, for example, it can
be disarmed after the zone is checked for fire by cutting off the power. First, unhook one side of
the battery array, then unhook the black-white-green incoming power connector. If a fire alarm
system is disabled, maintenance and security personnel should initiate fire patrols throughout the
building. The telephone monitoring agency should be informed, and the insurance company
contacted to verify that coverage is not voided.

Herres is a New Hampshire licensed master electrician in Stewartstown, N.H.

Sidebar: Regulatory Mandates At a Glance

The following regulatory documents apply to the fire alarm system as opposed to individual
smoke alarms of the residential type, even when they are AC powered and used for group
operation.

NFPA 101 Life Safety Code — Denotes which occupancies are required to have fire alarm
systems.
NFPA 72 National Fire Alarm Code — Lays out overall system design parameters, such as
location and spacing of heads and pull stations, testing and maintenance procedures, minimum
performance requirements and operational protocols.

NFPA 70 National Electric Code — Article 760 covers the equipment and wiring of the fire
alarm system, both power to the control console and zone wiring to initiating devices and to
annunciators, as well as any phone lines for automatic calling. Also included are other fire alarm
functions, such as guard's tour, sprinkler waterflow, sprinkler supervisory equipment, elevator
capture and shutdown, door release, smoke doors and damper control, fire doors and fan
shutdown — only where these functions are actually controlled by the fire alarm system. Article
725, Class 1, Class 2 and Class 3 Remote Control, Signaling and Power-Limited Circuits, covers
wiring emanating from the control panel. Where these circuits are power-limited, alternative
requirements take effect for minimum wire sizes, derating factors, overcurrent protection,
insulation requirements, and wiring methods and materials.