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viii ANALISIS IMPLEMENTASI PROGRAM BEHAVIOR-BASED SAFETY

Article · September 2012

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Private Hospital in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
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 ANALISIS IMPLEMENTASI PROGRAM BEHAVIOR-BASED SAFETY
(STUDI DI PT.X)

Perilaku Berbasis Keselamatan (Behavior-Based Safety atau BBS) adalah

aplikasi sistematis dari riset psikologi tentang perilaku manusia dalam masalah
keselamatan kerja (Cooper, 1999). Pada dasarnya, pendekatan ini membantu
meningkatkan kinerja keselamatan melalui promosi perilaku yang aman di semua
tingkatan di tempat kerja. Pendekatan ini juga telah banyak digunakan oleh
manajemen untuk mengurangi tingkat kecelakaan dengan melibatkan seluruh tenaga
kerja untuk mengenali perilaku kerja tidak aman melalui observasi, umpan balik
intervensi, dan perubahan perilaku. Behavior-Based Safety menggunakan metode
identifikasi yang dikenal sebagai "the DO IT process" yang meliputi tahap Define,
Observe, Intervene, dan Test.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis tahapan program BBS di PT.X
yang didasarkan pada indikator dan mekanisme aktivitas dalam tiap tahap.
Keluaran (output) program BBS berupa perilaku aman yang diharapkan,
diobservasi dan dianalisis berdasarkan komponen Teori Perilaku Terencana
(Theory of Planned Behavior) dengan harapan dapat menunjukkan efektifitas dari
implementasi program BBS tersebut
Hasil pengolahan data menunjukkan bahwa program BBS dilaksanakan di PT.X
telah mencapai tahap Define yang ditandai oleh belum tersedianya checklist perilaku
spesifik. Hal ini membuat pengamat, dalam hal ini tenaga kerja, tidak dapat
membedakan antara perilaku tidak aman dengan kondisi tidak aman di tempat kerja.
Penelitian yang dilakukan terhadap 85 responden ini juga mengidentifikasi tingkat
persepsi risiko yang menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar (88%) pekerja melihat
tempat kerja mereka memiliki unsur bahaya yang tinggi. Pada tahap awal pelaksanaan
BBS, 93% pekerja sudah memiliki motivasi positif untuk berperilaku seperti yang
diperlukan dalam tahap BBS, 97% menunjukkan efikasi diri yang baik, 91%
mempunyai sikap yang positif terhadap perilaku yang aman, 91% mempunyai kontrol
terhadap perilaku yang positif, dan karena itu memunculkan niat untuk berperilaku
yang positif (91%) sesuai tahapan BBS yang diimplementasikan.
Persepsi terhadap risiko, motivasi, dan intensi berperilaku aman tenaga kerja di
bagian workshop berbeda dengan tenaga kerja office. Karakteristik pekerjaan itu
sendiri memiliki korelasi positif terhadap persepsi risiko dan motivasi tenaga kerja
meskipun tidak memiliki korelasi yang signifikan terhadap niat tenaga kerja untuk
berperilaku aman di tempat kerja. Dari penelitian inidisimpulkan pula bahwa persepsi
terhadap risiko yang baik akan menimbulkan motivasi positif serta menghasilkan
efikasi diri yang tinggi dalam melakukan perilaku yang diperlukan. Sebagaimana
faktor kognitif semua menunjukkan tingkat yang positif, sangat mungkin dapat
menghasilkan sikap positif serta kontrol perilaku yang juga positif, yang akan
membentuk niat positif untuk berperilaku aman di tempat kerja.

Kata kunci : Behavior-Based Safety, Teori Perilaku Terencana, perilaku aman

viii
 SUMMARY

ANALYSIS OF BEHAVIOR-BASED SAFETY PROGRAM

IMPLEMENTATION
(STUDY AT PT.X)

Behavior-Based Safety (BBS) is a systematic application of psychological

research on human behavior in workplace safety issue (Cooper, 1999). Basically, this
approach helps improving the safety performance through the promotion of safe
behavior on all levels in the workplace. This approach has also been widely used by
management to reduce the accident rate by engaging the entire workforce to
recognize unsafe work behaviors through observation, feedback, intervention and
behavioral change. The Behavior-Based Safety approach uses a method to identify
and change the critical behavior which has been well known as “the DO IT process”
which are including the phase of Define, Observe, Intervene, and Test.
This study aimed to analyze on which stage BBS program has been
implemented at PT.X based on indicators and mechanisms of activity in each phase.
The output of BBS program in the form of safe behavior is expected, observed and
analyzed based on Theory of Planned Behavior components and other psychological
factor such as cognitive factor (risk perception and motivation to behave), and self-
efficacy, in order to identify the effectiveness of the implementation of the BBS
program
The result showed that the BBS program implemented in PT.X had reached the
Define stage which characterized by the unavailability of a specific behavior
checklist. This made the observer, in this case worker, cannot distinguish unsafe
behavior from unsafe condition in the workplace. This study, which was conducted to
85 samples, identified the level of risk perception where most of the workers (88%)
see their workplace as a dangerous area. Early stage of BBS implementation resulted
93% workers already had positive motivation to behave as it is required in the BBS
stage, 97% showed positive self-efficacy, 91% had positive attitude towards safe
behavior, 91% had positive perceive-behavioral control, and therefore conducted to
positive intention to behave (91%) as it is required in the BBS stage.
However, the risk perception of workshop workers was found different to office
workers as well as motivation and intention to behave. The work characteristic itself
had a positive correlation towards workers’ risk perception and motivation although it
had not so significant correlation towards workers’ intention to behave safety at work.
It also concluded that the positive perception of risk would lead to positive motivation
as well as results in high self-efficacy to perform a behavior required. Cognitive
factors were all proven positive; it is very likely to find positive attitudes as well as
perceived-control of behavioral that would form a positive intention to perform safe
behavior at the workplace.

Keyword : Behavior-Based Safety, Theory of Planned Behavior, unsafe behavior.

ix
 ABSTRAK

Perilaku Berbasis Keselamatan (Behavior-Based Safety atau BBS) adalah

aplikasi sistematis dari riset psikologi tentang perilaku manusia dalam masalah
keselamatan kerja. Program BBS melibatkan empat tahap: Define, Observe,
Intervene, dan Test, yang dikenal sebagai "the DO IT process". Teori Perilaku
Terencana (Theory of Planned Behavior atau TPB) dapat diterapkan untuk
memprediksi niat pekerja dalam mempraktekkan perilaku yang aman dengan
mengamati faktor kognitif, sikap, norma subyektif, dan kontrol perilaku yang
dirasakan.
Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dan bertujuan mengidentifikasi
tahapan program BBS yang diterapkan di PT.X. Output atau keluaran dari
implementasi program BBS didapatkan melalui kuesioner dan dianalisis
berdasarkan faktor kognitif, efikasi diri, sikap, kontrol perilaku, dan niat untuk
melakukan perilaku aman. Perbedaan output antara tenaga kerja bagian workshop
dan office dianalisis menggunakan independent samples t-test.
Hasil wawancara terhadap 85 responden menunjukkan 88% memiliki persepsi
tempat kerja berisiko tinggi, 93% memiliki motivasi yang baik, sementara 97%
memiliki efikasi diri yang kuat untuk melakukan perilaku aman. Sebanyak 91%
sampel memiliki sikap positif terhadap perilaku aman, 91% memiliki kontrol
perilaku yang baik dan 91% memiliki niat positif untuk melakukan perilaku aman.
Perbedaan persepsi risiko (p = 0,01), motivasi (p = 0,038) dan niat untuk
berperilaku aman (p = 0,043) ditemukan di antara tenaga kerja bagian workshop
dan office.
Rekomendasi untuk PT.X adalah harus mengembangkan klausul mengenai
pendekatan BBS dengan memasukkan definisi khusus perilaku yang tidak aman
atau berisiko perilaku dan kondisi yang tidak aman. Pengamatan dilakukan secara
berkelanjutan bahkan ketika tahap Intervene telah dilaksanakan untuk memastikan
bahwa perilaku tidak aman yang diidentifikasi dalam tahap Define dan Observe
tidak akan terulang.

Kata Kunci: Perilaku Berbasis Keselamatan, Theory of Planned Behavior,

perilaku yang tidak aman.

x
 ABSTRACT

Behavior-Based Safety (BBS) is a systematic application of psychological

research on human behavior in workplace safety issue. The BBS program involves
four stages: Define, Observe, Intervene, and Test, known as “the DO IT process”.
Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) can be applied to predict workers’ intention to
practice safe behavior based on the observation of the level of cognitive, attitudes,
subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control.
This research used descriptive approach to identify the stage of BBS program
applied in PT.X. The output of BBS implementation program was collected using
questionnaire and analyzed based on cognitive factor, self-efficacy, attitude,
behavioral control, and intention to perform safe behavior. The difference of the
output between workshop and office workers was analyzed using independent
samples t-test.
The study figured , from 85 samples, 88% had the high-risk workplace
perception, 93% had good motivation while 97% had strong self-efficacy to perform
safety behavior. As much as 91% samples had positive attitude toward safe behavior,
91% had good perceived behavioral control and 91% had positive intention to
perform safe behavior. There were differences in the perception of risk (p = 0,01),
motivation (p = 0,038) and intentions to behave safely (p = 0,043) between workers
in the workshop and office
The recommendation given to PT.X was to develop specific article regarding the
BBS approach by including specific definition of unsafe behaviors or at-risk behavior
and unsafe condition. Observations were carried out in a sustainable manner even
when the stage Intervene has been implemented to ensure that unsafe behavior
recorded on stage Observe and Define will not be repeated.

Keyword : Behavior-Based Safety, Theory of Planned Behavior, unsafe behavior.

xi

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