IST AKPRIND
YOGYAKARTA HYDROTHERMAL
By : Desi Kiswiranti, S.Si., M.Sc.
GREEN ENERGY,
ENERGY FOR THE
FUTURE
0812 1583 4675
Mineral alterasi merupakan
mineral sekunder yang
terbentuk akibat proses
Pendahuluan alterasi.
Sistem hidrotermal juga merupakan sumber energi, oleh karena itu studi alterasi
hidrotermal yang membantu kita memahami sistem ini penting dalam pengembangan
lapangan panas bumi.
Methods of study
Petrography – to determine their lithology, the primary and hydrothermal
mineralogy, styles of alteration, textures of replacement, as well as the
sequence of deposition of hydrothermal minerals in veins.
X-ray diffractometry (XRD) – to analyse bulk rock mineralogy, but best to
identify clay minerals.
X-ray fluorescence (XRF) – to quantitatively determine the concentrations
of trace and major elements in rocks.
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) – to study the textural relationship
between minerals in 3D perspective.
Electron Microprobe (EMP) – to analyse the chemical compositions of the
primary and hydrothermal minerals.
Fluid inclusion analyses - to deduce the temperature and apparent salinity
of the fluids circulating in the system during the alteration process.
Applications of hydrothermal alteration
study in geothermal field development
Replacement
Leaching
Leaching records removal of
constituents by acidic fluids
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Direct deposition
Intensitas Alterasi
Klasifikasi intensitas ubahan (Browne, 1991 op.cit. Corbett dan Leach, 1998)
IA
0 1
(FRESH) (COMPLETE ALTERATION)
Corbett dan Leach (1998) membagi zona ubahan hidrotermal ke dalam lima
zona ubahan berdasarkan kumpulan dan asosiasi mineral ubahan yang
muncul pada kondisi kesetimbangan yang sama dan derajat pH, sebagai
berikut :
1. Argilik lanjut (advanced argillic), Sedangkan untuk sistem epitermal
sulfidasi tinggi yaitu fluida kaya asam sulfat, zona advanced argilic yang
dicirikan oleh kehadiran himpunan mineral pirofilit-diasporandalusit-kuarsa-
turmalin-enargitluzonit untuk temperatur tinggi yaitu 250°-350°C, atau
himpunan mineral kaolinit-alunit-kalsedon-kuarsa-pirit untuk temperatur
rendah yaitu <180°C.
2. Argilik, Pada tipe argilik terdapat dua kemungkinan himpunan mineral, yaitu
muskovit-kaolinitmonmorilonit dan muskovit-klorit monmorilonit. Himpunan
mineral pada tipe argilik terbentuk pada temperatur 100°-300°C (Pirajno,
1992; dalam Corbett dan Leach, 1996), fluida asam-netral, dan salinitas
rendah
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Kumpulan Mineral
Ubahan (Corbett dan
Leach, 1998
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• T>370-400C
• Low permeabilities
• High fluid pressures
• Potassic alteration in intrusions
• Intrusive and contact-
metamorphic rocks/hornfelsic
textures
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Diorite
Granodiorite
(Moore, 2010)
KRH 2-1; 9850 ft.
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pyroxene
(Moore, 2010)
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diopside
diopside
(Moore, 2010)
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Fluid compositions
Hedenquist, 1995
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(Moore, 2010)
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• T = 250 – 325C
• Depths > ~1 km
• High permeability
• Hydrostatic pressures
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Example
Example:
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actinolite
epidote
pyrite
garnet
calcite
actinolite
(Moore, 2010)
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epidote
epidote
plagioclase pyrite
Zoisite pidote )
Ce
6 10 calc i te sat' nfor 0.01 meo2 ...L
...L ...L -' -' -' -' .... ..L .J. .J.
I (\ -' ..,l
0.5 mC02
I Broadlands + 8
-
.J. ...L -' ...L
+c (Broadlands)
No- wot~, canposition oct
tS
..L ..L
J
O>
.2
C02-rlch 6
- 3 K-mica (illite)
E K-mica K- Fe4dspor
Kaolinite 250° C,
quartz sat'n
2
2 4 6 8
log aK+/aH•
1 NaAlSi3O8 + K = KAlSi3O8 + Na
Q acid sulphate
(albite = K-feldspar)
0o 3KAlSi3O8 + 2H = KAl3Si3O10(OH)2 + 6SiO2 + 2K
1 2 3 4 5 6 (K- feldspar = illite + quartz)
3 NaAlSi3O8 + K + 2H = KAl3Si3O10(OH)2 + 6SiO2 + 3Na
Browne and Ellis, 1970 (albite = illite + quartz)
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(Moore, 2010)
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Illite + quartz
Phyllic alteration zone
illite
(Moore, 2010)
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Argillic illite/
(<220oC; smectite
smectite and quartz
interlayered illite-
smectite and
chlorite-smectite)
alteration
Zone
pyrite
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Fournier, 1973
Fournier, 1973
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.. • •
•
•
. .
••
• • ' • •
,
..
........
• .
•
. •
•
. .. . .
•
SOOµ
m
. JNM0200
•
. '
'
7
(Moore, 2010)
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(Moore, 2010)
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calcite
Calcite vein
Anhydrite T-2;1001.3 m
Alunite
T-2; 310 m
(Moore, 2010)
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calcite
pyrite pyrite
anhydrite
quartz
fluorite tourmaline
(Moore, 2010)
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quartz
epidote
prehite
wairakite
Calc-silicate
Stability
diagram
(Moore, 2010)
Reactions in Feldspars and K-Mica
K2O-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O system
Other reactions