Defibrilasi/tidak
Clausen 2012
Fisiologi
Irama
Jantung
gelombang P (depolarisasi berkelanjutan
dari atrium kanan dan kiri)
Yankowitz2012
ELEKTROKARDIOGRAFI
§ Adalah
metode
untuk
visualisasi,
mengukur
dan
mencatat
aktivitas
listrik
jantung,
dalam
bentuk
“rhythm
strip”.
ANATOMI
DAN
SISTEM
ELEKTRIS
JANTUNG
HUBUNGAN
ANATOMI
SISTEM
ELEKTRIS
JANTUNG
DENGAN
EKG
HUBUNGAN
ANATOMI
SISTEM
ELEKTRIS
JANTUNG
DENGAN
EKG
HUBUNGAN
ANATOMI
SISTEM
ELEKTRIS
JANTUNG
DENGAN
EKG
HUBUNGAN
ANATOMI
SISTEM
ELEKTRIS
JANTUNG
DENGAN
EKG
HUBUNGAN
ANATOMI
SISTEM
ELEKTRIS
JANTUNG
DENGAN
EKG
How
to
Calculate
Heart
rate
• Count
the
number
of
R
wave
in
a
6
–
second
strip
and
multiply
by
10.
• 300
:
the
number
of
large
squares
between
2
consecutive
R
waves.
• 1500
:
the
number
of
small
squares
between
2
consecutive
R
waves.
• 300,150,100,75
for
each
large
square
Etiology
• SIDS
• Trauma
• Submersion
• Poisoning
• Sepsis
• Airway
obstruction
• Etc.
Respiratory
(80%)
Shock
(10%)
Cardiac
(10%)
Klasifikasi
Pulseless
Arrest
Non
Shockable
Shockable
Rhytm
Rhytm
VF Asystole
Pulseless
Electrical
Activity
Shockable Rhythm
ST
SVT
(Sinus
Takikardi)
(Supraventrikular
Takikardi)
ST
SVT
(Sinus
Takikardi)
(Supraventrikular
Takikardi)
•
P
waves
present
and
normal
•
P
waves
absent
or
abnormal
•
Variable
RR
with
constant
PR
•
Abrupt
rate
change
to
or
from
normal
• Infants
:
usually
<
220
bpm
•
Infants
:
usually
>
220
bpm
•
Children
:
usually
<
180
bpm
•
Children
:
usually
>
180
bpm
Fast
Pulse
–
Narrow
Ventricular
Complex
SINUS
TAKIKARDI
Vs
SUPRAVENTRIKULAR
TAKIKARDI
Sinus takikardi
Supraventrikulartakikardi
Algoritma
Pediatric
tachycardia
(PALS,2015)
Non
Pharmacologic
Management
Manual
Defibrilator
Size
• Infant
(The
infant
paddles
may
slide
over
or
be
located
under
the
adult
paddles)
Paddle
Size
• Adult
o Self
Adhesing
Pads
§ leave
about
3
cm
between
the
paddles
or
electrodes
An
appropriate
paddle
or
self-‐adhesive
pad
Interface
●
“Adult”
size
(8
to
10
cm)
for
children
10
kg
(approximately
1
year)
●
“Infant”
size
for
infants<10
kg
Enegy Interface
Dose
Position
The
electrode–chest
wall
interface
is
part
of
the
self-‐
adhesive
pad;
in
contrast,
electrode
gel
must
be
applied
liberally
on
manually
applied
paddles.
Do
not
use
saline-‐soaked
pads,
ultrasound
gel,
bare
paddles,
or
alcohol
pads.
Defibrilator
Non
Pharmacologic
Management
Automated
External
Defibrilator
(AED)
• accurately
detect
VF
in
children
of
all
ages
• Can
differentiate
“shockable”
from
“non
shockable”
rhythms
with
a
high
degree
of
sensitivity
and
specificity
• Recommended
AEDs
with
pediatric
attenuating
system
that
can
be
used
for
infants
and
children
up
to
approximately
25
kg
(approximately
8
years
of
age)
• If
an
AED
with
an
attenuator
is
not
available,
use
an
AED
with
standard
electrodes
• In
infants
<1
year
of
age
a
manual
de
fibrillator
is
preferred.
Pharmacological
management
Pharmacological management
EPINEPHRINE/ADRENALIN
• Action:
increase
heart
rate,
decreased
peripheral
vascular
resistance,
increase
cardiac
output
• CPR
à
increase
myocardial
and
cerebral
blood
flow
• Dosis:
0.01
mg/kg
(0.1
mL/kg
1:10,000)
IV/
IO
0.1
mg/kg
(0.1
mL/kg
1:1000)
ET*
• May
repeat
every
3–5
minutes
Pharmacological
management
AMIODARONE
• Most
commonly
used
for
ectopic
atrial
tachycardia
or
junctional
ectopic
tachycardia
,
VF,
pulseless
VT
• 5
mg/kg
loading
infusion
over
minutes
to
15
mg/kg/day,
maksimum
single
dose
500
mg
• hypotension
is
the
main
adverse
effect
• Preparation
50
mg/mL
Pharmacological
management
LIDOCAINE
• Decreases
automaticity
and
suppresses
ventricular
arrhythmias
and
as
effective
as
amiodarone
or
improving
ROSC
• Not
effective
for
ventricular
arrhythmias
in
infants
or
children
unless
associated
with
focal
myocardial
ischemia
• May
be
considered
in
shock-‐resistant
VF
or
pulseless
VT
• Bolus:
1
mg/kg
IV/IO
then
Infusion:
20–50
mcg/kg/minute
Pharmacological
management
34
Adenosine