TIM DOSEN PENGAMPU MATA KULIAH

• Nama Bivalvia pertama kali digunakan oleh Carl Linnaeus pada tahun
1758 merujuk kepada hewan yang memiliki cangkang dua keping.
Kata Bivalvia berasal dari Bahasa Latin, bis = dua, dan valvae = daun
pintu.
• Saatini, nama yang sering digunakan adalah Pelecypoda, yang berarti
kaki-kapak. Nama yang lain adalah Lamellibranchiata, karena hewan
ini memiliki insang yang berbentuk lembaran.
• Banyak hewan lain yang memiliki dua keping cangkang tetapi tidak
termasuk Bivalvia, misalnya famili Juliidae (Gastropoda), anggota dari
filum Brachiopoda, dan Crustacea berukuran kecil (Ostracoda dan
Conchostracha).
• Pelecypoda atau Bivalvia atau Lamellibranchiata meliputi berbagai
jenis kerang, remis, kijing.
• Kebanyakan mereka hidup di laut, terutama di daerah litoral, beberapa
di daerah intertidal dan air tawar.
• Beberapa jenis laut hidup pada kedalaman sampai 5000 m.
• Umumnya terdapat di dasar perairan yang berlumpur atau berpasir,
beberapa hidup pada substrat yang lebih keras, seperti lempung, kayu
atau batu.
• Tubuh Pelecypoda pipih secara lateral dan seluruh tubuh tertutup dua
keping cangkang yang berhubungan di bagian dorsal dengan adanya
hinge ligament, yaitu semacam pita elastik yang terdiri atas bahan
organik seperti zat tanduk (conchiolin), bersambungan dengan
periostrakum cangkang.
• Kedua keping cangkang pada bagian dalamnya juga ditautkan oleh
sebuah otot aduktor anterior dan sebuah otot aduktor posterior, yang
bekerja secara antagonis dengan hinge ligament.
• Bila
otot aduktor rileks, ligament berkerut, maka kedua keping
cangkang akan terbuka. Demikian pula sebaliknya.
• Padakebanyakan Pelecypoda, untuk mempererat sambungan kedua
keping cangkang, di bawah hinge ligament terdapat gigi atau tonjolan
pada keping yang satu dan lekukan atau alur pada keping yang lain.
• Periostrakum adalah lapisan cangkang paling luar, dan menutupi dua
lapisan kapur atau lebih di bawahnya.
• MantelPelecypoda berbentuk jaringan yang tipis dan lebar, menutup
seluruh tubuh dan terletak di bawah cangkang.
• Pada tepi mantel terdapat tiga lipatan: dalam, tengah, dan luar.
Lipatan dalam adalah yang paling tebal, berisi otot radial dan
melingkar. Lapisan tengah mengandung alat indera. Lapisan luar
sebagai penghasil cangkang.
• Tempatmelekatnya otot palial di sepanjang tepi cangkang
meninggalkan bekas berupa garis palial.
• Rongga mantel luas dan insang besar sekali karena berfungsi sebagai
alat pernapasan dan pengumpul makanan.
• Puncak cangkang disebut umbo, merupakan bagian cangkang yang
paling tua. Garis-garis melingkar sekitar umbo menunjukkan garis
pertumbuhan cangkang.
• Pada kebanyakan Pelecypoda, air masuk melalui sifon aliran masuk
(inhalant siphon, incurrent siphon) di posterior, karena kedudukan
kerang dalam substrat lumpur atau pasir dengan bagian posterior
tersembul di atas permukaan substrat.
• Sifon
yang pendek ditemukan pada Anodonta, yang panjang pada Mya
dan Tagelus.
• Pelecypoda tidak memiliki kepala dan satu-satunya Moluska yang
tidak memiliki radula (bagian dari sistem pencernaan makanan).
• Cangkang tersusun atas kalsium karbonat, umumnya simetris
bilateral. Ukuran cangkang bervariasi, panjangnya mulai dari
beberapa mm sampai lebih dari 1 m, tetapi sebagian besar tidak lebih
dari 10 cm.
• Jumlah total spesies Pelecypoda sekitar 9200, termasuk dalam 1260
genera dan 106 famili. Pelecypoda bahari (termasuk spesies estuaria)
sekitar 8000 spesies, berasal dari 4 subkelas, 99 famili, dan 1100
genera. Famili kerang bahari terbanyak anggotanya adalah Veneridae
(lebih dari 680 spesies), kemudian diikuti oleh Tellinidae dan
Lucinidae (masing-masing lebih dari 500 spesies).
• Kerangair tawar terdiri atas 7 famili, yang terbanyak anggotanya
adalah Unionidae dengan 700 spesies.
• Pelecypoda sudah menjadi salah satu bahan makanan (seafood)
yang terkenal sejak zaman Romawi, baik dimasak atau mentah.
• Pada tahun 1950, FAO melaporkan bahwa perdagangan Bivalvia
mencapai 1.007.419 ton dan pada tahun 2010 mencapai 14.616.172
ton (meliputi 5.554.348 ton clams, cockles & ark shells, 1.901.314 ton
mussels, 4.592.529 ton oysters, dan 2.567.981 ton scallops).
Konsumsi kekerangan di Cina meningkat 400 kali lipat selama
periode 1970 sampai 1997.
• Kerangyang telah terjangkit bakteri atau virus dapat menimbulkan
penyakit kepada manusia yang memakannya secara mentah, bahkan
dapat mengakibatkan kematian.
• Paralytic
shellfish poisoning (PSP) adalah peristiwa keracunan yang
disebabkan mengonsumsi kerang yang telah mengandung racun
akibat memakan Dinoflagellata beracun.
• Banyak jenis kerang yang dapat dimakan oleh manusia, antara lain:
kerang darah (Anadara granosa), kerang hijau (Perna viridis), kerang
bulu (Anadara antiquata), dan tiram bakau (Crassostrea cucullata).
• Ketika
hidup di perairan yang tercemar, kerang dapat mengakumulasi
substansi logam berat (polutan), tetapi mereka tidak dapat mencerna
logam tersebut sehingga kadar logam tersebut meningkat di dalam
tubuhnya.
• Beberapa jenis kerang dijadikan sebagai bioindikator dan biofilter.
• Ada kerang yang hidup hanya pada lokasi yang terbatas (misalnya:
Villosa arkansasensis hanya hidup di sungai-sungai di Ouachita
Mountains di Arkansas dan Oklahoma). Sebaliknya, the golden
mussel (Limnoperna fortunei), secara mencolok tersebar luas mulai
dari kawasan Asia Tenggara sampai ke Argentina, dan menjadi
spesies asing invasif.
 kerang darah

kerang hijau

kerang bulu

tiram
 Villosa arkansasensis yang hidup
endemik di sungai-sungai di Ouachita
Mountains di Arkansas dan Oklahoma

The golden mussel,

Limnoperna fortunei, tersebar
luas secara mencolok mulai
dari kawasan Asia Tenggara
sampai ke Argentina, dan
menjadi spesies asing invasif.
Kerang zebra (Dreissena polymorpha), kerang
air tawar yang berasal dari Rusia tenggara,
dan secara tidak sengaja terbawa ke perairan
pedalaman di Amerika Utara dan Eropa.
Spesies ini merusak instalasi air dan
mengganggu ekosistem setempat.
Teredo navalis Linnaeus, 1758
cacing kapal
Heterodonta (Subclass)
Euheterodonta (Infraclass)
Imparidentia (Superorder)
Myida (Order)
Pholadoidea (Superfamily)
Teredinidae (Family)
Teredininae (Subfamily)
Teredo (Genus)
• Beberapa jenis Pelecypoda sengaja dibudidaya untuk kebutuhan
konsumsi manusia, antara lain: European flat oysters (Ostrea edulis),
The Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), Sydney rock oyster
(Saccostrea commercialis), the northern quahog (Mercenaria
mercenaria), the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis), the Mediterranean
mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis), the New Zealand green-lipped
mussel (Perna canaliculus), the grooved carpet shell (Ruditapes
decussatus), the Japanese carpet shell (Venerupis philippinarum), the
pullet carpet shell (Venerupis pullastra), dan the Yesso scallop
(Patinopecten yessoensis).
• Cangkang kerang juga dapat dijadikan bahan pembuat kancing.
• Tiramdari famili Pteriidae dan kerang air tawar dari famili Unionidae
dan Margaritiferidae adalah sumber utama pembuatan mutiara
karena cangkangnya memiliki kilau.
 Ostrea edulis

Saccostrea commercialis

Mercenaria mercenaria

Bivalvia yang
Crassostrea gigas dibudidayakan Mytilus edulis
 Ruditapes decussatus

Mytilus galloprovincialis Perna canaliculus

Venerupis philippinarum

Venerupis pullastra Patinopecten yessoensis

Bivalvia yang dibudidayakan

 Pectinidae
Pteriidae Limidae
Isognomonidae Malleidae

Spondylidae Plicatulidae Anomiidae Placunidae Ostreidae

 Tridacnidae
Gryphaeidae Pholadidae Teredinidae Noetiidae

Pinnidae
Mytilidae Arcidae Laternulidae
Periplomatidae

Thraciidae Mactridae
Cucullaeidae Glycymerididae Crassatellidae
 Glauconomidae

Lucinidae Thyasiridae
Corbiculidae Petricolidae

Mesodesmatidae

Veneridae

Solenidae Donacidae
Semelidae Solecurtidae
 Psammobiidae
Tellinidae
Chamidae
Cardiidae

Carditidae Hemidonacidae Fimbriidae

Ungulinidae
 Anadara antiquata (Linnaeus, 1758)
kerang bulu (kerang gelatik)
Animalia (Kingdom)
Mollusca (Phylum)
Bivalvia (Class)
Pteriomorphia (Subclass)
• Size:Maximum shell length Arcida (Order)
10.5 cm, commonly to 7 cm. Arcoidea (Superfamily)
Arcidae (Family)
• Habitat, biology, and Anadara (Genus)
fisheries: On muddy bottoms.
Intertidal and sublittoral to a
depth of 25 m. Locally
collected for food in many
areas. Important commercial
species in Indonesia, based on
the exploitation of natural
beds.
 Anadara granosa (Linnaeus, 1758)
kerang darah

Pteriomorphia (Subclass)
Arcida (Order)
• Size: Maximum shell length 9 cm, commonly Arcoidea (Superfamily)
to 6 cm. Arcidae (Family)
Anadara (Genus)
• Habitat, biology, and fisheries: On muddy
bottoms,mainly in protected bays and
estuaries, or in mangroves. Often occurring in
dense populations. Intertidal and shallow
subtidal waters. Actively exploited or cultivated
in many areas of the Indo-West Pacific, this
species represents the most important
commercial ark. The name “blood cockle”,
often used for this species and for other large
species of Anadara and Scapharca, is due to
the respiratory pigment haemoglobin colouring
its tissues.
 Perna viridis (Linnaeus, 1758)
kerang hijau
Pteriomorphia (Subclass)
Mytilida (Order)
Mytiloidea (Superfamily)
Mytilidae (Family)
Mytilinae (Subfamily)
• Size: Maximum shell length 16.5 cm, commonly Perna (Genus)
to 8 cm.
• Habitat, biology, and fisheries: Byssally
attached to various hard objects or substrates.
Littoral and sublittoral to a depth of 20 m.
Intense exploitation from natural beds and
aquaculture in many areas. This is the
economically most important species of
Mytilidae in China, Taiwan, and southeast Asian
countries such as India, Myanmar, Thailand,
Singapore, Indonesia, and the Philippines. Also
introduced for culture in Fiji Islands and eastern
Polynesia. These figures comprise the
production of “Mytilus viridis” from Malaysia and
Singapore and also production reported under
the name “Mytilus smaragdinus” from the
Philippines and Thailand; they all refer to the
same species.
• Size: Maximum shell length 48 cm, commonly to 30 cm.
Atrina vexillum (Born, 1778)
kampak-kampak
• Habitat, biology, and fisheries: In sandy-mud bottoms,
or in sandy eel-grass patches on reefs sublittorally, from Pteriomorphia (Subclass)
depths of 1 to about 35 m. Because it attains a large size,
this common species is probably one of the most Ostreida (Order)
economically important members of the family in the Indo- Pinnoidea (Superfamily)
West Pacific. The large posterior adductor muscle is highly Pinnidae (Family)
prized as food, and the black shell carved by natives in Atrina (Genus)
Polynesia to make decorative ornaments or plates.
Beautiful but very fragile black pearls are sometimes
produced by the animal.
• Maximum shell length 50 cm, commonly to 40
cm. Embedded in muddy sand and reef flats,
in littoral and adjacent subtidal shallow waters
to depths of about 10 m. Pinna bicolor Gmelin, 1791
• Species of minor economic importance, locally
kapak-kapak
collected for subsistence purposes. Pteriomorphia (Subclass)
• Indo-West Pacific, from East and southeast Ostreida (Order)
Africa, including Madagascar, Mauritius Island, Pinnoidea (Superfamily)
the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, to New Pinnidae (Family)
Caledonia; north to Japan and south to South Pinna (Genus)
Australia. Generally absent from oceanic
islands of the central Indian Ocean and the
tropical West Pacific, but sporadically found in
Hawaii.
 Pinctada margaritifera (Linnaeus, 1758)
tapis-tapis
Pteriomorphia (Subclass)
Ostreida (Order)
Pterioidea (Superfamily)
Pteriidae (Family)
Pinctada (Genus)
• Size: Maximum shell height 25 cm, commonly
to 13 cm.
• Habitat, biology, and fisheries: On various
bottoms, byssally attached to hard substrates
at least in the young stages. Mainly in clear
water under the influence of currents. Often in
dense colonies. Littoral and sublittoral to a
depth of 20 m. This large-sized, edible species
is commonly used for the mother-of-pearl
industry and pearl trade in many areas of the
Indo-West Pacific. It produces highly prized
dark pearls, which are collected both from
natural banks and by aquaculture.
Pinctada maxima (Jameson, 1901)
kerang mutiara
Pteriomorphia (Subclass)
Ostreida (Order)
Pterioidea (Superfamily)
Pteriidae (Family)
Pinctada (Genus)
• Size: Maximum shell height 30 cm, commonly to 20
cm.
• Habitat, biology, and fisheries: On various bottoms,
byssally attached to hard substrates or objects, at least
in the young stages. Mainly in clear water under the
influence of currents. Often in dense colonies. Littoral
and sublittoral to a depth of 60 m; most common
sublittorally, from depths of 5 to 30 m. This large-sized,
edible species is abundantly used for the mother-of-
pearl industry and pearl trade and has a great
economic importance in many areas. Cultivated in
China, Thailand, New Guinea, and the Philippines.
 Pteria penguin (Röding, 1798)
kerang mutiara
Pteriomorphia (Subclass)
Ostreida (Order)
Pterioidea (Superfamily)
Pteriidae (Family)
Pteria (Genus)
• Size: Maximum shell length 30 cm,
commonly to 20 cm.
• Habitat, biology, and fisheries: Byssally
attached to rocks, corals, gorgonians and
other hard objects. Littoral and sublittoral,
from low tide levels to a depth of 35 m.
Collected for food and pearl trade.
Aquaculture in Thailand and in the central
Philippines.
• Distribution: Widespread in the Indo-West
Pacific, from East Africa and the Red Sea to
Fiji Islands; north to southern Japan and
south to northern Queensland.

Amusium pleuronectes (Linnaeus, 1758)
kipas-kipas
Pteriomorphia (Subclass)
Pectinida (Order)
Pectinoidea (Superfamily)
Pectinidae (Family)
Pectininae (Subfamily)
Amusiini (Tribe)
Amusium (Genus)
• Size: Maximum shell length 10 cm, commonly to
8 cm.
• Habitat, biology, and fisheries: On sand and
mud bottoms. Sublittoral, from depths of 10 to 80
m. Active local exploitation in Thailand. This
species is commercially fished in Taiwan.
• Distribution: Eastern Indian Ocean and tropical
western Pacific, from Myanmar and Indonesia to
Papua New Guinea; north to Taiwan and
southern Japan, and south to Queensland.
Spondylus squamosus Schreibers, 1793
tiram batu
Pteriomorphia (Subclass)
Pectinida (Order)
Pectinoidea (Superfamily)
Spondylidae (Family)
Spondylus (Genus)

• Size: Maximum shell height 10 cm, commonly

to 8 cm.
• Habitat, biology, and fisheries: Attached to
rocks or dead corals. Littoral and sublittoral to a
depth of 30 m. Collected for food in Fiji Islands
and the Philippines; shell used for shellcraft.
• Distribution: Indo-West Paific, from India to
Melanesia; north to Japan and south to
Queensland and New Caledonia.

Saccostrea cuccullata (Born, 1778)
tiram bakau
Pteriomorphia (Subclass)
Ostreida (Order)
Ostreoidea (Superfamily)
Ostreidae (Family)
Saccostreinae (Subfamily)
Saccostrea (Genus)
• Size: Maximum shell height 20 cm,
commonly to 10 cm.
• Habitat, biology, and fisheries: Attached
to various hard substrates, in marine,
estuarine and mangrove areas, often in
dense colonies. Intertidal and shallow
subtidal levels to a depth of 5 m. Artisanal
to industrial exploitation, from natural beds
and by aquaculture. This is a major
commercial species in many tropical
western Pacific countries.
 Heterodonta (Subclass)
Euheterodonta (Infraclass)
Imparidentia (Superorder)
Lucinida (Order)
Lucinoidea (Superfamily)
Lucinidae (Family)
Leucosphaerinae (Subfamily)
Anodontia (Genus

• Size: Maximum shell length 7.5 cm,

commonly to 5 cm.
Anodontia edentula
(Linnaeus, 1758) • Habitat, biology, and fisheries: In muddy
bottoms of estuarine and mangrove areas,
often buried just under the surface of the
substrate. Intertidal and sublittoral to a depth
of 20 m. Abundant in local markets of the
central Philippines, together with Austriella
corrugata.
• Distribution: Widespread in the Indo-West
Pacific, from East and South Africa, including
Madagascar and the Red Sea, to eastern
Polynesia; north to southern Japan and
Hawaii, and south to New South Wales.
 Heterodonta (Subclass)
Euheterodonta (Infraclass)
Imparidentia (Superorder)
Cardiida (Order)
Cardioidea (Superfamily)
Cardiidae (Family)
Tridacninae (Subfamily)
Hippopus (Genus)
Hippopus hippopus (Linnaeus, 1758)
kima pasir • Size: Maximum shell length 40 cm, commonly to 20
cm.
• Habitat, biology, and fisheries: On sandy bottoms
of coral reefs, in shallow water to a depth of 6 m.
Smaller specimens (up to about 15 cm in length) are
often attached to coral rubble by byssal strands,
while large and heavy specimens are unattached and
lack a byssus. Collected for food and shell, the latter
commonly used in the shellcraft industry.
• Distribution: Tropical eastern Indian Ocean to
western Pacific, from Andaman Islands to eastern
Melanesia; north to southern Japan and south to
Queensland.

Hippopus porcellanus Rosewater, 1982
kima Cina
Heterodonta (Subclass)
Euheterodonta (Infraclass)
Imparidentia (Superorder)
Cardiida (Order)
Cardioidea (Superfamily)
Cardiidae (Family)
Tridacninae (Subfamily)
Hippopus (Genus)
• Size: Maximum shell length 40 cm,
commonly to 20 cm. In shallow waters, on
sandy bottoms of coral reefs. Young
specimens often byssally attached to coral
heads, mature specimens lack a byssus and
lay unattached on the substrate. Collected
for food and shell. A major target of the
recent shell trade in the Philippines.
• Distribution: Restricted in the tropical
western Pacific; known from the southern
Philippines, Sulawesi (Celebes), Moluccas
and western Papua.

Tridacna crocea Lamarck, 1819
kima luang
Heterodonta (Subclass)
Euheterodonta (Infraclass)
Imparidentia (Superorder)
Cardiida (Order)
Cardioidea (Superfamily)
Cardiidae (Family)
Tridacninae (Subfamily)
Tridacna (Genus)
• Size: Maximum shell length 15 cm, commonly to
11 cm.
• Habitat, biology, and fisheries: Deeply burrowed
in coral masses of reef flats and coral head, with
the free valve margins nearly flush with the
substrate’s surface. In very shallow water to a
depth of about 20 m (when the water is clear).
Collected for food and shell trade. To remove the
clam, the coral must be broken and the stout
byssus undercut.
• Distribution: Tropical eastern Indian Ocean to
western Pacific, from Andaman Islands to Fiji
Islands; north to Japan and south to New
Caledonia and Queensland.

Tridacna derasa (Röding, 1798)
kima raksasa
Heterodonta (Subclass)
Euheterodonta (Infraclass)
Imparidentia (Superorder)
Cardiida (Order)
Cardioidea (Superfamily)
Cardiidae (Family)
Tridacninae (Subfamily)
Tridacna (Genus)
• Size: Maximum shell length 60 cm,
commonly to 50 cm.
• Habitat, biology, and fisheries: Outer
edge of coral reefs, in shallow water to a
depth of 20 m. Locally exploited for meat
and shell. This species was previously quite
abundant, but has been overcollected in
many areas. Aquaculture attempts being
made.
• Distribution: Tropical western Pacific, from
western Indonesia to eastern Melanesia;
north to the Philippines and south to New
South Wales.

Tridacna gigas (Linnaeus, 1758)
kima raksasa
Heterodonta (Subclass)
Euheterodonta (Infraclass)
Imparidentia (Superorder)
Cardiida (Order)
Cardioidea (Superfamily)
Cardiidae (Family)
Tridacninae (Subfamily)
Tridacna (Genus)
• Size: Maximum shell length 137 cm, commonly to
80 cm.
• Habitat, biology, and fisheries: On sand, in coral-
reef areas, from depths of 2 to 20 m. Exploited for
its meat and shell, this species has recently
become nearly extinct within an important part of its
range, due to overcollecting. Trials of aquaculture
under progress for the restocking of reefs and local
farming.
• Distribution: Eastern Indian Ocean and tropical
western Pacific, from southwestern Myanmar and
western Indonesia to Micronesia and eastern
Melanesia; north to southern Japan and south to
Queensland and New Caledonia.

Tridacna maxima (Röding, 1798)
kima raksasa
Heterodonta (Subclass)
Euheterodonta (Infraclass)
Imparidentia (Superorder)
Cardiida (Order)
Cardioidea (Superfamily)
Cardiidae (Family)
Tridacninae (Subfamily)
Tridacna (Genus)
• Size: Maximum shell length 35 cm,
commonly to 25 cm.
• Habitat, biology, and fisheries: On
reefs, partially embedded in corals.
Littoral and shallow water to a depth of 20
m. Collected for food and for the shell
trade. Aquaculture trials currently
underway.
• Distribution: Widespread in the Indo-
West Pacific, from East Africa, including
Madagascar, the Red Sea and the
Persian Gulf to eastern Polynesia; north
to Japan and south to New South Wales
and Lord Howe Island.

Tridacna squamosa Lamarck, 1819
kima sisik
Heterodonta (Subclass)
Euheterodonta (Infraclass)
Imparidentia (Superorder)
Cardiida (Order)
Cardioidea (Superfamily)
Cardiidae (Family)
Tridacninae (Subfamily)
Tridacna (Genus)
• Size: Maximum shell length 40 cm, commonly
to 30 cm.
• Habitat, biology, and fisheries: Attached by
a byssus to the surface of coral reefs, usually
in moderately protected localities such as reef
moats. Littoral and shallow water to a depth of
20 m. Collected for food and the shell trade.
• Distribution: Widespread in the Indo-West
Pacific, from East Africa, including
Madagascar, the Red Sea, but not the Persian
Gulf, to eastern Melanesia; north to southern
Japan and south to Queensland and New
Caledonia.
Polymesoda erosa (Lightfoot, 1786)
Heterodonta (Subclass)
Euheterodonta (Infraclass)
Imparidentia (Superorder)
Venerida (Order)
Cyrenoidea (Superfamily)
Cyrenidae (Family)
Polymesoda (Genus)
• Size: Maximum shell length 10.5 cm, commonly
to 7 cm.
• Habitat, biology, and fisheries: In muddy
bottoms, in fresh and brackish waters of
mangrove swamps, estuaries, and larger rivers.
Highly tolerant to surface dessication of its
habitat; can survive by aerial respiration at the
posterior mantle margin for a period of a few
days, and feed from subterranean water by
means of water exchange through a narrow
anterior gape of valves. Widely collected as food
in Asia.
• Distribution: Indo-West Pacific, from India to
Vanuatu; north to southern islands of Japan, and
south to Queensland and New Caledonia.

Meretrix meretrix (Linnaeus, 1758)
kepah
Heterodonta (Subclass)
Euheterodonta (Infraclass)
Imparidentia (Superorder)
Venerida (Order)
Veneroidea (Superfamily)
Veneridae (Family)
Meretrix (Genus)
• Size: Maximum shell length 7 cm, commonly to 6
cm.
• Habitat, biology, and fisheries: In sand and
muddy-sand bottoms. Intertidal and sublittoral
waters to a depth of about 20 m. An economically
important species outside the area (India, Korea,
China, Taiwan, and Japan). Artisanal exploitation
in Thailand, the Philippines, and Indonesia, with a
potential interest for export.
• Distribution: Widespread in the Indo-West
Pacific, from East Africa to the Philippines; north
to Japan and south to Indonesia.
 Anadara antiquata Perna viridis

Pinna bicolor

Anadara granosa Atrina vexillum

Spondylus squamosus Pinctada maxima Pteria penguin

Amusium pleuronectes

Pinctada margaritifera
Tridacna crocea Tridacna gigas

Tridacna squamosa

Tridacna derasa Tridacna maxima

Saccostrea cucullata Polymesoda erosa

Hippopus hippopus

Meretrix meretrix

Anodontia edentula Hippopus porcellanus