PATOLOGI

SATWA AKUATIK (1)

Dr. Drh. Dwi Kesuma Sari
PSKH FK Unhas
2019
Sasaran Pembelajaran:
Setelah menyelesaikan mata kuliah ini, mahasiswa
akan dapat menjabarkan perbedaan perubahan
jaringan akibat penyakit infeksius dan non-infeksius
pada satwa akuatik
 Penyebab Penyakit pada Ikan
Environmental Stress Bad Water Quality
Suara, bising Ammonia, nitrat, nitrit, toxin dll
Kondisi air
Kondisi kolam/aquarium

Pathogen Excess Penyebab Lain

Debris Low genetic immunity
Agen patogen Diet tidak tepat
dll

Physical Damage
Luka, dll
Penyakit PARASITIK
 Numerous types of parasites
• Protozoans
• Trematodes
• Nematodes
• Cestodes
• Crustaceans
• Leeches
 Protozoa
• Ciliates
– Protozoa berukuran besar, mencapai 2 mm
panjang, memiliki silia (organel seperti
rambut)
• Flagellates
– Protozoa memiliki satu atau lebih flagella
 Ciliates
• Largest group of protozoa
• Direct life cycle
• Common in pond-reared fish
• Easy to eliminate in aquarium due to
controlled conditions
• Easily transmitted…nets, hoses or hands
 Ciliates cont.
• Symptoms include
– Skin or gill irritation
• Rubbing and abnormal breathing
• Species
– Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
– Tetrahymena
– Apiosoma
– Epistylis
PENYAKIT PARASITIK
Tetrahymena
Tetrahymena-Phylum Ciliophora; Family-Tetrahymenidae

Tetrahymena  protozoa bersilia

Ada beberapa spesies lethal patogen
Bentuk pyriformis, bersilia di permukaan, reproduksi dengan binary fission

Patogen: dengan merusak kulit dan invasi organ internal

Sering menyerang ikan spesies guppy  guppy killer disease
Menyerang berbagai spesies: ornamental dan food fish

Gejala klinis:
Bercak putih di kulit hingga deep ulcerative dermatitis
Ikan terkena akan menjadi lethargi
Ikan guppy
Tetrahymena menyerang sirip ikan
White Spot Disease
(Ichthyophthirius multifiliis)
Disebabkan oleh protozoa Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
(Ich)

Satu dari penyakit umum yang disebabkan pada ikan air tawar
Pada catfish/ikan lele  mortalitas bisa 100%
Penyakit ini disebut juga “white spot disease”
Temperatur untuk infeksi Ich sekitar 15ºC – 25ºC
Siklus hidup 3-6 hari pada suhu 25ºC, 10 hari pada suhu 15ºC

Kista Ich terlihat seperti spot putih yang menonjol dari permukaan ikan
Selain infeksi protozoa juga akan terjadi infeksi sekunder
 Apiosoma
• Lokasi
– Gills, skin, or fins
• What does he look like?
– Seperti vas bunga
– Oral cilia
• Treatment
– Very treatable…formaline, copper sulfate..etc
Apiosoma
 Epistylis
• Stalked ciliate very similar to apiosoma
• Danger
– Greater concern than most due to proteolytic
enzymes secreted by the organism
– The enzyme breaks down proteins in the skin
of the fish making the fish susceptible to
bacterial infection
 Epistylis
• Treatment
– Salt
• .02% salt solution for extended period
• 3% salt dip
– More than one treatment required
 Flagellates
• External and internal
• High magnification
– 200-400x
• species
– Spironucleus
– Ichthyobodo
– Myxozoa
– Microsporidia
 Spironucleus
• Location
– Intestinal tract
• Symptoms
– Extreme weight loss
– Distended abdomen
– Yellow mucoid build up in intestines
 Spironucleus
• Diagnosis
– Intestinal prep @ 200-400x
– High counts…too many to miss
• Treatment
– Metronidazole bath
• 5mg/L
• Every other day…one week
 Ichthyobodo
• External Flagellate
• Large amounts of mucus
– Blue slime disease in catfish
• Location
– Gills, skin and fins
• Diagnosis
– Microscopic examination….
• Treatment…formalin, copper sulfate..etc
 Myxozoa
• Widespread in native or pond reared fish
• How bad is it?
– Most infections not bad
– But some may be serious…young fish
 Myxozoa
• Extremely abundant and diverse
• Speciation
– Based on spore shape and size
• Examination technique
– Preps of infected area
– Histologic sections of tissue
 Myxozoa cont
• Symptoms
– Vary depending on the organ affected
• Excess mucus productions
• White or yellowish noduleson target organs
• Diseases
– Whirling disease- salmon
– Wasting disease
 Myxozoa
• Treatment
– Toilet
– No remedies known
– Spores can survive >1year
• Disinfection necessary after removal of infected
fish
Henneguya sp

Termasuk Myxozoa
Chain pickerel gill arch with Henneguya
xenoma
Henneguya salminicola protozoan parasite
commonly found in the flesh of salmonids
on the West Coast of Canada. Coho
salmon
Fish muscle with white
Henneguya salminicola
cysts.
 Microsporidia
• Intracellular parasites
– Require host tissue for reproduction
• Mode of transmission
– Ingesting spores from infected fish or food
• Symptoms
– Small “tumors” in various tissues
– Enlargement of hosts cells cause tumor like
masses
 Microsporidia
• Clinical signs
– Dependent on tissue infected
– {from no lesions to dead}
– Serious cases…cysts enlarge to a point that
organs no longer function correctly
 Microsporidia
• Infections caused
– Pleistophora
• Infects skeletal muscle
• Cysts
• Treatments
– None available
– Spores tough
• Can survive long periods
• Most environmental conditions it can handle
 Microsporidia
• So what am I supposed to do?
– Flushing of infected fish
– Disinfect the environment
 Conclusion
• Poor water quality, crowding, stress and
diet issues are main issues with fish
susceptibility to parasitism
• So if you have concerns on water quality
issues…prevent it.
Ergasillus spp
Salmonids Parasites
• Skin & gill fluke
Gyrodactylus salaris
– flatworm
• Whirling disease
Myxobolus cerebralis
– protozoan
Skull deformation from Myxobolus cerebralis

Atlantic salmon with Gyrodactylosis Darkening of skin from anus to tail

Salmonids Ecto-parasites

• Sea lice
 Catfish
Aquaculture
 Bacterial infections in catfish
 Aeromonas hydrophila
 Edwardsiella ictaluri
 Aeromonashydrophila
 Edwardsiella tarda
Ich infection on a catfish
 Flexibacter columnaris
 Channel catfish virus
 Winter kill syndrome – fungal infection
 Saprolegnia sp.
 Parasites
CCV
 White spot disease/protozoan - Icthyophthirius multifiliis = ich!
 Trichodina, Glossatella, Scyphidia and Epistylis and monogeneans
 Fish louce, Ergasilus sp., Argulus sp., Lernaea cyprinacae
 “Brown blood disease”: elevated NO2 in water – not a pathogen
 “Broken-skull disease”: lack of ascorbic acid – not a pathogen
418
Acantocephala sp., intestine
Many fish infested with cestodes, probably not
associated with mortalities.
Acantocephalus sp. in the lumen of the gut. No
lesions present.
Apoptotic cells in gut mucosa with eosinophilic
inclusions.
Bonamia ostreae, oyster. Numerous infected haemocytes
disseminated throughout the tissues, digestive gland.
Coccidiosis, in gut mucosal epithelium.
 Acantochepala sp. Head embedded in the mucosa
causing fibrous reaction-fibrous capsules were formed
Diphyllibothrium sp. in the pyloric caeca and the
walls of the mucosa.
 Coccidiosis. Focal enteritis with inflammatory cells,
necrosis of epithelium cells and parasites in epthelial cells.
Marteilia refringens (Aber disease). Parasites
present in epithelial of digestive gland
Cestoda. Marked number of cestodes in the pyloric
caeca and the walls of the mucosa
Coccidiosis. Parasites stages embedded in mucosal
epithelium of intestine
Penyakit BAKTERI
 Bacterial Diseases

1 Enteric redmouth - ERM (Yersinia

ruckeri)
2 Furunculosis (Aeromonas salmonicida)
3 Coldwater disease – CWD
(Flavobacterium psychrophilum)
4 Bacterial gill disease (Flavobacterium
branchiophila)
5 Bacterial kidney disease (Renibacterium
salmoninarum)
6 Strawberry disease
 Bacterial Kidney Disease
Renibacterium salmoninarum
• Initially described in Atlantic salmon
(Scotland 1930)

• Hatchery and wild salmonids

• Global maybe except Australia, NZ ?

 Clinical signs
• Systemic infection slowly progressive

• Acute and chronic forms

• External: exophthalmia, blood filled blisters

on skin, pale gills, etc.

• Internal: multifocal grey-white nodules on

kidney and other organs, cloudy fluid in body
Cavity, cystic cavities in skeletal muscle, etc.
 Diagnosis

• Gram Positive Fish Pathogen

• 0.5 X 1 µm pairs or short chains
• Requires L-cystein
• Serum or blood enhances growth
• Slow growing - 20 - 60 d
• Survives inside phagocytic cells
• FAT/ELISA
• Clinical signs/exam
 Control/treatment
•Erythromycin (injection of adults)
• Reduce loads and transmission
In feed
• Expensive and not approved for food fish

• No vaccines available

• Avoid infection
 Disease of unknown etiology

• Strawberry disease
– Symptoms
• Reddened raised inflammation on skin
• Morbidity 10-15%
• Market size fish affected

– Cause
• Bacterial (?)
• Allergic reaction (?)

– Treatment
• Antibiotics (withdrawal period)
 Salmonids
Bacterial Infections
• Bacterial Kidney Disease – Renibacterium salmoninarum
• Enteric septicaemia – Edwardsiella sp.
• Enteric Redmouth Disease (ERM) – Yersinia ruckeri Redmouth disease

• Pseudotuberculosis – Photobacterium damsela subsp. piscicida

• Salmon Rickettsial Disease – Piscirickettsia salmonis
• Vibrosis – Vibrio anguillarum
• Hitra disease – Vibrio salmonicida

Dermal ulcer from Vibrio

Bacterial kidney disease (BKD)

Rickettsia
• Red Spot Disease of Carps
• Pathogen: Aeromonas hydrophilla
Streptococosis in Tilapia
 Pseudomonas fluorescens
• Causes pseudomonas septicemia mainly in
general pond fish, seldom in salmonids
• Normally a secondary invader, hard to
distinguish from Aeromonas septicemia, not
a huge concern in fish
• Agent: ubiquitous bacterium of soil, water,
spoilage-vulnerable foods; G- rod motile via
polar flagellum; grows @ 18-25oC
 Furcunculosis-
Aeromonas
salmonicida

American Fisheries Society

T Håstein disease-watch.com
Catfish Aquaculture
 Bacterial infections in catfish
 Aeromonas hydrophila
 Edwardsiella ictaluri
 Aeromonashydrophila
 Edwardsiella tarda
Ich infection on a catfish
 Flexibacter columnaris
 Channel catfish virus
 Winter kill syndrome – fungal infection
 Saprolegnia sp.
 Parasites
CCV
 White spot disease/protozoan - Icthyophthirius multifiliis = ich!
 Trichodina, Glossatella, Scyphidia and Epistylis and monogeneans
 Fish louce, Ergasilus sp., Argulus sp., Lernaea cyprinacae
 “Brown blood disease”: elevated NO2 in water – not a pathogen
 “Broken-skull disease”: lack of ascorbic acid – not a pathogen
 Pseudomonas fluorescens

• Epizootiology: all fish susceptible, problem for

aquarium fish
• Reservoirs: mud and water; infected or carrier
fish and others (frogs)
• Transmission: horizontal, no vertical
• Environment: stress, mainly elevated temps
• Pathology: in catfish, largely hemorrhaging and
necrosis of internal organs, external lesions, loss
of pigmentation
Edwardsiella ictaluri
Pseudomonas fluorescens
 Aeromonas hydrophila (MAS)

• Causes Motile Aeromonas Septicemia, often

referred to as a complex of species,
opportunistic pathogen, can cause red-leg in
frogs
• Agent: taxonomy confused (more than 10
other species claimed); G- motile rod w/polar
flagella
• culture: TSA, BHI; can grow at 4oC, but best
at
 Aeromonas hydrophila (MAS)
• Epizootiology: worldwide in fw, all fw species
susceptible (both ww and cw); others such as frogs,
alligators, snails, shrimp and humans
• Reservoir: freshwaters w/high organic loads, usually
in sewage, normal gut flora of healthy fish; diseased
fish/frogs; survivors are carriers
• Transmission: horizontal only from intestinal tract,
external lesions, through water, via external
parasites
• Environment: stress from crowding, variable temps,
changes in weather; rough handling, low DO, high
organics
 Aeromonas hydrophila (MAS)
• External pathology: usually hemorraghia + necrosis
or internal organs + necrotic lesions on
skin/muscles = G- septicemias
• Superficial circular or greyish-red ulcerations
• hemorrhaging of fins, exopthalmia
• Internal pathology: swollen, soft kidney; petechiae
of musculature, intestines free of food
 Aeromonas salmonicida
(furunculosis)
• Transmission: primarily horizontal,
contaminated water, eggs, carriers,
equipment, clothing, surface of aquatic
birds; no vertical demonstrated
• Pathogenesis: acute, subacute, chronic
forms (dose, temp, host resistance,
virulence of strain)
• Environment: severity increases w/temp,
nutrition, handling stress
 Aeromonas salmonicida
(furunculosis)
• Pathology: similar to other G- septicemias
w/hemorrhaging, necrosis of internal organs,
external lesions
• external: focal necrosis in muscle develops to
abscess, hemorhaging and lesions at base of fins,
fraying of fins, bloody discharge from vent; blue
irridescent sheen on body near eyes, bleeding from
gills
• internal: petechiae in body musculature, congestion
of posterior intestine, no inflammatory response
Furunculosis