ASUHAN
KEPERAWATAN
PADA BAYI
PREMATUR
NS. HELDA SULISTIAWATI M.KEP,SP.KEP.AN
Kelahiran prematur,didefinisikan sebagai kelahiran
pada usia kehamilan <37 minggu,(Rios Et al., 2021)
2
WHY..?
3
Distribution of child and neonatal
deaths by cause
THE MOST COMMON COMPLICATIONS
OF PREMATURE BIRTHS:
Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)
Apnea and Bradycardia
Pneumonia
Inability to maintain body heat
Jaundice
Infection – Sepsis
Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH)
Immature gastrointestinal and
digestive system
Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC)
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP)
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD)
MEDIS
PENUNJANG KEPERAWATAN
GIZI FARMASI
TEORI KEPERAWATAN
Konservasi
Adaptasi Caring
energi
PROSES ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN
PENGKAJIAN
EVALUASI DIAGNOSIS
IMPLEMENTASI PERENCANAAN
PROSES ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN
PENGKAJIAN
MASALAH
KEPERAWATAN PERENCANAAN
EVALUASI
(SIKI & SLKI)
(SDKI)
IMPLEMENTASI
PROSES ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN
Pengkajian
(tanda dan
gejala)
Masalah
keperawatan
Luaran/kriteria
hasil
Prematur
Imaturitas
s.pernafasan Kerusakan
Hipoksemia, hiperkapnea
endotel kapiler
Kekurangan surfaktan dan epitel
duktus alveolus MK: bersihan
Asidosis respiratorik jalan nafas
Peningkatan Tegangan
(PaCO2 meningkat, Ph
permukaaan alveoli Tidak efektif
menurun,)
Respon inflamasi
Kolaps alveoli MK: gangguan
pertukaran gas
Pengembangan paru tidak Fase
Terbentuknya fibrin eksudasi
adekuat ↓ pengiriman oksigen ke jaringan (hipoksia)
MK Ketidakseimbangan
nutrisi kurang dari
MK: pola nafas MK: Gangguan kebutuhan tubuh Pembentukan membrna Permeabilitas
tidak efektif Ventilasi Spontan hyalin kapiler meningkat
Imaturitas S. Absorbsi dan
gastrointestinal motilitas usus yang
rendah, kontraksi
sfingter esofagus
Belum berkembangnya bawah lebih lambat,
kematangan dan pengosongan
koordinasi kemampuan lambung yang
menghisap dan menelan lambat
Peningkatan
residu lambung
Rsiko tinggi aspirasi
MK:Resiko
cedera
Intoleransi asupan
oral
MK: defisit nutrisi MK: resiko defisit
nutrisi
Penundaaan
pemberian
MK: Risiko Ketidak
nutrisi
seimbangan cairan
enteral dini
MK: Hipertermi
Imaturitas s. Imaturitas s. imunintas
termoregulasi
Lemak coklat minimal, kulit tips, Transfer IgG maternal melalui plasenta
trnasparan, ketidakmampuan
tidak terjadi
menggigil, area permukaan tubuh
yang lebih luas
Kompensasi: meningkatkan
konsumsi kalori dan oksigen utk
memproduksi panas tambahan
KEPERAWATAN
(SDKI) PREMATUR
Risiko
Ketidak
seimbang
MASALAH an Cairan
KEPERAWATAN
PREMATUR
(SDKI)
Manajemen
Jalan Nafas
INTERVENSI
(SIKI) PREMATUR
Manajemen
cairan,
Pemantauan
Cairan
INTERVENSI
(SIKI) PREMATUR
PROSES ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN
Luaran
/Kriteria Hasil
Implementasi
Evaluasi hasil
klinis dan target
Luaran
IMPLEMENTASI
19
IMPLEMENTASI
NIDCAP : NEWBORN
INDIVIDUALIZED
DEVELOPMENTAL CARE AND
ASSESSMENT PROGRAM
20
IMPLEMENTASI
Developmental care:
stimulasi minimal
perawatan metoda kanguru
modifikasi lingkungan
edukasi pada keluarga dan
pengaturan posisi bayi
(Gomella, Eyal, & Mohammed 2020) 21
IMPLEMENTASI
NIDCAP memiliki dua rekomendasi
Manajemen Nutrisi
(SIKI)
parenteral
•Bb >1500 gr : 60 – 80 – 100 – 120 – 150
Kebutuhan •Bb <1500 gr : 80 – 100 – 120 – 140 - 150
cairan
MENGIDENTIFIKASI METODA PEMBERIAN
•Mother own milk / donor human milk
NUTRISI
• Breast milk + human milk fortifier (HMF)
Jenis •Preterm formula
Nutrient
26
PEMANTAUAN NUTRISI Kangaroo mother care
Kangaroo care stabi Mothers who practice kangaroo mother care.
• MEMONITOR ASUPAN NUTRISI lizes the heart rate, kangaroo care report Most education
improves oxygen enhanced attachment interventions focusing
and bonding, more
saturation, better on the appropriate
confidence in caring
weight gain and introduction of comple
for their infant,
reduces crying in mentary feeding were
increased milk
associated with an
the infants. production, and more
increase in infants’
success at
(mohammadi weight and length
breastfeeding.
et al.,2021) (salmuth, 2021)
(Orahood, 2021)
27
28
Non nutritive sucking
NNS exercise provides Early non-nutritive sucking
APLIKASI NEURODEVELOMENTAL CARE / opportunities for enhanced breastfeeding
Provision of NNS on an infants to use their establishment at hospital
NEWBORN INDIVIDUALIZED DEVELOPMENTAL CARE emptied breast is a neuromuscular discharge in preterm
AND ASSESSMENT PROGRAM safe and low-cost structures, more infants < 34 weeks
infant and mother efficiently. The gestation. breastfeeding
targeted intervention skills is not only
combined sensory- dependent on
which can increase motor training neurophysiological
Positioning
exclusive programs have a maturation but on early
breastfeeding rates. synergistic incremental learning experiences.
(Fucile, Wener & Dow, effect on preterm (Reitzel, Dow & Fucile
2021) infants’ skill 2019)
Totally, 135 infants in three (Ostadi Et al., 2020)
groups were studied and the
results showed that minimum
and maximum gastric residual
There was same significan volumes were in prone (6.49 Early enteral nutrition during
result between the kangaroo ± 8.25 ML) and supine (12.59 prone positioning is
care position and prone ± 11.9 ML). the results suggested by the current
position regarding their showed Prone position was clinical guidelines
effects on residual volume featured with the lowest
(Ozdel & Sari, 2019) (Bruni et al., 2020)
gastric residual volume and
highest possibility of
absorbing nutrient
(Khatony et al., 2019)
29
30
31
APLIKASI NEURODEVELOMENTAL CARE /
NEWBORN INDIVIDUALIZED DEVELOPMENTAL CARE
AND ASSESSMENT PROGRAM
Massage Therapy
The implementation of a Massage therapy is
(MT) improves growth massage therapy and Massage therapy
parameters in preterm beneficial for preterm infant
kinesitherapy protocol is weight gain. significantly reduces the
infant. The growth of lean beneficial for the gastric residual volume and
mass rather than fat mass anthropometric massage therapy improved vomiting in preterm infants
has been associated with development of hospitalized daily weight gain by 5.07
better long-term outcomes g/day (Biarag & Mirghafourvand,
preterm infants. 2020)
(Elmoneim et al., 2021) (Lu et al., 2020)
(Alvarez et al.,2019)
32
33
34
MANAJEMEN NUTRISI
PEMANTAUAN NUTRISI
35