Fluida Kental
ALIRAN FLUIDA KENTAL DALAM PIPA TAK ELASTIS
• Pada fluida tak bergerak tidak ada gaya gesek yang dihasilkan.
• Jika fluida bergerak, maka gaya gesek akan timbul baik gaya gesek antar partikel
fluida atau partikel fluida dengan benda lain. Gaya gesek yang dihasilkan fluida
tersebut berasal dari viskositas dari fluida itu sendiri.
• Untuk menjelaskan bagaimana gaya gesek yang diakibatkan oleh viskositas
fluida ini kita dapat menggunakan dasar teori tegangan geser dan regangan
geser seperti yang ditunjukkan oleh Gambar sbb.
Gaya pada tegangan geser memiliki arah yang tegak lurus terhadap arah luas
permukaan. Pada regangan geser, perubahan bentuk akan semakin besar
jika pergeseran semakin besar.
Suku sebelah kiri disebut head tekanan dan suku sebelah kanan
disebut head ketinggian dan head kecepatan
Dalam hal khusus fluida kental mengalir dalam pipa
berpenampang lintangan homogen berlaku (v1 = v2 = v diameter
pipa D dan panjang pipa L).
Fluida beraliran laminar (NR < 2000) dan turbulen jika (NR >
3000) dan faktor gesekan diberikan oleh persamaan,
• The total head at point 0 must match with the total head at point 1,
adjusted for any increase in head due to pumps, losses due to pipe
friction and so-called "minor losses" due to entries, exits,
fittings, etc.
• Pump head developed is generally a function of the flow through
the system, with head rise decreasing with increasing flow through
the pump.
Friction Losses in Pipes
Friction losses are a complex function of the system geometry, the fluid
properties and the flow rate in the system. By observation, the head
loss is roughly proportional to the square of the flow rate in most
engineering flows (fully developed, turbulent pipe flow). This
observation leads to the Darcy-Weisbach equation for head loss due
to friction:
provides values within one percent of Colebrook over most of the useful range.
Calculating Head Loss for a Known Flow
From Q and piping determine Reynolds Number, relative roughness
and thus the friction factor. Substitute into the Darcy-Weisbach
equation to obtain head loss for the given flow. Substitute into the
Bernoulli equation to find the necessary elevation or pump head.
https://youtu.be/Kqvw7cjbZfE
Minor Losses
• Although they often account for a major portion of the head loss, especially in
process piping, the additional losses due to entries and exits, fittings and
valves are traditionally referred to as minor losses. These losses represent
additional energy dissipation in the flow, usually caused by secondary flows
induced by curvature or recirculation. The minor losses are any head loss
present in addition to the head loss for the same length of straight pipe.
• Like pipe friction, these losses are roughly proportional to the square of the
flow rate. Defining K, the loss coefficient, by