Batuan Metamorf
dan T tinggi.
b.
dan T rendah.
Kondisi fisik yang mengontrol metamorfosa/mempengaruhi rekristalisasi dan tekstur.
A. Tekanan
Tekanan hidrostatik
C. Komposisi
Type metamorfosa
a. Metamorfosa termal :
struktur kataklastik :
Apabila penghancuran tidak begitu kuat (butiran masih kasar)
struktur milonitik :
Apabila penghancuran cukup kuat (butiran sedang)
struktur filonitik :
Apabila penghancuran kuat sekali (butiran halus sekali)
Rekristalisasi terjadi dalam keadaan padat, maka setiap kriskal yang tumbuh
harus mempunyai daya desak/daya tumbuh yang tinggi
-->
Golongan 2
-->
Golongan 3
-->
Golongan 4
-->
Golongan 5
-->
Golongan 6
-->
kalsit - dolomit
Golongan 7
-->
Golongan 8
-->
kuarsa
Idioblast -->
Hypidioblast/xenoblastik -->
4. Tekstur
Granuloblastik -->
tersebut ditemukan pada deret atas dari urutan rekristalisasi (Crystalloblastic series).
Mineral-mineral tersebut adalah :
Garnet
Kyanit
Andalusit
Kordierit
Staurolit
Granoblastik polygonal
Decussate
Sama dengan granoblastik polygonal, hanya bentuk individu kristal lebih
euhedral dan rapat sekali
Web tekstur
Khas untuk metamorfose thermal
Mortar tekstur
Merupakan hasil crushing/pemecahan sehingga hancur
Sacaroidal
Seperti gula pasir
Mineral pipih
-->
biotit
Mineral prismatik
-->
hornblende, piroksen
b. Non foliasi
Merupakan struktur yang dibentuk oleh mineral yang equidimensional sehingga
terdiri alas butiran - butiran (granular), dapat dijumpai pada batuan hornfels.
Foliasi dihasilkan oleh 4 metamorfosa regional dan metamorfosa kataklastik
Non foliasi dihasilkan --> metamorfosa termal
Struktur - struktur yang biasa dikenal:
1. Slaty cleavage
2. Granulose/hornfelsic
Mineral
pipih
orientasinya
tidak
terputusputus
(menerus)
Berbutir halus
6. Milonitik
V1.3. KLASIFIKASI
Klasifikasi batuan metamorf dapat terbagi berdasarkan komposisi kimia dan tekstur.
1. Klasifikasi berdasarkan komposisi kimia batuan metamorf
a. Batuan metamorf sekis pelitik
feldspar
Schistosity tidak baik karena terpotong oleh mineralmineral equidimensional (kuarsa dan feldspar)
metamorfose regional
g. Granulite
prismatik
Tekstur : granoblastik
kuarsa atau feldspar atau kedua - duanya sehingga sebagai lensalensa pipih
h. Marble
dolomit)
Tekstur granoblastik
k. Filonit
Harus diingat bahwa asosiasi mineral tidak akan menyimpang dari komposisi kimia batuan
asal
Fasies-fasies yang dikenal dalam batuan metamorf:
1. Fasies metamorf kontak
a. Fasies albite-epidot-hornfels
b. Fasies Hornblende-hornfels
c. Fasies Piroksen-hornfels
Temperatur tinggi
Tekanan sedang
Metamorfose thermal
d. Fasies sanidinit
2. Fasies Metamorfose regional derajad rendah
a. Fasies zeolit
b. Fasies pumpelit
c. Fasies Lawsonit-albit-clorit
d. Fasies Skis Biru (blueschist) atau Skis-mika (glaucophane-schist)
e. Fasies Skis Hijau (green-schist)
10
Buchite
Pelitic Spoted schist : Bagian luar kontak aureole yang berkembang pada batuan tekstur
slaty atau filitik yang akan menghasilkan batuan metamorf tekstur foliasi;
schistosic. Asal batuan mengandung oksida K2O tinggi atau sedimen
pelitik kandungan biotit atau muskovit tinggi.
Kuarts-Feldspatik hornfels : Kuarst, plagioklas dan K-feldspar dari batupasir atau siliceous
volcanic rocks (riolit, dasit)
Tekstur ; mosaik kuarts dan feldspart
11
Tabel VI. 1. Some Characteristic Mineral Assemblages (Accessory Phases Omitted) in Common Rocks on Contact Aureoles
Rock Group
Pelitic
Calcareous
1. Calcic marbles'
2. Magnesian marbles
(metadolomites)'
3. Calc-silicate rocks
Basic
Magnesian
1. Metaserpenites
2. Alumious types
Hornblende-Hornfels Fades
Muscovite-biotite
Art dalusite'- muscovite- biotite
Plus anyor all of quarts
Andalusite'-cordierite-muscovite-biotite plagioclase K-feldspar
Staurolite-biotite andalusite"
Staurolite-cordieritemuscovite
P roxene-hornfels Fades
With quartz
K-feldspar-sillimanite"-cordierite
K-feldsparsillimanite"
Without quartz.
Cordierite-corundum-spinel
Cordierite-corundum-sillimanite"
Plus biotite
(and
plagioclase)
Plus any or all biotite,
K-feldspar, plagioclase
Calcite-tremolite (-quartz)
Calcite-diopside (-quartz)
Calcite-tremolite-diopside
Calcite-diopside-grossular
Calcite-dolornite-tremolite
Clinohumite Calcite-dolomite-forsterite
Calcite-dolomite-forsterite-phlogopite
Calcite-wollastonite (-diopside)
Calcite-diopside (-forsterite)
Calcite-wollastonite-diopside-grossular
Diopside-epidote-hornblende
Diopside-grossular-epidote
Diopside-vesuvianite-grossular-wollastonite
Diopside and grossular, commonly with significant iron
Hornblende-plagiocalse (-biotite, -almandine)
Hornblende-plagioclase-diopside
Diopside-wollastonite-grossular-vesuvianite
Antigorite-forsterite-tremolite
Forsterite-talc-tremolite
Forsterite-anthophyllite-tremolite
Anthophyllite-talc
Cordierite anthophyllite (-biotite) Anthophyllite-curnmingtonitebiotite
Calcite-forstente-periclase Calcit
forsterite-monticelliteCakite-forsterit
spine! Calcite-forsterite-diopside
Forsterite-enstatite-spinel (-diopside)
Hypersthene-cordierite (-biotite)
'Or sillimanite.
"'Or andalusite. < K-feldspar or plagioclase, or both, possible minor phase.
Clinohumitc possible
additional phase
12
Metagraywacke
Metabasalt
Fasies Zeolit dan Pumpellyite
Slate dan Filit : Asal sedimen berbutir halus, komposisi utania mica, clorit kuarts dan
grafit. Asesoris : tourmalin, rutil, epidot-, spinel, magnetit dan pint.
Pelitik Skis Mika : komposisi dominan ; muskovit, dorit, kuarts serta albit, epidot atau
clinozoisit, dolomit (atau kalsit). Asesoris ; spine!, tourmalin, apatit dan
magnetit, sering pula garnet, grafit dan rutil.
Kuarts-Feldphatic Skis Mika : Skis mika turunan asal dari graywacke dengan kuarts
dan felsdpart melimpah.
Skis hijau (Greenschists): metmorfisme temperatur rendah pada batuan basasemibasa. Melimpah mineral clorit, epidot dan aktinolit.
13
Tabel VI. 2. Low-grade mineral paragenesis in relation to facies of regional metamorphism (selected mineral assemblages)
Rock type
Metapelites
Metagraywacke
metacherts
Quartz-heulandite analcime
Quartz-albite-laumontite-prehnite-chlorite
stilpnomelane
Quartz-albite-prehnite-pumpellyite-chlorite
stilpnomelane
Quartz iron oxides
Calcareous
Calcite + quartz
Metabasalt
Sphilitic
assemblages\; albite-chloriteepidote orbital pumpellyte + relict augite
Greenschist facies
Muscovite (phengitic)-chlorite-quartz-albiteepidote stilpnomelane orbital chloritoid
Same as above plus biotite almandine;
stilpnomelane rare
Quartz- albite-epidote-muscovite-chlorite
stilpnomelane
Same as above with biotite almandine;
stilpnomelane absent
Blueschist facies
Muscovite (phengitic)- paragonitelawsonite-chlorite-glaucophanequartz-albite-sphene
Quartz-stilpnomelane-spessatine
Quartz-crossite-aegirine lawsonite
Serpentinites and
Derivative magnesite
rocks
Calcite-quartz tremolite
Antigorite-calcite-talc
Antigorite-diopside-forsterite
Talc-magnesite tremolite
14
Quartz-jedelite-muscovite-chloitelawsonite-glaucophane-sphene
Same as above almandine epidote
Albite-lawsonite-pumpellyiteglaucophane-chlorite-stilpnomelanesphere
Albite-epidote-glaucophaneomphasite-chlorite-actinolite
Albite-lawsonite-clinozoisite-chlorite
hornblende almadine
Antigorite tremolite talc
Anhydrous Rocks :
Kuartsit
Ecklogit
15
Tabel VI. 3. High-Grade Mineral Paragenesis in Relation to Facies of Regional Metamorphism (Selected Mineral Assemblages)
Rock Type
Metapelite (micas
predominant) and quartzofeldspathic rocks (quarts
and feldspars
predominant)
Granitic
Me acherts
Calcareous
Amphibolite Facies
Muscovite-biotite-quartz-plagioclase
orthoclasea-almandine t staurolite t kyanite or
sillimanite + chlorite t epidote
Same as above, with cordierite and andalusite as
Al2SiO3 potymo phb
Quartz-plagioclase-orthoclase (or microcline)biotite t hornblende or muscovite
Quartz-diopside
(hedenbergitic)-hypersthen-garnet
Quart z-d iopside-hedenbergite-cummingtonitegarnet
Calcite-tremolite-quartz Calcite-diopside-quartz
Calcite-diopside-tremolite Calcite-dolomiteforsterite
clinohumite
Calcite-tremolite-forsterite-phlogopite
Zoisite-scapolite-quartz
Calcite-plagioclase (An>20)
Diopside-zoisite-plagioclase t hornblende
Homblende-plagiocklase + biotite + alamandite
Homblende-plagiocklase + diopside + almandine
Hornblende-plagiocklase - epidote + quartz
Antigorite-forsterite-tremolite
Forsterite-talc-tremolite
Forsterite-anthophyllite-tremolite
Forsterite-enstatite-tremolite spinel
Magnesit-anthophyllite (or enstatite)-tremolite
Cordierite-anthophyllite
Granulite Facies
Quartz- K- feldspar-plagioclasesillimanile (or kyanite)-almandinephlogopite
Same plus cordierile (kyanile
excluded)
Quartz-orthoclase (or microcline)plagioclase-hypersthene-augi tealmandine
Quartz-hedenbergite-fayalitemagnetite
Eclogite Facies
Quartz-jadeite-phengile-zositepyrope-rutile
Calcite-dolomite-forsterite spine'
Calcite-diopside-wollastonite'
Diopside-scapolite-bytownitegrossular andradite
Omphacite-pyrope-almanditerutile + kyanite +
amphibolite
Forsterite-enstatite-diopsidepyrope-spinel
16
A.
17
B. Chiastolite slate, near Mariposa, Sierra Nevada, California. Diam. 7 mm. Section cut
parallel to slaty cleavage. Porphyroblasts of altered chiastolite are enclosed in a matrix
of biotite, graphite, and quartz. Note the unaltered core, which has survived in the upper
part of the central porphyroblast.
C. Andalusite hornfels, near Andlau, Germany. Diam. 3 mm. Spongy andalusite, biotite,
muscovite, and iron oxides in a matrix of quartz.
18
19
20
A. Kyanite eclogite, Suiztal, Tyrol. Diam. 3 mm. Pink pyrope, colorless ompha-cite, and
kyanite, with accessory rutile. Crystals ofkyanite (with closely spaced cleavage cracks)
show strong preferred orientation.
B. Eclogite, closely associated with serpentinite, near Healdsburg, Coast Ranges,
California. Diam. 3 mm. Idioblastic pink garnets rimmed with chlorite; abundant colorless
omphacite.; deep-brown ruble rimmed with granular sphene. Sphene and chlorite (and
in other sections glaucophane) are products of incipient retrograde metamorphism.
21
LABORATORIUM
PETROGRAFI
TUGU
No. Lokasi
d e
Batugamping Bioklastik
No. Peraga
Bagian
Nama Lapangan :
Deskripsi Sayatan Tipis
Nikol Paralel
SATUAN
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Nikol bersilang
d e
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
22
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Boggs, S., Jr., 1987, Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy, Mc Hill Publishing
Company, Ohio.
Cas, R.A.F. & Wright, J.V., 1987, Volcanic Successions : Modern and Ancient, Allen and
Unwin (Publisher) Ltd., London UK
Fisher, RV. & H.-U., Schmince, 1984, Pyroclastic Rocks, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Gilbert., C, M,. Turner., F.J., and Williams., H, 1982, Petrography; An introduction to the
Study of Rocks in Thin Section.
Groves, D., I, and Muller., D., 1997, Potassic Igneous Rocks and Associated Gold-Copper
Mineralization, Springer .
Hekinian, R., 1982, Petrology of Ocean Floor, Elsevier Scientific Publishing. Company,
Asterdam,
Hyndman, Donald., W., 1972, Petrology of Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks, Mc.Graw-Hill,
Inc,
Macdonald., G., A, 1972, Volcanoes, University of Hawaii, Prentise-Hall, Inc, New Jersey.
Mc. Phie., J., Doyle,. And Allen, 1993, Volcanic Texture, Centre for Ore Deposit and
Exploration Studies, University Tasmania.
23
Rusdi, Irianto, 2003, Endapan Volkaniklastik pada Lingkungan Laut, Fakultas Teknik,
Jurusan Teknik Geologi, (tidak dipublikasikan)
Williams, H. & McBirney, A. 1979, Volcanology, Freeman Cooper and Company, San
Francisco,
24