Topik 11b
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Nucleation Volume Change of Water with Decrease in Temperature
Before ice is formed a nucleus of water
molecule must be present H 2o
Homogeneous nucleation: H 2o
Volume
The probable orientation of
H 2o Anomalous behaviour
water molecules around a water
molecule nucleus. 4oC
Temperature Change of Pure Water during Ice Formation Critical Zone
Sensible heat
of water is Cw=4.18 kJ/kgK Size of ice crystals depends
removed
Es=mCw(T2‐T1) upon rate at which critical
T zone is crossed
T
Latent heat is removed Sensible heat
0oC of Ice is
L = 335 kJ/kg
removed
El=mL 0oC Large
crystals
Supercooling Ci =2.02 kJ/kgK
Small
time Ei=mCi(T2‐T1) crystals
time
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Changes in Foods Effect on Food
Food components
pigments, flavours, nutritionally important components
Lower vapor : Very little damage
pressure on Degradation : chloroplasts, vitamin (esp. vit. C)
ice surface
Browning of certain fruits and vegetables
Oxidation of lipids
Free water Cell wall Meat has more flexible muscle structure than plant tissues
tissue Therefore, damage to meat is less
Ice crystal
Higher vapor Drip loss
pressure on surface
Growing ice crystal If cells are permanently damaged, then cellular material
of free water
Slow freezing damages cell tissue doesn’t regain turgidity upon thawing and leeks out of
food.
Fast Freezing Very Fast Freezing
Smaller ice crystals are formed
inside and outside of cells. Inside water expands on
freezing
Same Vapour pressure inside and Less damage Ice crust formed on
outside of food This causes cracking of outside
foods
Water doesn’t migrate from free
to crystal region
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Pembekuan Pembekuan
Supachill Conventional
Kelebihan pembekuan cepat sel
dibanding pembekuan lambat : kristal es
Kristal es yang terbentuk kecil‐
kecil
Kerusakan mekanis lebih sedikit
Pencegahan pertumbuhan
sel
mikroba cepat
Kegiatan enzim cepat terhenti Kristal es
Mutu lebih baik
Thawed strawberries frozen with the Supachill method (left) compared to
conventional method (right). Note the darker color, unacceptable consistency
and water loss with conventional freezing (Courtesy: Dr. Pond)
Supachill Conventional
Thawed cantaloupe frozen with conventional method (left) and with Supachill (right).
Note the darker color, unacceptable consistency and water loss with conventional
freezing (Courtesy: Dr. Pond)
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The Basic Refrigeration Cycle Ideal Vapor‐Compression Refrigeration Cycle
Q out
C B
Condenser
Receiver Motor
Compressor
A
D Evaporator
Expansion valve
Q in
Cooled
stream out
(Dossat, 1991)