Gerak dalam 1 dimensi

Sri Handani
Apa yang anda lihat dari
gambar?
PENDAHULUAN
Mekanika
Studi tentang gerak, konsep gaya, dan energi
terbagi menjadi
1. Kinematika
mempelajari gerak tanpa memperdulikan penyebab
2. Dinamika
mempelajari gaya2 penyebab gerak
 Gerak
 Apakah gerak itu?

– Terjadi perubahan posisi benda

– Terjadi dalam jangka waktu tertentu
 Variabel gerak
1. Posisi
2. Kecepatan
3. Percepatan
PENDAHULUAN
POSISI
 POSISI SEBUAH PARTIKEL (r) :
LETAK PARTIKEL TERSEBUT YANG
DITARIK DARI SUATU TITIK ACUAN O KE
PARTIKEL TERSEBUT
 PERPINDAHAN/DISPLACEMENT (Δr)
 JARAK (DISTANCE)
PENDAHULUAN
Kelajuan
pengukuran dari seberapa cepat benda bergerak
jarak
kelajuan
waktu
PENDAHULUAN
Kecepatan
Menyatakan besar dan arah kelajuan
 Kecepatan sesaat v  dr
dt
 Kecepatan rata-rata r
v
t
PENDAHULUAN

Beda kecepatan dan kelajuan

Bandingkan kedua gambar

mobil di atas memiliki kelajuan yang

tetap, tapi kecepatanya berubah
setiap saat.
Bagaimana dengan gambar
disamping?
PENDAHULUAN
Percepatan
PENDAHULUAN
Percepatan
 Menyatakan seberapa cepat kecepatan berubah
PENDAHULUAN
Percepatan

d2r dv
Percepatan sesaat a 2 
dt dt

v
Percepatan rata-rata a
t
 1-D kinematics
 In 1-D, we usually write position as x(t1 ).

 Since it’s in 1-D, all we need to indicate direction is + or .

 Displacement in a time t = t2 - t1 is
x = x(t2) - x(t1) = x2 - x1

x
x some particle’s trajectory
x 2 in 1-D
x
1

t1 t2 t
t
1D-KINEMATICS

 Velocity v is the “rate of change of position”

 Average velocity <v >in the time t = t2 - t1 is:

x(t2 )  x(t1 ) x
 v  
t 2  t1 t

x
x trajectory
x 2
Vav = slope of line connecting x1 and x2.
x
1

t1 t2 t
t
1D-KINEMATICS

 Consider limit t1 t2
 Instantaneous velocity v is defined as:

dx( t )
v( t ) 
dt

x so v(t2) = slope of line tangent to path at t2.

x
x 2

x
1

t1 t2 t
t
1D-KINEMATICS

 Acceleration a is the “rate of change of velocity”

 Average acceleration <a> in the time
t = t2 - t1 is:
v(t 2 )  v(t1 ) v
 a  
t 2  t1 t

 And instantaneous acceleration a is defined as:

dv ( t ) d 2 x( t )
a( t )  
dt dt 2

dx( t )
using v ( t ) 
dt
1D-KINEMATICS

 If the position x is known as a function of

time, then we can find both velocity v and
acceleration a as a function of time!

x
x  x( t )
dx
v  v
t
dt
dv d 2x
a  
dt dt 2
t
a

t
 1-D Motion with constant
acceleration
dv
 Also recall that a 
dt
 Since a is constant, we can integrate this using
the above rule to find:
v   a dt  a  dt  at  v 0
dx
 Similarly, since v  we can integrate
again to get: dt
1 2
x   v dt   ( at  v 0 )dt  at  v 0 t  x0
2
 Recap
 So for constant acceleration we
find: x

1
x  x0  v 0 t  at 2
2 t
v
v  v 0  at
a  const
t
a

1-D Motion with constant acceleration

 Derivation:
1
v  v 0  at x  x0  v 0 t  at 2
2

 Solving for t:  Plugging in for t:

 v  v0  1  v  v0 
2
v  v0 x  x0  v 0    a 
t  a  2  a 
a

v 2  v 0  2a( x  x0 )
2

1-D Motion with constant acceleration

 Contoh Gerak dalam 1 Dimensi

 Saat melemparkan bola lurus ke atas, yang manakah

di antara di bawah ini yang benar tentang kecepatan v
dan percepatan a pada titik tertinggi di lintasan
tersebut?

(a) keduanya v = 0 dan a = 0.

y
(b) v  0, tapi a = 0.

(c) v = 0, tapi a  0.
 Solusi

 Saat bola mengarah ke atas kecepatan bernilai

positif, saat ke arah bawah, kecepatanya bernilai
negatif. Pada posisi puncak, kecepatan sesaatnya
adalah nol.
x

 Karena adanya perubahan kecepatan

secara kontinu, haruslah ada t
v
percepatan.
Pada kenyataanya, percepatan t
diakibatkan oleh gravitasi (g = 9.81 m/s2).
(lebih lanjut pada kuliah tentang gravitasi) a
 Jawaban adalah (c) v = 0, tapi a  0.
t
 1-D Free-Fall
 This is a nice example of constant acceleration (gravity):
 In this case, acceleration is caused by the force of gravity:
– Usually pick y-axis “upward” y
– Acceleration of gravity is “down”:

ay   g t
v y  v 0  gt v
y
1 t
y  y0  v0 y t  g t2
2

a
y
t
ay =  g
1D Free fall
Problem:
 The pilot of a hovering
helicopter drops a lead
brick from a height of
1000 m. How long
does it take to reach 1000 m

the ground and how

fast is it moving when
it gets there? (neglect
air resistance)
1D Free fall
Problem:
 First choose coordinate system.
– Origin and y-direction.

 Next write down position equation:

1 2
y  y 0  v 0y t gt 1000 m
2

 Realize that v0y = 0.

1 2
y  y 0  gt
2 y

y=0
1D Free fall
Problem:
 Solve for time t when y = 0 given
that y0 = 1000 m.
2 y0 2  1000 m
t  2
 14.3 s
g 9.81 m s
y0 = 1000 m
 Recall:
v y2 - v 02y  2a( y - y 0 )

 Solve for vy:

v y   2 gy 0 y
 140 m / s
y=0
1D Free fall

 Alice and Bill are standing at the top of a cliff of

height H. Both throw a ball with initial speed v0,
Alice straight down and Bill straight up. The speed
of the balls when they hit the ground are vA and vB
respectively. Which of the following is true:

(a) vA < vB (b) vA = vB (c) vA > vB

Alice v0 Bill
v0
H
vA vB
1D Free fall

 Since the motion up and back down is symmetric, intuition should

tell you that v = v0
– We can prove that your intuition is correct:

Equation: v 2  v 02  2( g )H  H   0

Bill This looks just like Bill threw

v0 v = v0 the ball down with speed v0, so
the speed at the bottom should
H be the same as Alice’s ball.
y=0
1D Free fall

 We can also just use the equation directly:

Alice: v  v 0  2( g )0  H 
2 2
same !!
Bill: v 2
 v 02  2( g )0  H 

Alice v0 Bill
v0

y=0