Bencana Biologi PDF
Bencana Biologi PDF
(Biological Disaster)
Ns. Jon Hafan S, M.Kep., Sp.Kep.MB
DEFINISI
Biological
disaster merupakan masuknya
organisme berbahaya yang terdampak
pada sekumpulan orang (masyarakat)
yang rentan sehingga dapat terjadi
penyebaran infeksi dengan cepat di
lingkungan, wilayah maupun dari negara
satu ke negara yang lain (Nasional
Disaster Management Authority, 2008).
Source of FDM course
Smallpox
Variola virus
SEJARAH Smallpox
Smallpox ditemukan pertama
kali padaabad ke 3 Sebelum
masehi pada kerajaan mesir
yaitu raja Pharaoh Ramses V
Terakhir kasus ditemukan pada
tahun 1977 di Somalia
Rata-rata kasus kematian yang
tinggi sekitar (30%) case fatality
rate
Penyebab 500 juta orang
meninggal pada abad 20
Proses vaksinasi rutin sudah
berlangsung pada tahun 1972 di
US
Sebagai senjata biologis pada
perang dunia ke 2 dan teroris
What is Smallpox?
Smallpox adalah salah
satu penyakit yang
sangat menular, yang
ditularkan dari satu orang
ke orang lain dan dapat
mengakibatkan kematian.
Penyebab penyakit ini
adalah virus variola
3 dari 10 pasien yang
menderita penyakit ini
meninggal.
(Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention/CDC, 2016)
Smallpox
Smallpox disebabkan oleh variola virus yang
merupakan genus orthopoxvirus.
Masa Inkubaksi: 7 sampai 19 hari (rata-rata12 hari)
Fluid is accumulating in
the papules forming
vesicles.
Smallpox
Day 4
The vesicles are more
distinct.
Malaise Rashes
Category A agent:
High mortality
Isolation
Measure temp. If 38 degrees C or higher, smallpox infection is
possible.
Patients are contagious at onset of rash and until scabs separate
(approx. 3 weeks).
Isolation at home if stable with airborne and contact precautions
Isolation in hospital with negative pressure rooms and airborne,
contact, and standard precautions
Smallpox
Postexposure Therapy
There is no known effective treatment for
smallpox.
Postexposure vaccination with Vaccinia within 4
days is moderately effective.
Vaccinia immune globulin (VIG) within 3 days of
exposure for chemoprophylaxis
Cidofovir has activity against other pox viruses
and in vitro activity against variola virus.
Currently available supportive care (intensive
care) may reduce mortality.
Smallpox
Decontamination — Prevention
It is believed that Variola virus (smallpox) may
behave similarly to Vaccinia virus, and may persist
for as long as 24 hours (or longer under optimal
conditions) if released as an aerosol.
Ebola virus
Marburg virus
Bunyavirus No Ribavirin
Rift Valley Fever
Flaviviruses No None
Yellow Fever and others
Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
Incidence rate, the highest (2007) was in DKI Jakarta, Bali and East
Kalimantan. Case fatality rate, the highest in Papua, North Maluku
and Bengkulu
ENCHEPALITIS
Alphaviruses: Western, Eastern,
and Venezuelan Encephalitis
Encephalitis
Ricin
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B
Isolation Requirements
Plague Streptomycin
Gentamicin
Tularemia Streptomycin or
Gentamicin
Smallpox Cidofovir
VH Fevers IV Ribavirin
Prophylaxis for Those Exposed
to Infected Patients
Agent Prophylaxis
Smallpox Vaccine
Clinical Laboratory:
Where and how will routine labs and blood cultures be
processed?
Infection Control:
Isolation procedures
Postexposure prophylaxis
Strategic National Stockpile
Phase 1: “12-hour Push Pack”
Arrives in 12 hours
Phase 2:
Agent-specific materials and treatments
Ventilators
and medicine.
Disaster Management of Biological Attacks
Supplies
Treatment
Prophylaxis
Summary
Prepare now
Educate
Isolation - most conservative approach
CDC Emergency Response Hotline:
770-488-7100
Get the most up-to-date information
All treatment and prophylaxis regimens are
subject to change.
REFERENCE
https://www.cdc.gov.html
Nasional Disaster Management Authority,
2008. National Disaster Management
Guidelines; Management Of Biological
Disasters. Government Of India.
THANKS