Materi - 05
ENDAPAN MAGMATIK CAIR
(Endapan yang berhubungan dengan batuan beku ultramafik-mafik)
Sulfide Mineral
Deposit Model
General Description Abundance Sulfide Mineral Size Host Rock
Type no.
Composition
Still- 1 Disseminated to massive Disseminated Fe>Ni>Cu Small pods to Ultramafic and
Water sulfide concentrations in mafic to massive large deposits mafic
Ni-Cu and untramafic rocks at the that may
base of large layered exceed 100
intrussions millions tons
Merensk 2b Thin (1-5 m) disseminations of Disseminated Fe>Ni>Cu Thin zones that Mafic
y Reef sparse (1-5 percent) sulfide PGE may extend
minerals in mafic (gabbroic laterally for over
and troctolitic) rocks within the 100 km.
main body of large, layered Individual
intrusions mines within
these zones
often report
reserves
greater than
100 millions
tons
Duluth 5a Disseminated to massive Mostly Fe>Cu>Ni Small massive Mostly mafic,
Cu-Ni- concentrations in mafic to disseminated, pods to lesser
PGE ultramafic rocks in the basal some massive disseminated ultramafic
parts of rift-telated intrusions bodies
containing as
much as
several
hundred
millions tons of
ore
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Sulfide Mineral
Deposit Model
General Description Abundance Sulfide Mineral Size Host Rock
Type no.
Composition
Noril’sk 5b Disseminated sulfide in lower Extensive Fe>Cu>Ni>PG Disseminated Mafic,
CU-Ni- third, and massive sulfide near disseminated E deposits tens of ultramafic and
PGE base of complex, subvolcanic, and massive meters thick meta
elongate intrusions less than ore over entire area sedimentary
350 m thick of intrussion:
Massive sulfide
orebodies as
much as 45 m
thick and 2.5
km2 in area
Komatitic 6a Mostly massive, lesser Mostly massive, Fe>Ni Generally Ultramafic
Ni-Cu disseminated, sulfide deposits minor deposits less
at the base of Archbean or disseminated than 2 millions
Proterozoic ultramafic, tons; median
komatitic flows size is 1.6
million tons
Dunitic 6b Disseminated sulfide deposits Disseminated Fe>Ni Large low grade Ultramafic
Ni-Cu within Archean or Protezonic deposits with
komatites median size
about 30 milion
tons
Syn- 7a Disseminated to massive Disseminated Fe>Cu>Ni Generally fairly Mostly mafic
orogenic sulfide deposits in the basal to massive small, median lasser
-syn- parts of mafic to ultramafic size of about 2 ultramafic
vulcanic instrussions that where million tons
Ni-Cu emplaced during orogenesis
TIPE ENDAPAN DAN
LINGKUNGAN PENGENDAPAN
Silikat
Silikat
Net-textured
ore
Sulfida
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Host rock :
• Didominasi oleh batuan beku mafik dan ultramafik.
• Bijih umumnya terakumulasi pada “footwall country
rocks” yang tersebar pada metasedimen atau meta-
igneous rock.
Tatanan geologi, antara lain :
• Sabuk “deformed greenstone” dan batolit “calc-
alkaline” yang berasosiasi dengan convergent plate
margins,
• Komplek ophiolite yang terbentuk pada constructive
plate margins,
• “Intraplate magmatic provinces” yang berasosiasi
dengan flood-basalt type magmatism, and
• Passively rifted continental margins.
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Alterasi (ubahan)
• Alterasi hidrothermal umumnya tidak signifikan. Alterasi yang
muncul umumnya merupakan hasil dari deuteric (epimagmatic)
processes, metamorphism, dan pelapukan.
• Mineral-mineral silikat utama : calcic plagioclase,
orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, and olivine.
• Amphibole and biotite minor (sebagai aksesoris).
• Sejumlah kecil quartz, apatite, and potassium feldspar yang
berkembang pada hydrous phases.
• Alterasi secara sistematik terbentuk akibat aliran fluida pada
sesar dan fractures.
Olivin terubah menjadi mineral-mineral serpentin, magnetit, dan
minor kalsit.
Plagioklas terubah menjadi epidot, mineral lempung, serisit, dan
kalsit.
Piroksen terubah menjadi aktinolit/tremolit, serpentin, talk, dan
klorit.
Biotite terubah menjadi klorit.
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Karakteristik Mineral
• Iron, nickel, and copper umumnya intergrown.
• Pada batuan dengan kandungan mineral sulfida lebih kecil
dari 10% volume akan berbentuk disseminated dengan
ukuran mineral sulfida yang halus (< 1 mm) sampai kasar
(> 5 mm).
• Pada batuan yang mengandung mineral sulfida 10-60 %
volume akan mengandung aggregrat mineral-mineral
sulfida.
• Pada batuan yang mengandung mineral sulfida > 60 %
volume akan berbentuk massive ore, dimana sulfide
minerals akan berupa matriks dalam batuan.
• Kandungan sulfur secara keseluruhan dapat mencapai 34
and 40 % berat; dan sisanya (60 – 66) % berat merupakan
Besi (Fe), Copper (Cu) dan nickel (Ni).
Typical magmatic Ni-Cu sulphide ore textures
A. disseminated sulphides,
B. matrix-textured sulphides,
C. massive sulphides,
D. sulphide breccia
Endapan Nikel Sulfida – Tipe Sudbury
Anorthosites-Titanium
Anorthosites-Titanium
Kimberlite Lamproite
Host rock: Potassic Ultrabasic. Host rock: Potash- dan Magnesia- rich
Mengandung megacrysts olivine, lamprophyric vulkanik atau hypabissal.
enstatite, Cr-rich diopsite, phlogopyte, Mengandung phenocryst dan/atau
pyrope-almandine dan Mg-rich masa dasar berupa leucite, Ti-rich
ilmenite dalam suatu matrik halus. phlogopite, clinopyroxene, amphibole
Mineral utama olivine, phlogopite, (Ti-rich, potassic), olivine dan
calcite, serpentenite, diopsite, sanidine.
monticellite, apatite, spinel, dan Mineral aksesoris: patite, nepheline,
ilmenit. spinel, dan ilmenit.
Mineral petunjuk (indikator); red- Intan biasanya muncul sebagai mineral
brown pyrope, purple-red chromium aksesoris pada xenolith dan xenocrysts
pyrope, Mg-rich ilmenite, chromium termasuk olivin, pyroxene, garnet dan
diopside. spinel.
Kimberlite & Lamproite (terminologi)