Eccentrically Loaded

Bolted Connections

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Eccentric Shear

 In general, specifications for bolts and welds clearly state

that the center of gravity of the connection should coincide
with the center of gravity of the member, unless the
eccentricity is accounted for in the calculations.
 However, the eccentricity between the gravity axes and the
gage lines of bolted members may be neglected for statically
loaded members.
 Analysis can be carried out using elastic or plastic analyses

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Geser Eksentris
 Terjadi akibat gaya P
pada sambungan baut
yang garis kerjanya tidak
melalui titik berat
kelompok baut
 Perhitungan dilakukan
dengan mengambil
beban ekivalen P yang
melalui titik berat
kelompok baut dan
momen M = P e , dimana
e adalah eksentrisitas
gaya

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Geser Eksentris
 Analisis Elastis
 Asumsi: tidak ada gesekan antara plat dengan baut
yang elastik
 Umumnya konservatif
 Analisis Plastis:
 Asumsi: kelompok baut berputar terhadap suatu
pusat rotasi sesaat, dan deformasi baut sebanding
dengan jarak baut dari pusat rotasi
 Hasil analisis dianggap lebih rasional

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Elastic Analysis

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Elastic Analysis
 Tinjau momen yang bekerja pada sambungan
 Rotasi diasumsikan menghasilkan gaya r1, r2,
r3, dan r4 pada baut, dengan keseimbangan:

 Baut elastik dengan luas yang sama  gaya

baut sebanding dengan jaraknya terhadap
titik berat kelompok baut

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Elastic Analysis
 Substitusi pada persamaan keseimbangan

 Gaya pada setiap baut (bekerja tegak lurus terhadap garis

yang menghubungkan baut ke pusat sambungan)

 Komponen gaya pada baut di arah vertical dan horizontal:

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Plastic Analysis –
Instantaneous Center
of Rotation

 If one of the outermost bolts in an eccentrically loaded connection begins

to slip or yield, the connection will not fail. Instead, the magnitude of the
eccentric load may be increased, the inner bolts will resist more load, and
failure will not occur until all of the bolts slip or yield
 The eccentric load tends to cause both a relative rotation and translation
of the connected material  equivalent to pure rotation of the connection
about a single point called the instantaneous center of rotation
 The deformations of bolts are assumed to vary in proportion to their
distances from the instantaneous center

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Plastic Analysis –
Instantaneous Center
of Rotation
 Assumed bearing type connection
 The ultimate shear force of the
bolt depends on the load-
deformation relationship

 Rult is the ultimate shear load

for a single fastener
 Δ is the total deformation of a
bolt (maximum value is 0.34 in.
or 8.6 mm)
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Plastic Analysis –
Instantaneous Center
of Rotation

 Find ICR using trial and error procedure

 After location of ICR is known, R and Pu can be calculated

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Bolts Subjected to Shear
and Tension

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Kombinasi Geser dan Tarik

 Beban yang bekerja pada sambungan menyebabkan baut

mengalami gaya geser dan tarik sekaligus
 Dibedakan untuk sambungan tipe friksi dan sambungan tipe
tumpu
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Shear and Tension –
Bearing Type Connection
 Strengths can be represented by
interaction curve

 If the required stress, f, in either shear or tension, is equal to or

less than 30 percent of the corresponding available stress, it is
not necessary to investigate the effect of combined stress.
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Shear and Tension –

Slip-Critical Connection
 Clamping force will be reduced due to axial forces
 The design shear strength must be decreased in some
proportion to the loss in clamping or prestress
 Bolts in a slip-critical connection subjected to combined shear
and tension, use reduction factor for Rn:

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Eccentrically Loaded Bolts in Shear

and Tension
 Bolt group is loaded such that the eccentricity is normal
to the plane of the faying surface

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Eccentrically Loaded Bolts in Shear
and Tension
 Two design approaches to calculate tensionbased on
location of neutral axis

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Eccentrically Loaded Bolts in Shear

and Tension
 Shear distributed equally to each bolt

 Calculate tension, then combined forces must be checked using

interaction equation

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Eccentrically Loaded Bolts
in Shear and Tension
 Case I
 Assume a trial position for neutral axis
 Calculate width of compression zone below neutral axis

 Calculate moments (equilibrium)

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Eccentrically Loaded Bolts

in Shear and Tension
 Case I
 Adjust position of neutral axis until equilibrium satisfied
 Determine tensile force in each bolt

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Eccentrically Loaded Bolts
in Shear and Tension
 Case II
 Assume neutral axis at the center of bolt group
 Determine tensile force in each bolt

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Tension Loads on
Bolted Joints

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Sambungan Baut dengan
Beban Tarik Aksial
 Merupakan sambungan umum pada
batang tarik atau penggantung (hanger)

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Kapasitas Tarik Baut

 Kapasitas nominal tarik per baut
Rn  As fu
As = π/4*(db-0.9743/n)^2
fu = kuat tarik baut (MPa)

Karena As = 0.75 Ab s/d 0.79 Ab maka

Rn  0.75 Ab  fu
Ab = Luas bruto satu baut

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Prying Action
 Tensile connection
subjected to prying
action if flanges are
thin and flexible and
have no stiffeners
 Additional force in
bolts from prying
action should be added
to tensile force from
the applied forces

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Prying Action
 Only present in bolted connections,
caused by deformation of the
connecting elements when tensile
forces are applied
 Can be corrected by using thick
flanges or adding stiffener
 Number of rows of bolts should be
limited because a large percentage of
the load is carried by the inner rows
of multi-row connections, even at
ultimate load

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Prying Action
 Can be excluded if thickness of connected parts follows

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