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Teori Pilihan Karir John Holland

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Menurut pandangan John Holland, pilihan karir dan penyesuaian karir merupakan
perpanjangan dari kepribadian seseorang. Orang mengekspresikan diri, minat dan nilai
mereka, melalui pilihan dan pengalaman kerja mereka. Dalam teorinya, Holland berasumsi
bahwa kesan dan generalisasi orang tentang pekerjaan, yang disebutnya stereotip, pada
umumnya akurat. Dengan mempelajari dan menyempurnakan stereotip ini, Holland
menempatkan orang dan lingkungan kerja ke dalam kategori tertentu.

John Holland (1966, 1973, 1992, 1997) telah menerbitkan lima buku yang menjelaskan
teori tipologinya. Setiap buku mewakili pembaruan dan versi yang disempurnakan lebih
lanjut dari karya sebelumnya dalam pengembangan teorinya. Buku terbitan Agustus 1999 –
The Journal of Vocational Behavior – berisi 12 artikel yang menggambarkan kontribusi
John Holland selama 40 tahun pada teori pengembangan karir . Dua inventori psikologis
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yang penting dalam pengembangan teorinya: Vocational Preference Inventory (Holland,
1985) dan Self-Directed Search (Holland, 1994). Instrumen ini, dengan cara yang berbeda,
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mengukur kompetensi dan minat yang dirasakan sendiri, yang merupakan penilaian
terhadap kepribadian individu.. Holland mengakui bahwa teorinya hanya dapat menjelaskan Psychological Contract - Meaning and

sebagian dari variabel yang mendasari pemilihan karir. Dia dengan jelas menyatakan Importance

bahwa, model teoretisnya dapat dipengaruhi oleh usia, jenis kelamin, kelas sosial, Human Resource Metrics
kecerdasan, dan pendidikan. Dengan pemahaman tersebut, ia melanjutkan dengan
Kirkpatrick's Training Evaluation Model
menjelaskan bagaimana individu dan lingkungan berinteraksi satu sama lain melalui
pengembangan enam tipe kepribadian yaitu; Realistis, Investigatif, Artistik, Sosial, Important Soft Skills for Workplace
Enterprising, dan Konvensional. Baik individu maupun lingkungan terdiri dari kombinasi Success

tipe-tipe. Leader-Member Exchange Theory

(LMX)

Teori Pilihan Karir Holland – Enam Jenis Nepotism in the Workplace

Lingkungan dan Kepribadian Adoption of Strategic Human Resource

Development (SHRD) Practices in
According to Holland, people fall into either one of the six categories where they can fit
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best with their environment to best use their abilities, values, attitudes and skills. He
explained his theory by using a hexagon model to help define these categories. A person Human Resource Management (HRM)
would be more inclined towards any three sections which can help when making career in a Global Environment
choices. Holland (1992, 1997) describes the concept of social, environmental and Talent Retention Best Practices
biological factors affecting people’s preferences for particular activities. These preferred
activities soon become interests which develop into competencies. Holland himself has
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revised his theory and there have been many psychometric assessment tools developed on
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the basis of Holland’s theory. One example of such tools is the Self-Directed Search (SDS)
which evaluates the six personality types defined by Holland. These types in the hexagonal
 model are then matched with suitable professions considering the possible relationships
Translate English  the environment. Types that are next to each other
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between and within the individual and
on the model have more in common than the ones that are opposite. People whose profile
suggests their types are opposite would find difficulty finding jobs/professions that cover
all aspects of their personality. The focal point of Holland’s findings is that people who have
similar personalities would avail similar employment opportunities.

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1. Realistic Global Business Environment

The Realistic Environment – The Realistic (R) environment makes physical demands on Healthcare Management
the person. Such work settings have tools, machines, or animals that the individual
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manipulates. In such a setting, individuals are required to have technical competencies
that will allow them to do such things as fix machines, repair electronic equipment, drive Industrial Marketing

cars or trucks, herd animals, or deal with other physical aspects of their environment. Information Systems Management
The ability to work with things is more important than the ability to interact with other
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people. Construction sites, factories, and auto garages are examples of environments
that provide machinery or other things for Realistic people to master. Some Realistic International Business Laws
environments require a great deal of physical agility or strength, such as roofing, outdoor International Finance
painting, and pipe fitting. These environments may be hazardous and may produce more
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physical illness or accidents than other work environments.

The Realistic Personality Type – Realistic people are likely to enjoy using tools or Legal Framework

machines in their hobbies or work. They tend to seek to develop competencies in such Logistics Management
areas as plumbing, roofing, electrical and automotive repair, farming, and other technical
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disciplines. They are apt to like courses that are very practical and teach the use of
mechanical or physical skills. Realistic people are likely to have little tolerance of Management Case Studies
abstract and theoretical description. Often, they approach problems, whether
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mechanical or personal, in a practical or problem-solving manner.
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2. Investigative
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The Investigative Environment –  The Investigative (I) environment is one in which

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people search for solutions to problems through mathematical and scientific interests
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and competencies. In such a situation, people are encouraged to use complex and
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abstract thinking to solve problems creatively. Examples of occupations that offer the
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 opportunity to use analytical thinking skills are computer programmer, physician, MBA Career
Translate English teacher, veterinarian, and research and development
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mathematician, biologist, science
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manager. In each of these environments, cautious and critical thinking is valued.
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Individuals are likely to need to use logic and precise methodical thinking in order to find
solutions to problems in these fields. These jobs require that people use their intellect to Operations Management
work independently to solve problems. They are not required or encouraged to use
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human relations skills to solve problems, nor are they likely to need to use machines. For
example, a computer programmer uses logic to figure out solutions to problems (an Personal Finance

Investigative environment), whereas the computer technician works with machinery and Project Management
may assemble it or fix it (a Realistic environment).
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The Investigative Personality Type – The Investigative person is likely to enjoy puzzles
and challenges that require the use of intellect. Such a person is apt to enjoy learning Research Methodology

and to feel confident about his or her ability to solve mathematical and scientific Retail Management
problems. Such people often enjoy reading about science and discussing scientific
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issues. They seek to work independently to solve problems such as mathematical or
scientific questions. They are likely to enjoy courses in math, physics, chemistry, biology, Strategic Management
geology, and other physical or biological sciences. They are not likely to enjoy Supply Chain Management
supervising other people or dealing directly with personal problems, but they may enjoy
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analyzing or searching for solutions to psychological problems.

3. Artistic
The Artistic Environment – The Artistic (A) environment is one that is free and open,
encouraging creativity and personal expression. Such an environment offers much
freedom in developing products and answers. Examples of occupations in which people
can use creative and unconventional ways to express themselves are musician, fine
artist, and freelance writer. Such settings allow people to dress the way they wish, keep
few appointments, and structure their own time. These work environments encourage
personal and emotional expression rather than logical expression. If tools are used, they
are used to express oneself (for example, a clarinet or a paintbrush) rather than as a
means to complete a task (for example, an electric drill or a wrench).

The Artistic Personality Type –  The Artistic person likes the opportunity to express
himself or herself in a free and unsystematic way, creating music, art, or writing. Such
people may use instruments to do this, such as a violin, the voice, sculpting tools, or a
word processor. They are likely to want to improve their ability in language, art, music, or
writing. Originality and creativity are particularly important in expression. To use a
painted by-numbers kit would be deeply offensive to an Artistic type, who needs and
desires the opportunity to express herself or himself in a free and open manner. A pure
Artistic type would dislike technical writing and would prefer writing fiction or poetry.

4. Social
The Social Environment – The Social (S) environment is one that encourages people to
be flexible and understanding of each other, where people can work with others through
helping with personal or career problems, affecting others spiritually, and being socially
responsible. The Social environment emphasizes human values such as being idealistic,
kind, friendly, and generous. These ideals most commonly exist in the education, social
service, and mental health professions. Examples of these occupations are elementary
school teacher, special education teacher, high school teacher, marriage counselor,
counseling psychologist, speech therapist, school superintendent, and psychiatrist.

The Social Personality Type –  The Social person is interested in helping people through
teaching, helping with personal or vocational problems, or providing personal services.
Social people enjoy solving problems through discussion and teamwork rather than
through delegation. Preferring to talk and resolve complex problems that may be ethical
or idealistic in nature, they often choose to avoid working with machines. They seek out
environments where they can use verbal and social skills, such as in education, welfare,
and mental health.

5. Enterprising
The Enterprising Environment – The Enterprising (E) environment is one where people
manage and persuade others in order to attain organizational or personal goals. These
are situations where finance and economic issues are of prime importance and risks
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may be taken to achieve rewards. In such an environment people tend to be self-

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confident, sociable, and assertive. It’s an environment where promotion and power are
important, and
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persuasion and selling take place. Examples of Enterprising
 environments are sales work, buying, business management, restaurant management,
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 insurance, and lobbying. All of these environments Translation
politics, real estate, the stock market,
provide the opportunity for power, status, and wealth.

The Enterprising Personality Type –  The acquisition of wealth is particularly important

for Enterprising people. They enjoy being with others and like to use verbal skills in order
to sell, persuade, or lead. They tend to be assertive and popular, trying to take on
leadership positions. They enjoy working with people but prefer to persuade and manage
rather than to help.

6. Conventional
The Conventional Environment –  Organization and planning best describe the
Conventional (C) environment. Much of the Conventional environment is an office
environment, where one needs to keep records, file papers, copy materials, and organize
reports. In addition to written material, the Conventional environment includes
mathematical materials, such as bookkeeping and accounting records. Word
processing, calculating, and copy machines are the type of equipment that is found in a
Conventional environment. Competencies that are ‘needed to work well in a
Conventional environment are clerical skills, an ability to organize, dependability, and an
ability to follow directions.

The Conventional Personality Type – The Conventional person is one who values
money, being dependable, and the ability to follow rules and orders. These people prefer
being in control of situations and not dealing with ambiguous requests. They enjoy an
office environment where their values of earning money and following rules, regulations,
and guidelines can be met. Their strengths are their clerical and numerical ability, which
they use to solve straightforward problems in their environment; Their relationships they
tend to be directed toward accomplishing tasks and establish approach to problems.

Many inventories and career assessment tools use the typology to enable individuals to
categorize their interests and personal characteristics in terms of combinations of the six
types: Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, or Conventional(RIASEC).
Holland’s typological theory specifies a theoretical connection between personality and
environment that makes it possible to use the same RIASEC classification system for both
persons and fields of study or occupations.

According to RIASEC theory, if a person and an environment have the same or similar
codes, e.g., Investigative person in an Investigative environment, then the person will likely
be satisfied and persist in that environment. This satisfaction will result from individuals
being able to express their personality in an environment that is supportive and includes
other persons who have the same or similar personality traits. It should be noted that
neither people nor environments are exclusively one type but rather combinations of all six
types. Their dominant type is an approximation of an ideal, modal type. The profile of the
six types can be described in terms of the degree of differentiation (flat or uneven profile),
consistency (level of similarity of interests or characteristics on the RIASEC hexagon for
the first two letters of a three-letter Holland code), or identity (stability characteristics of the
type). Each of these factors moderates predictions about the behavior related to the
congruence level between a person and an environment. Persons and environments are
typically described proportionally in terms of the most highly weighted three of the six
Holland types, e.g., Lawyer, ESI; Accounting, CEI.

Almost any social setting, e.g., a family-owned business, a classroom, or a work group,
might be characterized in terms of a RIASEC environment. Every aspect of Holland’s Theory
of Career Choice can be applied to different kinds of environments.
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