Fungi

PROGRAM STUDI BUDIDAYA PERAIRAN

UNIVERSITAS SRIWIJAYA
Fungi menurut Srikandi Fardiaz (1992) :
Suatu organisme eukariotik yang mempunyai ciri-
ciri ;
(1) Mempunyai inti sel
(2) Memproduksi spora
(3) Tidak mempunyai klorofil (≠ melakukan
fotosintesa)
(4) Berkembang biak secara seksual maupun
aseksual
(5) Beberapa mempunyai bagian-bagian tubuh
berbentuk filamen dengan dinding sel yang
mengandung selulosa atau khitin, atau
kedua-duanya.
 Peran Fungi :
Yang bermanfaat diantaranya adalah :
- Fermentasi alcohol,  pembuatan tempe, menghasilkan
antibiotik (Penicillium notatum).
-  Jamur yang bisa dimakan edible Mushroom
(Volvariella volvacea, Pleurotus ostreatus) dll
- Sebagai sumber obat-obatan
- Sebagai pengurai bahan organik
-Sebagai pengendali penyakit secara hayati

Yang Merugikan : Sebagai pathogen

FUNGI DIBEDAKAN MENJADI 3 GOLONGAN :
1.KAPANG/JAMUR/MOLD
2. KHAMIR/RAGI/YEAST
3. FUNGI MAKROSKOPIK
 KAPANG/JAMUR/MOLD

1. Multiselluler
2. Membentuk benang-benang hifa / filament
3. Hifa yang dibentuk ada yang bersekat maupun
tak bersekat
4. Memproduksi spora
5. Bersifat aerob
6. Koloni berbentuk rhizoid
7. Reproduksi seksual atau aseksual
 KHAMIR/RAGI/YEAST

1. Uniselluler
2. Bentuk oval / lonjong dengan diameter 3  – 15 mikron,
3. Reproduksi asekual  membentuk tunas (budding cell)
atau membelah diri (fussion) ; seksual dengan spora
4. Bersifat aerob atau anaerob
5. Koloni berbentuk pasta, ≠ hypha
 FUNGI DIMORFIK
Merupakan jamur yang mempunyai dua bentuk
yaitu : khamir dan kapang. Berbentuk khamir jika
berada di dalam inang / host atau pada suhu
inkubasi 370C, dan berbentuk kapang jika berada
diluar inangnya atau pada suhu inkubasi suhu ruang.
 Fungi/mold/kapang
Saprolegnia sp

Cendawan dimorfik
Khamir/yeast Blastomyces dermatitidis
Saccharomyces sp
MORFOLOGI KAPANG
MORFOLOGI YEAST
SIKLUS HIDUP KAPANG
 SIKLUS HIDUP YEAST

A. Yeast cells reproducing by blastoconidia formation; B. Yeast dividing

by fission; C. Pseudohyphal development; D. Coenocytic hyphae; E.
Septate hyphae; F. Septate hyphae with clamp connections
 Class Oomycetes

First example of a fungal infection noted in fish

was illustrated by Arderon in 1748
as mentioned, they produce a motile biflagellate
spore (easy dispersal)
also produce a thick-walled zoospore by the
fusion of two gametes; thus, oospore and their
name
usually manifested as hyphae
 (1) Saprolegniasis
• Although there are four Orders within the
Class Oomycetes, almost all of the significant
fish pathogens are within Family
Saprolegniaceae
• saprolegniasis is the term used to describe
infection with Saprolegnia parasitica-declina
complex
• it is typically external, affecting skin and gills,
sometimes eggs
• As mentioned, the adult form is a mass
of filaments known as hyphae
• the mass is called a mycelium (looks like
a wad of cotton in the water)
• hyphae are unique in that they are non-
septate (no divisions)
• the asexual biflagellated zoospores are
thought to initiate most infections
• Ecology: ubiquitous, most surface fresh waters,
limited to no greater than 2.8 ppt
• can live on dead or live matter, affect only fish
which have been compromised in some way:
1. suppression of immune system (unfavorable
temps)
2. injury to skin (trauma)
3. spawning or precocious sexual maturity
(thickened epithelium = more mucus)
4. no seasonal (temp) restrictions to infections
with eggs
• Clinical features: seen as gray-white
lesions (patches) on skin, could be
colored due to what’s in culture water
• lesions start small and circular, but
spread
• can sometimes damage internal organs
• all fish are susceptible
• only unfertilized eggs can be penetrated
by hyphae
• Control: for the fish, use good
management techniques, avoid
predisposing factors (feed, injury, water
quality esp. temp)
• Treatment: malachite green as topical
disinfectant (not approved), formalin is
approved but not as effective
Saprolegniasis: life cycle
Saprolegniasis: hyphae
 (2) Branchiomycosis

• This disease is commonly referred to as “gill

rot”
• due to massive necrosis of gills
• Branchiomycosis sp. fungus invades gill blood
vessels
• either B. sanguinis (only in gill blood vessels);
carp, goldfish
• or B. demigrans (grows from blood vessels to
tissue); bass, pike, striped bass
• Epizootiology: sudden on-set, rapid
course, high mortality (within two days
sometimes), overall mort’s = 30-50%
• usually when temps above 20oC
• Why? High organic loads, algae, high
temps, high density
• transmission: probably horizontal
from other necrotic gills (spores)
• Clinical features: disease course so fast that
fish are dead before any signs; fish go off
feed, school at surface, become sluggish
• later: necrotic patches on gills (much
clubbing, fusion of lamellae)
• Histopath: hyperplasia of gill epithelium,
fusion of lamellae, massive necrosis
• Control: treatment ineffective due to rapid
on-set; strict hygiene, remove dead fish,
don’t overfeed, fertilize, crowd
 Ichthyophoniasis (Zygomycotina)

• Originally found by Bruno Hofer in trout in

1893, called disease “the staggers”
• caused by Ichthyophonus hoferi also classified
as Ichthyosporidium hoferi
• usually seen as thick, fungus-like resting spores
• endemic in most feral cold water marine fish
populations
• disease transmitted orally
• it is an obligate fish pathogen: life history
varies from host to host
• Life cycle complicated: produces large number of
endospores and resting spores in most internal
organs
• usually comes from other fish in population
• Clinical Features: hyphae are not visible externally,
can affect up to 70% of population is fungus is in
epizootic years
• Histopathology: signs depend on host, organs
involved; generally, as gray-white lesions of organ,
organ atrophy
• Control: disease transmitted orally; obviously, don’t
feed infected fish to fish (some people feed raw
marine fish offal to hatchery fish)
Ichythophoniasis
Ichythophoniasis
Ichthyophoniasis (I. hoferi)
Fungal Disease (4): Aspergillomycosis

• These agents are members of the Fungi

Imperfecti
• “Fungi imperfecti” simply means you can’t
find sexual stages in the life cycle of the
fungus
• associated with genus, Aspergillus (those of
you who have had Aquatic Nutrition
remember this guy, right?!)
• the Aspergilli are ubiquitous and typically
involved in decay processes
• byproducts of degradation of feeds =
aflatoxicosis
 Aspergillomycosis
• Only recently discovered as a pathogen of
farmed fish (1983)
• largely described for cultured Tilapia
• usually seen after any stress in terms of
management of fish in ponds (partial harvest,
weighing, etc.)
• Pathology: abdominal distension, darkening of
color, lethargy; incision of body cavity = copious
amounts of fluid
• look for hyphae in liver, spleen, kidney,
intestine, swim bladder
• Epizootiology: mortalities of at least 20% of
stock
Shrimp Mycosis: Lagenidium

• This disease largely caused by Lagenidium

callinectes or Sirolpidium sp.
• two fungal agents can cause rapid mortality
of entire tank
• fungi have similar life cycles, producing
hyphae which spread throughout the body
• major signs: dead or moribund larvae show
obvious hyphae, death in 3-5 days if
untreated
Larval Mycosis: Lagenidium
• Epizootiology: unknown, possibly from
broodstock, previously infected batches
of larvae, contaminated source water;
spread by motile zoospores
• Diagnosis: simple due to obvious
hyphal structures in infected animals
• Control: Treflan @ 10 to 100 ppb;
Treflan unstable in water, must be
“dripped” in or re-applied every 5-8
hrs; disinfection of tank and apparati
Lagenidium callinectes
 Shrimp Mycosis: Fusarium sp.
• We have already mentioned Lagenidium
callinectes and Sirolpidium sp.
• These were agents of larval mycosis
• One common fungi affecting adults is Fusarium
sp., member of fungi imperfecti
• Causes disease known as fusariosis
• largely associated with broodstock, particularly
of Farfantepenaeus japonicus and Litopenaeus
stylirostris
• L. vannamei appears fairly resistant
 Fusarium sp.
• Fusariosis is a problem when several
contributing factors are present:
• age: shrimp are typically older (adult,
broodstock)
• cuticle wounding: due to rough handling,
crowding, rough container surfaces
• improper sanitation
• Major Signs: melanized, raised or nodular
lesions on cuticle, appendages, gills (fungus
cannot penetrate intact cuticle)
• often found on tips of appendages
 Fusarium sp.
• Mortality rates of infected shrimp vary due to
complex relationship between host, fungus and
secondary bacterial infection
• stress in combination with infection can cause
increased handling mortality (esp. shipping)
• Transmission: Fusarium is naturally-occurring
fungus of decaying organic matter, produces
non-motile infective spores (macroconidia)
• infection is passive through wound, conidia
germinate and produce hyphae which
penetrate underlying tissues
 Fusarium sp.
• Diagnosis: presence of lesions in broodstock or
adults, demonstration of hyphae, canoe-shaped
macroconidia, culture on std mycological media
• Control Strategies: no practical treatment,
prevention a matter of proper husbandry,
sanitation, adequate facilities
• avoid procedures/conditions leading to cuticle
damage
• cull out infected broodstock, adults
Fusarium sp.
Terima
Kasih