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1. Klasifikasi Sumberdaya dan cadangan
kcmi 2011
RESOURCES RESERVE
Inferred
Increment of Level of accuracy
(+/- 30-40%)
Indicated probable
(+/- 15%-30%
Modifying factor:
Legality, ownership,
environment, technical,
process, market, cost
Measured proven
(+/- 5%-15%)
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2. penentuan cadangan BIJIH
1. Sumberdaya kategori terukur dan terindikasi
2. Faktpr Pengubah (“modify factor”) adalah parameter yang
dipergunakan untuk “menentukan” keekonomian (Pre FS, Detail FS)
dari Sumberdaya yg perlu dikonfirmasi berdasarkan kajian kelayakan
ekonomi.
3. Factor Pengubah tersebut antara lain:
• Legal dan kepemilikan
• Lingkungan
• Teknik
• Pengolahan dan Pengangkutan
• Pemasaran
• Biaya (capex dan Opex)
Klasifikasi tidak memenuhi sumberdaya disebut “target eksplorasi” dan
Klasifikasi yang tidak memenuhi Cadangan disebut “iventori
penambangan”.
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2.1. Legal
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2.2. Pemerintahan
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2.3. Lingkungan hidup (LH):
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2.4. Sosial
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2.5. Pengangkutan dan Pengolahan:
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2.6. Pemasaran
• Tujuan:
• Terkait asesmen kelayakan teknis: memastikan eksistensi pasar
untuk produk tambang, dalam rangka sinkronisasi rencana
penjualan dan penjadwalan produksi;
• Terkait asesmen kelayakan: ekonomis: memastikan proyeksi
harga produk tambang, sampai akhir umur tambang
• Kriteria:
• Terkait asesmen kelayakan teknis: rencana penjualan = rencana
produksi, sampai akhir umur tambang.
• Terkait asesmen kelayakan ekonomis : proyeksi harga produk,
sampai akhir umur tambang
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• • Parameter:
2.7. Biaya an Keekonomian
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3.1. pendahuluan
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3.2. Clasifikasi dan tingkat ketelitian
(Aecom)
1. Class 5 (Order of Magnitude Estimate - Conceptual): intended
level of accuracy ± 50%.
2. Class 4 (Pre-Feasibility Estimate): intended level of accuracy ±
25%.
3. Class 3 (Feasibility Estimate): intended level of accuracy ± 15%.
4. Class 2 (Detailed Estimate - Control): intended level of accuracy ±
10%.
5. Class 1 (Definitive Estimate): intended level of accuracy ± 5%.
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3.3. Tipe-tipe Study
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3.4. Tingkat ukuran proyek (Conceptual
study)
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3.5. PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY
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3.6. Definitive/Detail Feasibility
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3.7. Karakteristik study
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3.8. PROGRESS KAJIAN
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4. Estimasi Biaya
1.Overall scope
2.Exclusions
3.Base date
4.Accuracy
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4.1. Estimasi Biaya Capex dan Opex
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4.2. Biaya Proyek Tambang
1.“thumb rule” dan Indeks
2.Perbandingan dengan proyek serupa
3.Diperkirakan dari parameter teknis yang luas
4.Perkiraan terperinci dari prinsip pertama
5.Kutipan dari kontraktor dan pemasok
6.Kompilasi biaya kontrak
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4.3. Estimasi Sesuai Tahapan
1. Eksplorasi
2. Pengembangan
3. Konstruksi dan Commissioning
4. Penggantian dan Kelanjutan Kapital
5. Penutupan
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4.3.1 Phase 1 – Explorasi
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4.3.2. Phase 2 - Evaluasi
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7.6.3. Phase 3 - Pengembangan
Pengembangan berarti membangun akses ke cadangan mineral,
dan persiapan lain untuk produksi komersial termasuk:
• Akses Jalan utama
• penggalian permanen
• jalan dan jembatan
• pemindahan lapisan penutup dan batuan sisa.
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4.3.4. Phase 4 - Konstruksi
Konstruksi berarti membangun fasilitas untuk mengekstraksi,
merawat, dan mengangkut produksi dari cadangan mineral.
Fasilitas-fasilitas ini termasuk infrastruktur, bangunan, mesin dan
peralatan.
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4.3.5. Phase 5 - Produksi
Produksi berarti kegiatan sehari-hari untuk memperoleh produk
yang dapat dijual dari cadangan mineral pada skala komersial. Ini
termasuk ekstraksi dan pemrosesan sebelum dijual.
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4.3.6. Phase 5 - Produksi
PER OUNCE
Direct mining expenses x
Stripping and mine development adjustments x
By-product credits x
Other x
Royalties x
Production taxes x
Depreciation x
Depletion amortisation x
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4.3.7. Phase 6 - Penutupan
Penutupan terjadi setelah operasi penambangan berhenti, dan
termasuk pemulihan bekas tambang
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4.4. CAPEX
1. Future Study Costs Preliminary Works
2. Mining-related costs (eg)
3. Process-related costs (eg)
4. Infrastructure costs (eg)
5. Other direct costs (various)
6. Carriage, insurance, freight (if not included above)
7. Contractor's Distributable
8. Indirect Costs
9. EPCM Costs
10. Owner's Costs
11. Contingency
• Total Capital Cost
1. Capitalised Spare Parts
• Total, Initial
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4.5. Cost category
1. Labor
2. Equipment
3. Bulk material
4. Contractor
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4.5.1. 1ST Principal Cost Estimation
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4.5. Subcontractor cost
1.Site clearance
2.Site development
3.Mine lateral development
4.Local excavations
5.Concrete structures and foundations vi. Structural steel
6.Architectural
7.Machinery and equipment ix. Piping
8.Electrical
9.Instrumentation
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4.6. OPEX
Mining Costs - Client Cost
Mining Costs - Contractor
Operating Cost - Infrastructure
Operating Cost - Haulage ROM to CPP
Operating Cost - CHPP
Admin and other overheads
Insurance
Rehabilitation costs
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5. Valuasi tambang
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5.2. Type properties dan methoda valuasi
Types Concession and Stage Dominated Methode
Very early stage Exploration (out crop and scout drill) Appraised value/cost approach,
market comparable
Early stage Exploration (with a several holes drilled with encouraging Appraised value/cost approach,
results) market comparable
Late stage Exploration (decision made to do a full bankable feasibility Discounted cash flow, market
study, pre-feasibility study already completed with positive results) comparables
Early development (a full bankable feasibility study completed and Discounted cash flow, market
the bank financing lined up; construction to begin in the next 6 comparables
months
Late development (full completion to be reached in the next 6 Discounted cash flow, market
months) comparables
Producing mine Discounted cash flow, market
comparables
Late stage producing mine (reserves to be depleted in 2 years; Discounted cash flow, market
limited further exploration potential ) comparables
Mine closed (equipment still on site, limited further exploration Salvage value
potential)
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5.3. PORTOFOLIO TAHAPAN TAMBANG
PORTOFOLIO
COST
RESIKO
STAGES Reconaisance Pre-Exploration Exploration Resources Definition Studies Reserve DefinitionDetail FS, Basic Design
Public domain, Mapping Geology, Detail Mapping, Geological Model, Scoping, FS, Mining Model, Detail FS, Basic
Satelite Regional, Aerial Geophysical Survey, Quality Model, Metalurgical studies, Schedule, Reserve Engineering
Survey, Sampling, Drilling, quality Resources Calculation Geotechnical, Calculation Design
Data and Ativities
public Domain Hydrogeological,
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5.4. Valuasi Teknik vs market
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5.5. methoda valuasi pendekatan geologi
Identifikasi Nilai Target (TV) = NPV dari keberhasilan pengembangan
target eksplorasi atau nilai pasar suatu sumber daya
Probabilitas penemuan target itu (P)
Minus biaya untuk menjelajah (C)
Menghasilkan Nilai yang Diharapkan (EV)
EV = P x TV - C
Eksplorasi dapat dibagi menjadi lima tahap:
1. pembuatan proyek,
2. eksplorasi pengintaian,
3. pengujian bor,
4. definisi sumber daya dan
5. Studi kelayakan
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5.6. Pendekatan geologi bertahap
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5.7. Contoh kasus 1.
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Tahapan explorasi
Perancangan tambang
produksi
Contoh kasus 1. tambang emas
Contoh kasus 1. tambang emas
5.8. Discounted Cash Flow
• Revenue : sales (ton) x unit price ($/ton)
( - ) operation cost
• ‘Gross Profit ‘after operation cost’
( - ) admin. cost
• EBITDA
(-)D&A
• EBIT
( - ) Interest
• EBT
( - ) Tax (kalau rugi = 0)
• Net Income
( +) D & A
• Cash flow from Operation
( - )Capex/ CIP
• Cash flow ‘before Financing’
( + ) New debt
• ( - ) Debt repayment
Cash flow
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5.9. Biaya
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6. KAJIAN RESIKO
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6.1. Pemetaan Resiko dalam kegiatan
Pertambangan. Political
Financial & Uncertainty
Political
Economic
Uncertainty
Science & Uncertainty
Technology
Investor Investor
Uncertainty Mining
Uncertainty Uncertainty
Complexity
Geological
Uncertainty Market &
Construction Mining Metallurgical Commodity
Uncertainty Uncertainty Uncertainty Pricing
Location Uncertainty
Uncertainty
Social & Social & Social & Social & Social & Social &
Environmental Environmental Environmental Environmental Environmental Environmental
Uncertainty Uncertainty Uncertainty Uncertainty Uncertainty Uncertainty
1. Tingkat kerugian
2. Kemungkinan Kejadian
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6.3. Tingkat Konsekwensi Kerugian
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6.4. Definisi Kemungkinan Kejadian
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6.5. RISK RATING MATRIX
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6.6. Peringkat resiko hawcroft
(hawcroftinsurance rating)
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6.7. Penanggulangan Resiko
• Ditanggung sendiri
• Asuransi
• Hedging (harga)
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7. Penutup dan Diskusi
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