Perencanaan

Sambungan Las

SI 3212 Set 9 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 1

Pengelasan
 Pengelasan merupakan penggabungan komponen dari logam
melalui pemanasan sampai suatu kondisi plastik atau leleh
sehingga komponen yang ada melebur menjadi satu
 Proses pengelasan dapat melibatkan tekanan/pressure serta
material pengisi (filler)
 Standar /peraturan pengelasan: American Welding Society (AWS)
 AWS A2.4 Standard symbols for welding, brazing, and non-destructive
examination
 AWS A3.0 Standard welding terms and definitions
 AWS B1.10 Guide for the nondestructive examination of welds
 AWS B2.1 Specification for Welding Procedure and Performance Qualification
 AWS D1.1 Structural welding (steel)
 AWS D1.5 Bridge welding
 AWS D1.6 Structural welding (stainless steel)
 AWS D3.6R Underwater welding (Offshore & inland pipelines)
SI 2101 - Set 3D - Sem. 1/2020 2

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Sambungan Las

SI 3212 Set 9 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 3

Sambungan Las

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Sambungan Las

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Sambungan Las

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 Sambungan Las
 Keuntungan:
 Harga konstruksi dapat lebih murah karena berkurangnya
pemakaian material baja untuk sambungan (plat buhul)
 Perlu untuk beberapa jenis sambungan tertentu (contoh: pipa)
 Sambungan dan sistem struktur lebih kaku
 Komponen struktur tersambung secara kontinu
 Mudah untuk membuat perubahan disain struktur
 Tingkat kebisingan pengerjaan lebih rendah
 Kerugian:
 Mengurangi kemampuan fatigue (lelah) bahan
 Meningkatkan tegangan residu di daerah sambungan
 Meningkatkan kegetasan baja
 Sulit menjamin kualitas las yang baik, terutama untuk las atas
SI 2101 - Set 3D - Sem. 1/2020 7

Welding
 Two common types:
 Arc welding: use an electrical arc to melt the work
materials as well as filler material (sometimes called the
welding rod) for welding joints
 Torch/gas welding: use an oxyacetylene torch to melt the
working material and welding rod

https://science.howstuffworks.com/welding3.htm
SI 2101 - Set 3D - Sem. 1/2020 8

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 Metoda Pengelasan
 Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)
 Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)
 Gas Metal Arc Welding (GAW)
 Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW)
 Electrogas Welding (EGW)
 Electroslag Welding (ESW)
 Stud Welding

SI 3212 Set 9 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 9

Arc Welding Methods

1. Las Busur Logam Berpelindung
(Shielded Metal Arc Welding,
SMAW)
Metoda pengelasan paling tua,
sederhana, dan umum
dilakukan

2. Las Busur Terbenam

(Submerged Arc Welding, SAW)
Berkualitas tinggi, kekuatan
dan toughness yang baik,
densitas tinggi, dan ketahanan
korosi yang baik

SI 2101 - Set 3D - Sem. 1/2020 10

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Arc Welding Methods
3. Las Busur Logam Gas (Gas
Metal Arc Welding, GMAW)
• Kecepatan transfer material
pengisi tinggi, pelindung
gas terbentuk merata di
sekitar lelehan las
• Timbul percikan akibat
dorongan gas sehingga
permukaan kasar

4. Las Busur Berinti Fluks (Flux

Cored Arc Welding, FCAW)
Mirip GMAW kecuali elektroda
logam pengisi yang
diumpankan berbentuk
tabulas dan mengandung fluks
SI 2101 - Set 3D - Sem. 1/2020 11

Tipe Elektroda (Arc Welding)

 Material dasar las berupa elektroda
 Bentuk dan karakteristik elektroda ditentukan metoda pengelasan
 Batang elektroda (stick)  metoda pengelasan busur logam
berpelindung dan busur terbenam
 Gulungan kawat elektroda  metoda las busur logam gas

 Elektroda berbentuk tabular dan mengandung material fluks 

metoda pengelasan las busur berinti fluks

Type of Tensile Yield Percent

Electrodes Strength Strength Elongation
60 ksi 50 ksi
E60XX 17-25
(414 MPa) (345 MPa)
70 ksi 57 ksi
E70XX 22
(482 MPa) (393 MPa)
80 ksi 67 ksi
E80XX 19
(551 MPa) 462 MPa)
https://www.bgstructuralengineering.com
/BGSCM14/BGSCM002/BGSCM00202.
SI 2101 - Set 3D - Sem. 1/2020 htm 12

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Weld
Positions

SI 3212 Set 9 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 13

Type of Weld Joints

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Tipe Sambungan Las
 Sambungan sebidang (butt joint)
 Digunakan untuk pelat datar dengan
ketebalan yang sama/mirip
 Tidak ada eksentrisitas beban
 Umumnya lebih estetis
 Ujung yang disambung perlu
dipersiapkan
 Sambungan lewatan (lap joint)
 Umum digunakan karena mudah
dipadukan (ease of fitting) dan mudah
disambungkan (ease of joining)
 Dapat digunakan untuk tebal pelat
yang berlainan

SI 3212 Set 9 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 15

Tipe Sambungan Las

 Sambungan tegak (tee joint)
 Terutama digunakan untuk
penampang tersusun seperti plate
girder, stiffener, atau bentuk I
 Sambungan sudut (corner joint)
 Digunakan untuk penampang
tersusun bersudut (misalnya
berbentuk kotak)
 Sambungan sisi (edge joint)
 Bukan sambungan struktural, dan
hanya digunakan untuk mencegah
pergeseran komponen

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Jenis Las
 Las tumpul (groove weld)
 Digunakan untuk sambungan elemen
yang sebidang (berada pada bidang
yang lurus)
 Harus memiliki kekuatan yang sama
dengan batang yang disambung
 Terbagi dua tipe:
 Las tumpul penetrasi penuh (full
penetration): menjangkau seluruh
tebal pelat yang disambungkan
 Las tumpul penetrasi sebagian
(partial penetration): tidak
menjangkau seluruh tebal pelat
yang disambungkan
https://www.steelconstruction.info/Weldin
g
SI 2101 - Set 3D - Sem. 1/2020 17

Las Tumpul

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Jenis Las
 Las sudut (fillet weld)
 Paling banyak digunakan
karena mudah, hemat, dan
bisa diadaptasi dalam
berbagai bentuk
 Umumnya berbentuk
segitiga sama kaki pada
pelat yang disambung
 Bentuk permukaan las
bervariasi (cekung atau
cembung)

https://www.steelconstruction.info/Weldin
g
SI 2101 - Set 3D - Sem. 1/2020 19

Las
Sudut

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Jenis Las
 Las baji dan pasak (slot and plug weld)
 Umumnya digunakan bersama dengan las sudut
 Berguna untuk menyalurkan gaya geser pada sambungan
lewatan jika ukuran las sudut terbatas oleh panjang yang
tersedia

SI 3212 Set 9 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 21

Tipe Sambungan dan Las

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Simbol
Las

SI 3212 Set 9 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 23

Contoh
Simbol Las

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Dimensi Las Sudut (Fillet Weld)

 Permukaan Las
 Kaki Las (size)
 Luas Las
 Tebal Las (throat)

SI 3212 Set 9 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 25

Luas Efektif Las

 Kekuatan las ditentukan oleh luas efektif las
 Luas efektif dari las sudut atau las tumpul adalah
tebal efektif dikalikan dengan panjang efektif las
 Panjang efektif minimum pengelasan (Le)
 Didasarkan pada pertimbangan bahwa selalu ada
bentuk peruncingan pada awal dan akhir pengelasan
 Panjang las efektif yang diperhitungkan bukan
merupakan panjang pengelasan

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Tebal Efektif Las (te)
 Las Tumpul
 Tebal minimum las
tumpul adalah jarak
antara permukaan luar
las (tidak termasuk
perkuatannya)
terhadap kedalaman
penetrasinya yang
terkecil
 Pada sambungan
antara bagian yang
membentuk T atau
siku, ukuran las
penetrasi penuh
adalah tebal bagian
yang menumpu
SI 3212 Set 9 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 27

Tebal Efektif Las (te)

 Las Tumpul
 Las tumpul penetrasi penuh, tebal efektif las sama dengan
ukuran las atau sama dengan ketebalan pelat tertipis yang
disambungkan
 Las tumpul penetrasi sebagian, tebal efektif las adalah:
 Jika sudut antara bagian yang disambung ≤ 60°
- Satu sisi : te = (d-3)mm
- Dua sisi : te = (d3+d4 -6)mm
 Jika sudut antara bagian yang disambung > 60°
- Satu sisi : te = d mm
- Dua sisi : te = (d3+d4) mm
Catatan: d adalah kedalaman yang dipersiapkan untuk las
(d3 dan d4 adalah nilai untuk tiap sisi las).
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Tebal Efektif Las (te)
 Las Sudut
 Tebal efektif las sudut: jarak nominal
terkecil dari titik sudut pertemuan pelat
yang disambung ke muka las teoritis
 Untuk las sudut yang kakinya membentuk
segitiga sama kaki, tebal efektif las adalah
0.707 kali panjang kaki las.
 Untuk las sudut yang kakinya tidak sama
panjang, tebal efektif las harus dihitung
sebagai jarak terkecil sesuai dengan
bentuk geometri las
 Untuk las sudut dengan metoda
pengelasan SAW, tebal efektif las untuk
panjang kaki yang sama atau lebih kecil
dari 9.5 mm diambil sama dengan panjang
kaki las dan untuk panjang kaki yang lebih
besar dari 9.5 mm diambil sebesar 0.707
kali panjang kaki las (untuk bentuk segitiga
sama kaki) ditambah 2.8 mm.
SI 3212 Set 9 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 29

Batasan Ukuran Las Sudut

 Panjang efektif las sudut
 Seluruh panjang las sudut berukuran penuh
 Minimal 4 kali ukuran las
 Ukuran las ditentukan oleh panjang kaki
 Jika panjang kaki berbeda, a1 dan a2
 Jika panjang kaki sama, a1=a2= te/0.707

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Batasan Ukuran Las Sudut
 Tebal Minimum Las Sudut
Tebal Pelat Paling Tebal, Tebal Minimum Las Sudut,
t (mm) tw (mm)
t < 7 3
7 < t < 10 4
10 < t < 15 5
15 < t 6

 Tebal Maksimum Las Sudut

 Komponen dengan tebal kurang dari 6.4 mm: diambil setebal
komponen yang disambung
 Komponen dengan tebal 6.4 mm atau lebih: diambil 1.6 mm kurang
dari tebal komponen yang disambung, kecuali bila dalam rancangan
disebutkan tebal rencana las tertentu

SI 3212 Set 9 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 31

Strength of Welds

 Stress in a fillet weld is equal the load divided by the effective

throat area of the weld
 Transverse fillet welds are stronger than ones loaded parallel
to the weld’s axis
 Transverse fillet welds are more uniformly stressed over their
entire lengths
 Failure occurs at angles other than 45°, giving them larger
effective throat areas
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 Welding Quality

SI 3212 Set 9 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 33

Kualitas Sambungan Las

 Keys to good welding
 Establishment of good welding procedures
 Use of prequalified welders
 Employment of competent inspectors in workshop and field
 Faktor yang mempengaruhi kualitas sambungan las:
 Diameter elektroda sesuai dengan alat las
 Persiapan ujung-ujung pelat yang disambung pada las tumpul
 Kontrol distorsi akibat susut karena pengelasan yang tidak simetri
 Prosedur pengelasan, termasuk posisi pengelasan

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 Welding
 Consider distortion resulting from non-uniform heating
of welding process  when molten weld metal cools,
it shrinks, causing deformation of material and
introducing residual stresses into structure
 Distortion produced by welding can be controlled by
proper sequencing of welds and pre-deforming
components prior to welding
 Residual stresses frequently cause cracks outside weld
area
 Steel weldability is related to hardness  in general
harder steels are more difficult to weld

Ref: Mamlouk and Zaniewski, Materials

for Civil and Construction Engineers SI 2101 - Set 3D - Sem. 1/2020 35

Welding and Carbon Equivalent

 Carbon equivalent of steels and associated zone chart are
used for determining the need to preheat steel to control the
development of hydrogen in the welded steel
 Zone I—Cracking is unlikely, but may occur with high hydrogen or
high restraint. Use hydrogen control method to determine preheat.
 Zone II—The hardness control method and selected hardness shall
be used to determine minimum energy input for single-pass fillet
welds without preheat.
 Zone III—The hydrogen control method shall be used.

Ref: Mamlouk and Zaniewski, Materials

for Civil and Construction Engineers SI 2101 - Set 3D - Sem. 1/2020 36

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 Heat Affected Zone
 Base material adjacent to weld is heated to a
temperature that may be sufficient to affect its
metallurgy
 Material affected in this manner is termed the heat-
affected zone, HAZ
 Material in HAZ is a high-risk area for failure, especially
if proper preheating and cooling procedures are not
followed

Ref: Mamlouk and Zaniewski, Materials

for Civil and Construction Engineers SI 2101 - Set 3D - Sem. 1/2020 37

Welding Quality
 Cacat/ketidaksempurnaan pada sambungan las
 Material yang digabungkan gagal melebur menjadi satu
(incomplete fusion)
 Ketebalan las tidak mencukupi (inadequate joint penetration)
 Porositas (porosity)
 Las masuk ke material dasar (undercutting)
 Adanya residu (slag inclusion)
 Retak (crack)

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Cacat pada
Sambungan
Las

SI 3212 Set 9 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 39

Weld Discontinuities
 Profile Defects
 Undercut, Underfill,
Overlap, Concavity,
Convexity, Excess
reinforcement
 Volumetric Defects
 Porosity, Inclusions,
Incomplete Fusion,
Incomplete Penetration
 Planar Defects
 Incomplete Fusion,
Incomplete Penetration,
Delamination, Cracks

SI 2101 - Set 3D - Sem. 1/2020 40

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Weld Discontinuities

SI 2101 - Set 3D - Sem. 1/2020 41

Weld Discontinuities

Incomplete Joint Penetration

and Incomplete Fusion
Convexity and Concavity
SI 2101 - Set 3D - Sem. 1/2020 42

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Cracks

SI 2101 - Set 3D - Sem. 1/2020 43

Lamellar Tearing

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Nondestructive Examination (NDE)

AWS B1.11 Guide for the Visual Inspection of Welds

AWS B1.10 Guide for the Nondestructive Inspection of Welds

SI 3212 Set 9 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 45

NDE
 Objectives
 Verify quality and integrity of welds and base
metal without damage
 Data for assessment of a structure’s safety and
function
 Methods
 Visual Examination (VT)
 Penetrant Examination (PT)
 Magnetic Particle Examination (MT)
 Ultrasonic Examination (UT)
 Radiographic Examination (RT)
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Visual Examination (VT)
 Often the primary and sometimes only inspection
 Effective form of quality assurance
 Most extensively used NDE method
 Advantages: easy, quick, inexpensive, comprehensive,
using simple tools (measuring tools, lighting, cleaning)
 Disadvantages: Requires experience, need clean and
lighted area, surface only

SI 2101 - Set 3D - Sem. 1/2020 47

Penetrant Examination (PT)

 A dye or fluorescent liquid
penetrant seeps into cracks by
capillary action
 Surface is cleaned, but
penetrant is trapped in cracks
 Cracks are revealed where the
penetrant remains
 Advantages: easy application,
quick, inexpensive, simple
equipment, easy
interpretation
 Disadvantages: cleaning
before and after, surface only,
requires smooth surface
SI 2101 - Set 3D - Sem. 1/2020 48

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 Penetrant Examination (PT)

SI 2101 - Set 3D - Sem. 1/2020 49

Magnetic Particle Examination (MT)

 Magnetic field is induced in tested
component
 Electro-magnetization
 Permanent magnets
 At cracks, magnetic field “leaks”
 Small magnetic particles (iron filings)
placed on surface are attracted to “leaks”
providing indication
 Advantages: easy, economical, quick, can
go over thin coating, near surface flaws
detectable
 Disadvantages: ferromagnetic material only,
electricity usually required, arc strikes, no
substantial sub-surface detection, detection
can be difficult on rough surfaces
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Magnetic
Particle
Examination
(MT)

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/
715509459531704084/
SI 2101 - Set 3D - Sem. 1/2020 51

Ultrasonic Examination (UT)

 A sound wave is directed through
tested material
 Sound waves reflect at interface of
different medium
 Discontinuities are revealed by un-
expected rebound sound waves
 Signal path analogous to light
reflection
 Use shear waves

 Vary transducer orientation

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Ultrasonic Examination (UT)
 UT Concept :
Distance = Velocity  Time
 Advantages: deep penetration, immediate result, versatile,
accurate, planar discontinuities
 Disadvantages: smooth surface (prep), skilled operator
required, fillet welds

SI 2101 - Set 3D - Sem. 1/2020 53

UT Field Inspection

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 Radiographic Examination (RT)
 Radiation is passed through the test piece
 Radiation is absorbed by the test piece:
thick or dense areas absorb more, thin or
open areas absorb less
 Film measures passed radiation providing
indication: light areas represent areas
hard to penetrate, dark areas represent
areas easy to penetrate (discontinuity)
 Advantages: detects surface and internal,
provides permanent record (to scale),
accurate
 Disadvantages: planar discontinuity
orientation, radiation hazard, initial cost,
requires skilled operators/ interpreters,
must access both sides
SI 2101 - Set 3D - Sem. 1/2020 55

RT Concept

https://micon-nde.com/radiographic-testing/

http://sitasndt.com/radiographic-testing/ http://eisl.ie/radiography-inspection/#prettyPhoto
SI 2101 - Set 3D - Sem. 1/2020 56

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Welding Examination vs Discontinuity

Types of Defect VT PT MT UT RT
Porosity/Slag Inclusion G G P P G
Overlap G G G F P
Incomplete fusion P P F G F
Incomplete joint
P P F G G
penetration
Undercut G G F F G
Cracks G G G G F
G = Good, F = Fair, P = Poor
SI 2101 - Set 3D - Sem. 1/2020 57

Acceptance Criteria
 AWS acceptable flaw sizes are based on a quality of
workmanship criteria
 Achievable by a competent qualified welder using proper
procedures and welding parameters
 Somewhat arbitrary, but useful for identifying quality
control or workmanship problems
 Conservative from a fitness for purpose perspective

“The criteria … should not be considered as a boundary of

suitability for service. Suitability for service analysis would
lead to widely varying workmanship criteria unsuitable for a
standard code” - AWS D1.1 Commentary

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Acceptance Criteria
 Fitness for purpose acceptable flaw sizes are
based on a fracture mechanics analysis
 Service loads + Secondary (residual) stresses +
Peak stresses (stress concentration)
 Material Properties
 Environment
 Consequences of failure

SI 3212 Set 9 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 59

Critical Areas – Where to look

 EM 1110-2-6054 - Inspection, Evaluation And Repair of
Hydraulic Steel Structures 1:
“Periodic inspection should be a systematic and complete
examination of the entire structure with particular attention
given to the critical locations.”
 Priority of Members
 Fracture Critical Members (FCM) with life safety impacts

 Other FCMs

 Primary tension members or tension elements

 Primary compression members or compression elements

 Secondary structural members

 Non-structural items

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Typical Critical Areas

 Fracture Critical Member (FCM)

 High tensile stress / low fatigue strength category
 Lifting connections
 Support locations

SI 3212 Set 9 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 61

Perencanaan
Sambungan Las

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 Design Strength (φRn)
 Design strength of a particular weld is the lower value of the
base material strength determined according to the limit states
of tensile rupture and shear rupture, and the weld metal
strength determined according to the limit state of rupture

SI 3212 Set 9 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 63

Available Strength of Welded Joints

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Available Strength of Welded Joints (Cont’d)

SI 3212 Set 9 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 65

Available Strength of Welded Joints (Cont’d)

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Tahanan Nominal
Sambungan Las
Ru  Rn
 Kuat rencana sambungan las sudut
 Las sudut umumnya lebih kuat memikul beban tarik dan
tekan dibandingkan dengan beban geser
 Kuat rencana sambungan las sudut per satuan panjang
adalah nilai terkecil dari:

Rn  0.75 * t t * (0.6fuw ) berdasarkan kuat las

Rn  0.75 * t t * (0.6fu ) berdasarkan kuat bahan dasar

SI 3212 Set 9 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 67

Tahanan Nominal
Sambungan Las
 Kuat rencana sambungan las tumpul per satuan panjang
 Sambungan dibebani gaya tarik atau tekan aksial terhadap
luas efektif:
 Rn = 0.9*tt*fy berdasarkan kuat bahan dasar
 Rn = 0.9*tt*fyw berdasarkan kuat las
 Sambungan dibebani gaya geser terhadap luas efektif:
 Rn = 0.9*tt*(0.6 fy) berdasarkan kuat bahan dasar
 Rn = 0.8*tt*(0.6 fuw) berdasarkan kuat las
dimana fy dan fu adalah kuat leleh dan kuat tarik

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 SI 3212 Set 9 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 77

Sambungan Seimbang
 Perlu dihitung jika gaya aksial eksentris terhadap
sambungan las
 Sambungan las perlu didisain agar gaya-gaya yang ada
tetap seimbang

SI 3212 Set 9 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 78

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Sambungan Seimbang

SI 3212 Set 9 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 79

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 SI 3212 Set 9 - Sem 2, 2020/2021 83

Tahanan Nominal
Sambungan Las

 Kuat rencana las baji dan pasak

 Rn = 0.75* (0.6 fuw)*Aw
dimana
Aw adalah luas geser efektif las
fuw adalah kuat tarik putus logam las
 Panjang yang diperlukan untuk las baji (slot weld)

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Geser dan Torsi

 Terjadi jika garis kerja gaya tidak melalui titik berat
sambungan
 Analisis dapat dilakukan dengan 2 cara:
 Analisis elastik: Superposisi gaya geser dan momen puntir
 Analisis plastis: Asumsi sambungan berputar terhadap pusat
rotasi sesaat

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Shear and Torsion

 Elastic Method
 Very conservative
 Welds are assumed to be perfectly elastic
 Friction or slip resistance between the connected parts is neglected
 Connected parts are assumed to be perfectly rigid  all deformation occurs in
weld
 Force causef by torsion

T is the torsion,
d is the distance from center of gravity of weld to the point being considered
J is the polar moment of inertia of the weld
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 Shear and Torsion
 Ultimate Strength Method
 More realistic approach
 Load tends to cause a relative rotation and translation between parts connected
by the weld  weld tend to rotate about its instantaneous center of rotation.
 Location of ICR is dependent upon location of the eccentric load, geometry of
weld, and the deformations of the different elements of the weld

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Geser Eksentris Normal

 Terjadi jika garis kerja gaya tidak melalui titik berat
sambungan
 Tegangan pada las adalah kombinasi geser dan lentur

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Shear and Bending

 For short welds, a uniform variation of shearing stress can be

considered
 If bending stress is assumed to be given by the flexure formula,
the shear does not vary uniformly for vertical welds, but as a
parabola with a maximum value 1 1/2 times the average value.

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Full vs Partial Penetration of

Groove Weld
 Full penetration Groove Weld
 Plates with different thicknesses are joined, the
strength of a full-penetration groove weld is based on
the strength of the thinner plate.
 Plates of different strengths are joined, the strength of
a full-penetration weld is based on the strength of the
weaker plate
 Best type of weld for resisting fatigue failures

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Full vs Partial Penetration of
Groove Weld
 Partial penetration Groove Weld
 Economical when welds are not required to develop
large forces in the connected materials, such as for
column splices and for the connecting together of the
various parts of built-up members
 Substantial strength reduction because of the
possibility of high stress concentrations for tension
transverse to weld axis

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