3.

Pengenalan Bahan Peledak

Definisi

Ledakan : Reaksi kimia bahan peledak melibatkan

pengembangan gas yang sangat cepat dan biasanya
diikuti terbentuknya panas.
Bahan Peledak : Substansi kimia atau campuran yang dapat
bereaski menghasilkan ledakan secara berdiri
sendiri ketika diinisisasi.
Combustion : Reaksi eksotermis menghasilkan api, percikan atau
asap.
Deflagration : Reaksi kimia sub sonic. Fast
Detonation : Reaksi kimia super sonic. Very fast
Mengapa Menggunakan BP?
 Sumber energi kompak
 Daya tinggi
 Aman
 Dapat dikontrol Pelepasan Energi
 Murah
Energy Rate Power

~30 MJ/kg minutes (hours) ~100 kW/kg

(103 secs)

coal
4-6 MJ/kg microseconds ~100 GW/kg
(10-6 secs)
Bahan Peledak
BP Kuat :
 Kecepatan detonasi lebih cepat
dibandingkan dengan cepat rambat
suara dalam BP
 Menghasilkan tekanan tinggi
 Contoh : BP Emulsion, PETN, NG

BP Lemah :
 Kecepatan deflagrasi atau
pembakaran lebih lambat
dibandingkan cepat rambat suara
dalam BP
 Menghasilkan tekanan rendah
 Contoh : black powder
Ideal / Non-Ideal Explosives
Semua BP harus berisi bahan bakar dan pembawa oksigen

Ideal explosives:
 Molecular explosive
 VOD tinggi, dapat dihitung secara teoritis
 Diameter kritis sangat kecil
 Densiti tinggi
 Diameter tidak berpengaruh

Non ideal explosives :

 Composite explosive
 VOD bervariasi, tidak mungkin dihitung sederhana
 Diameter kritis relatif besar
 Densiti rendah
 Perubahan diameter mempengaruhi VOD
 Molecular Explosives

TNT NG
CH3 r = 1.65 g/cm³ r = 1.59 g/cm³
NO2 NO2 CH 2 ONO 2
VoD = 6950 m/s VoD = 7600 m/s
H M.P. = 80.8 °C CH 2 ONO 2 M.P. = 13.2 °C
H
NO2 CH 2 ONO 2

PETN
ONO 2
CH 2 r = 1.76 g/cm³
O2 NO H2 C C CH 2 ONO 2 VoD = 8400 m/s
M.P. = 141.3 °C
CH 2
ONO 2
Composite Explosive
Dua komponen “non
explosive” dicampur
bersama menghasilkan BP :

Contoh ANFO

AN Prill Diesel fuel

3NH4 NO3 + CH2

Ammonium Nitrate
BP komersil berbasis Nitrate (AN)

 Diperoleh dari reaksi ammonia dan

nitric acid
 Coating  untuk mencegah caking
 Investiasi besar untuk pengadaan
pabrik
Pabrik Ammonium Nitrate
Natural Gas (CH4)
Feedstock

Air (N2)
Ammonia
Plant 3CH4 + 6H2O +4N2  8NH3 + 3CO2
Catalyst + Energy

Ammonia (NH3)
Nitric Acid 4NH3 + 5O2  4NO + 6H2O
Air (O2)
Plant
2NO + O2  2NO2 + N2O2
Catalyst + Energy
3NO2 + H2O  2HNO3 + NO

Nitric Acid (HNO3)

Ammonia (NH3) AN Solution
Plant AN Solution to
Emulsion Plant
Energy

HNO3 + NH3  NH4NO3

AN Prilling
Energy
& Drying Prilled AN to
Prill Coating Customers
Crystal Stabilisers
 AN Prill

Sifat-sifat penting
 Fuel Oil absorbency (>6%)
 Densiti rendah (<0.85 g/cc)
 Kandungan air rendah (<0.2%)
 Free flowing (tidak berpotensi menempel pada dinding atau
peralatan pemuatan)
 Non caking (tidak mudah mengeras ketika penumpukan)
 Low friability (tidak mudah hancur)
 ANFO Ammonium Nitrate Prill (94%) and Fuel Oil (6%)

 Kondisi Positif
 Medium to Low VoD 4000 –  Mudah untuk dibuat
4500 m/s (bervariasi terhadap  Cost effective
ukuran lubang, jenis bahan
 Sederhana dan banyak
bakar, kandungan air, densiti digunakan
dan primer)
 Densiti rendah (<berat)
 Densiti 0.8 – 0.82 g/cc
 Diameter kritis Negatif
 Energi angkat tinggi, energi  Tidak tahan air
shock rendah dibandingkan  Densiti rendah (<tekanan
dengan BP komersil lainnya lubang tembak)
 Highly hygroscopic
 Densiti dan energi dan dimodifikasi
dengan pencampuran high energetic
materials (misal Al)
ANFO

AN PRILL + FUEL OIL SAFE GASES + ENERGY

94.3% 5.7%

53NH4NO3 + C18H34 18CO2 +123H2O + 53N2

Energy = 3.7 MJ/kg*

Emulsi?

A colloid in which small particles of one

liquid are dispersed in another liquid.
Usually emulsions involve a dispersion of
oil in water, and are stabilised by an
emulsifier . Commonly emulsifiers are
substances such as detergents, that have
hydrophobic (i.e. water repelling) and
hydrophilic (i.e. water attracting) parts in
their molecule (Oxford Dictionary of
Chemistry)
BP Emulsi
BP Emulsi biasanya berbasis:

1. Dispersed phase
Pembawa oksigen disiapkan dalam fasa cair dari garam-garam nitrat,
umumnya ammonium nitrate. Alternatif meliputi:

 Calcium Nitrate, Ca(NO3)2

 Sodium Nitrate, NaNO3
 Monomethyl Amine Nitrate, CH3.NH2.HNO3
 Air sebagai pH control dan bahan non-explosive lainnya

2. Continuous phase
Bahan bakar dan material hydrophobic lainnya.
BP Emulsi
Ketika emulsi terbentuk dan dingin, oxidiser menjadi supersaturated.

L
i
qui
d F
uel
s
L
i
qui
d Ox
id
i
ser
s
E
mul
sif
i
ers

S
a
tur
at
ed
O
S
2ol
uti
on
Heavy ANFO
Campuran BP emulsi dan
ANFO
 Emulsi mengisi antar butir AN
 Tidak perlu sensitisation
untuk campuran 50% emulsi

Benefits
 Tahan air
 Meningkatkan muatan
lubang tembak
 Kecapatan dan tekanan
detonasi lebih tinggi
 Sleep time
Gassed Blends
 60% emulsi
 Bahan kimia ditambahkan untuk
menghasilkan gelembung-gelembung gas kecil,
membuat produk lebih sensitive dan
mengurangi densiti
 Densiti dapat dikontrol oleh penambahan
jumlah gassing chemicals
 Meningkatkan ketahanan air

Gas Bubbles
Primers

 Primers digunakan untuk

menginisiasi non-cap sensitive
explosives atau column charge
 Diinisiasi oleh detonators atau
detonating cord
 More sensitive!
 Menyediakan gelombang kejut untuk
inisiasi bahan peledak utama
Primers
1. Cast Primers

o Campuran PETN/TNT
o Densiti >1.65 g/cc (tergantung
rasio PETN, 1.76 g/cc, ke TNT,
1.65 g/cc)
o Tekanan detonasi >24,000MPa
o VoD sangat tinggi > 7000m/s
o Sensitivitas sangat tinggi
o Tahan air
o Kekuatan fisik baik
o Shelf life 5 tahun
Primers
2. Cartridged Explosives

o Ketahanan air sangat baik

o Lilin ditambahkan untuk
meningkatkan stiffness
o Aluminium ditambahkan untuk
meningkatkan energi
o Sensitive untuk #8 detonator
o Digunakan sebagai primer
o Digunakan dalam lubang basah
 Notes for Primers Selection
Bigger holes need
bigger primers

Small primers
OK in small
holes
Sistem Penyalaan BP

1. Safety fuse post 1831

2. Plain detonators 1861
3. Instant electrics 1870's
4. Delay electric detonators 1895
5. Detonating cord 1907
6. Signal tube early 1970's
7. Electronic delays 1980's
1. Safety Fuse

The safety fuse is a type of fuse

invented and patented by
William Bickford in 1831.
Originally it consisted of a "tube"
of gunpowder surrounded by a
waterproofed varnished jute
"rope". The safety fuse burnt at a
rate of typically about 30 seconds
per foot (1 second per cm).
2. Plain Detonator

A plain detonator constitutes

of an aluminium- or copper
cylinder, which is closed at
one end. The detonator has a
powerful explosive at the
bottom (secondary charge)
and on top of that a primary
charge i.e. lead azid, PETN or
a combination of explosives.
The primary charge is initiated
by safety fuse. Thereafter the
primary charge initiates the
secondary charge. The
detonator has no delay.
3. Electric Detonator

Instant electric Delay electric

4. Detonating Cord
PETN yang diselimuti
Kekuatan bervariasi tergantung muatan:
 3.6 g/m
 5.0 g/m
 10 g/m
VoD tinggi - 7000 m/s
Plastic or Woven Waxed Cover
Dipoting cutter
 1 roll ~ 2.5kg High Explosive
Plastic Cover

Nylon Fibres

PETN Explosive
Cotton Core
 5. Signal Tube/ Shock Tube
Shock Tube :
 HMX/aluminium
 Shock wave : 2000 m/s
 Cut - moisture – misfire
 Tiga lapisan  oil resistance & kekuatan

Abrasion Resistance
and UV protection
Oil Resistance,
elongation and
tensile strength

Powder Retention
Shock Tube Detonators

Aluminium Lead Transition

Shell Sleeve Element

PETN Diazo Delay Isolation Shock

Base Primer Element Cup Tube
Charge charge
6. Electronic Detonator

An electronic detonator is a
detonator in which the delay time
is electronically controlled. An
electronic initiation system is an
initiation system comprising
blasting machine, measuring
equipment, wire system and
electronic detonators.
Starter
the key....

Surface
the distributor....

In hole
the transmission....
Detonator Windings
Common Features:
1. Length Tag.
2. Delay identification.
3. End Seal.
Starter
Attach electric detonator to EXEL Signal tube.
CONNECTADet Detonators
9 ms
17ms
25 ms
42 ms
65 ms
100 ms
125 ms
150 ms
175 ms
• Six tube block
200 ms
• Signal Tube ONLY
CONNECTADet Construction

Signal tube

Rubber bush
Crimp

Free Space

Isolation cup

Main element
Explosive charge
(190 mg of Pb Azide)
Contoh Aplikasi Perangkaian

CD 6 meter
EXPLOSIVES
DANGEROUS
EXPLOSIVES
DANGEROUS

In hole 6 mtr
Contoh Aplikasi Perangkaian

NOTE: Detonating Cord on the surface produces high Airblast

Millisecond Connector for Detcord
Contoh Aplikasi Perangkaian (Detcord)
Contoh Misfires (Detcord)
Contoh Misfires (Detcord)
P
o
o
r
Ge
om
e
t
r
y

T
u
b
i
ng
C
u
t
o
ff

N
e
a
rK
n
ot
s
Contoh Aplikasi Perangkaian

D Connect control row E

C
Connect
along row Place A
C'Dets at
holes
B
Start here
Rear of shot
Sistem BP

Poke thru hole

Pricker

Push det snug

Push det snug
Sistem BP

2nd
G
a
ss
e
d primer
t
o
N
s
a
Ge
sd
in good
Xplos?
f
i
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ai
t
;
i
r
pmer g
a
ssi
ng

f
i
Lt
Sistem Inisiasi
 Bulk Explosive Vehicles
(TTT and Quad)

 Ammonium Nitrate Bin

 Optional Bulking Agent Bin
 Emulsion Tank
 Fuel Oil Tank
 Dapat menghasilkan - ANFO, HANFO, & Campuran Emulsi/ANFO

 Semua produk dibuat di Truk

 Chemical gassing

 Bukan BP sebelum diiisi ke dalam

lubang

 Densiti BP bisa bervariasi

Discussion …..

END