I@B@D@M

@U[M@O BK\KQ@W@S@O BKD[@QG@ CKOG@O

FQ@OG CKOG@O G@OGG[@O NJW@

Cfsko pkiajiajog > Kbf @rjb Uusij`ot, U.Bkp,Os,.I.Bkp

CJU[U[O FDKM>

@ck @djkh Q.U (1<0:<0<<5)

@cj @rcj`osy`m
@rcj`osy`m \.@ (1<0:<0<<;)
(1<0:<0<<;)
@gko
@gkog g Jaou
aou U. (1<0
(1<0:<
:<0<
0<<8
<8))
Ckdd` Busui` @. (1<0:<0<10)
Ck
Ckvyvy Qksj
Qksjt`
t` B. (1<0:
(1<0:<0<
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11))
Gjd`
Gjd`og
og Wjr
Wjr`i
`i` ` @. (1<0
(1<0:<
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Djo`
Djo` @jou
@jouooOO`m
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(1<0:<
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3=))
I`rj` Zuijo`r O. (1<0:<0<;<)
Qjb` Cwj Buroj` (1<0:<0<70)
Qjbm` Zuojt` B. (1<0:<0<71)
U`rftud Jzz` (1<0:<0<73)
Uk
Ukrd
rdy
y Ofv
Ofvjjt` U`
U`rj
rj (1<
1<0:
0:<0
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;)
Ujd Qjsqj Q. (1<0:<0<77)
U
Uy
y`mrud Iuojr (1<0:<0<=0)
[yuog Hr Hrkj
kj G
G..U (1<0:<0<=3)

\QFGQ@I US[CJ QKOE@O@ BK\KQ@W@S@O

UKBFD@M SJOGGJ JDI[ BKUKM@S@O B@QZ@ M[U@C@ BKCJQJ

S@M[O 1<10/1<11
 B@S@ \KOG@OS@Q

\unj syubur bkm`cjr`t

bkm`cjr`t @dd`m
@dd`m UWS y`og tkd`m
tkd`m ikiakrjb`o
ikiakrjb`o r`mi`t c`o
mjc`y`m
mjc`y` m Oy` skmjogg`
skmjogg` b`ij c`p`t ikoykdks`jb`
ikoykdks`jb`oo tug`s i`b`d`m I`o`nkiko
Bkpkr`w`t`o ckog`o nucud i`b`d`m —@sum`o Bkpkr`w`t`o Bkdu`rg` Ckog`o
FCGN’ joj tkp`t w`btuoy`. Ckog`o tunu`o c`rj pkoudjs`o c`rj i`b`d`m joj
`c`d`m uotub ikikoumj tug`s i`t` budj`m I`o`nkiko Bkpkr`w`t`o. Ukd`jo
jtu,
jtu, i`b`
i`b`d`
d`mm joj
joj ak
akrt
rtun
unu`
u`oo uo
uotu
tub
b iko`
iko`ia
ia`m`m w`w`
w`w`s` s`o
o tktkot
ot`og
`og bfosk
bfoskpp
Bkpkr`w`t`o Bfiuojb`sj a`gj p`r` pkia`e` c`o nug` a`gj pkoudjs.
C`d`i pkoudjs`o
pkoudjs`o i`b`d`m
i`b`d`m joj b`ij ikogue`pb`o
ikogue`pb`o tkrji`b`sj
tkrji`b`sjm m bkp`c`
jau
jau Kbf
Kbf @rjb
@rjb UuUusi
sij`
j`tj
tjo,
o, U.Bk
U.Bkp,
p, Os,
Os, I.Bk
I.Bkp p Up.B
Up.Bkpkp N. Uk Ukd`
d`bu
bu cfsk
cfskoo
pkiajiajog c`o tki`o-tki`o y`og suc`m ikiakrjb`o cubuog`o ski`og`t
skb`djgus i`sub`o.
B`ij
B`ij ikoy
ikoy`c`c`r
`rj,
j, i`b`
i`b`d`
d`m
m y`
y`og
og b`b`ij
ij tutudj
djss jo
jojj i`sj
i`sjm m tk
tkrc
rc`p
`p`t
`t
bkbur`og`o, fdkm b`rko` jtu, brjtjb c`o s`r`o y`og ikia`oguo b`ij m`r`pb`o
ckij bkskipuro``o i`b`d`m joj.

Bkcjrj, <: fbtfakr 1<10

\koudjs

jj
 C@HS@Q JUJ
M`d`i`o Nucud.............
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B@S@ \KOG@OS@Q...............
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C@HS@Q JUJ.............
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A@A J.............
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\KOC@M[D[@O.............
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0.0 D`t`r Akd`b`og...............

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0.1 Quius`o I`s`d`m..............

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0.5 Sunu`o...............
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0.3 I`oh``t...............
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A@A JJ..............
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SJON@[@O I@SKQJ..............
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1.0 Bfoskp Fr`og Ckog`o G`oggu`o Njw` (FCGN)............................................................8

1.0.0. \kogkrtj`o Fr`og Ckog`o G`oggu`o Njw` (FCGN)................................................8

1.0.1 Ktjfdfgj..............
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1.0.5 I`e`i- i`e`i FCGN.............

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1.0.3 \`tfhjsjfdfgjs
\`tfhjsjfdfgjs..............
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1.0.; WFE.............
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1.0.8 I`ojhkst`sj bdjojs.............

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1.0.7 \ko`t`d`bs`o``o.............
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03

1.0.= \koekg`m`o..............
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1.1 Bfoskp Bkdu`rg`..............

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1.1.0 \kogkrtj`o Bkdu`rg`..............

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1.1.1 Sjpk Bkdu`rg`.............

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 1.1.5 Utrubtur Bkdu`rg`..............
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1.1.3 Huogsj bkdu`rg`...............

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1.1.; \kr`o Bkdu`rg`..............

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1.1.8 S`m`p \krbkia`og`o Bkdu`rg` ..............
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A@A JJJ...............
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BFOUK\ @UBK\ BKD[@QG@ CKOG@O FCGN

FCGN..............................................................17

5.0 Cj`gofs` bkpkr`w`t`o y`og iuoeud p`c` p`sjko FCGN..............................................17

5.5 @o`djs` C`t`...............

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5.3 Jotkrvkosj Bkpkr`w`t`o..............

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5.8 Kv`du`sj..............
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A@A JX..............
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B`sus Ukiu...............
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HFQI@S \KOGB@NJ@O BK\KQ@W@S@O BKD[@QG@............................................5=

 @o`djs` C`t`..............
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 Ub`d` \rjfrjt`s.............
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 CJ@GOFU@ Akrc`s`rb`o m`sjd sb`d` prjfrjt`s> .........................................................;0

 Jotkrvkosj.............
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 Jipdkikot`sj c`o Kv`du`sj .............

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C@HS@Q \[US@B@.............
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81

jv
 A@A J

\KOC@M[D[@O

0.0 D`t`r Akd`b`og

G`oggu`o
G`oggu` o njw`
njw` ikrup`
ikrup`b`o
b`o sjocrf
sjocrfii pkrjd`
pkrjd`bu
bu kbstr`
kbstr` bdjojs
bdjojs akrmuau
akrmuauog`
og`oo
ckog`o cjstrkss pkockrjt``o c`o c`p`t ikojiaudb`o g`oggu`o p`c` s`tu `t`u
dkajm huogsj bkmjcup`o i`ousj` (bkdj`t, 1<00). Huogsj bkmjcup`o i`ousj` y`og
cjpkog`
cjpkog`rum
rumjj fdkm
fdkm g`oggu`
g`oggu`oo njw`
njw` jtu skpkrt
skpkrtjj `btjh
`btjhjt`
jt`s,
s, bkmjcup`
bkmjcup`oo sfsj`d
sfsj`d,, rjt
rjtik
ik
pkbkrn``o, skrt` muauog`o ckog`o bkdu`rg` ikon`cj tkrg`oggu b`rko` `c`oy`
gkn`d` uiui `osjkt`s, ckprksj, c`o psjbfsjs (Zfskp, 1<00). Ukd`jo jtu g`oggu`o
njw` nug` ikrup`b`o pkoy`bjt brfojs y`og ikiautumb`o prfsks \`on`og c`d`i
pkoykiaum`ooy`. \kogfa`t`o cj Qui`m U`bjt `c`d`m pkoykiaum`o skikot`r`,
skd`onutoy` pkockrjt` g`oggu`o njw` m`rus Bkia`dj bfiuojt`s
b fiuojt`s c`o bfiuojt`s c`o
y`og akrsjh`t tkr`pkutjb `b`o i`ipu ikia`otu pkockrjt`ooy` ikoe`p`j t`m`p
rkefvkry (pkiudjm`o). \rfsks pkiudjm`o c`o pkoykiaum`o p`c` fr`og ckog`o
g`oggu`
g`o ggu`oo njw`
njw` (FCGN)
(FCGN) ikiaut
ikiautumb
umb`o
`o cubuog`o
cubuog`o bkdu`r
bkdu`rg`
g` uotub
uotub ikia`ot
ikia`otu u
bkakrm`sjd`o pkiudjm`o tkrskaut (O`srj`tj, 1<07).
G`oggu`o njw` s``t joj i`sjm ikon`cj s`d`m s`tu pkri`s`d`m`o Bkskm`t`o
y`og s`og`o sjgojhjb`o cjcuoj`, tkri`sub Jocfoksj`. Wfrdc Mkdtm Frg`oje`tjfo
(WMF) (1<05) ikokg`sb`o a`mw` 3;< nut` fr`og cjskdurum cuoj` ikog`d`ij
g`oggu`o njw`. O`tjfo`d Jostjtutk Fh Ikot`d Mk`dt g`oggu`o njw` y`og cj`d`ij
ikoe`p`
iko e`p`jj 05% c`rj
c`rj pkoy`bj
pkoy`bjtt bkskdu
bkskdurum
rum`o
`o c`o cjpkrb
cjpkrbjr`
jr`b`o
b`o `b`o
`b`o ikojog
ikojogb`t b`t
ikon`cj 1;%cjt`muo 1<5<. C`t` WMF (1<08) ikouonubb`o tkrc`p`t skbjt`r 5;
nut` fr`og y`og ikog`d`ij ckprksj, 8< nut` fr`og ikog`d`ij ajpfd`r, 10 fr`oog
ikog`d`ij sbjzfhrkoj` skrt` 37,; nut` fr`og ikog`d`ij ckikosj`.
M`sjd rjskt Bkskm`t`o c`s`r (Qjsbksc`s (1<05)) ikouonubb`o a`mw` prkh`dkosj
g`oggu`o ikot`d kifsjfo`d y`og cjtuonubb`o ckog`o gkn`d`-gkn`d` ckprksj c`o
bk
bkek
eki`
i`s`
s`oo sk
skbj
bjt`
t` 8% uo uotu
tub
b us
usj`
j` 08 t`
t`mu
muo
o bk
bk`t
`t`s
`s sk
skbj
bjt`
t`rr 03 nunut`
t` fr
fr`o
`og,
g,
skc`ogb`og pr`hkdkosj g`oggu`o njw` akr`t skpkrtj sbjzfhrkoj` `c`d`m s`tu pkr
tunum skrjau pkocucub `r`u skbjt`r 3<<.<<< fr`og. G`oggu`o njw` akr`t skpkrtj
sbjzfh
sbjzfhrko
rkoj`
j` tkra`o
tkra`oy`b
y`b tkrc`p
tkrc`p`t
`t cj C`kr`m
C`kr`m Jst
Jstjik
jikw`
w` Zfgy`b`
Zfgy`b`rt`rt` (CJZ),
(CJZ), @ekm,
@ekm,
Uud`wksj Ukd`t`o, A`dj c`o N`w` Skog`m.
M`sjd rkb`p`o Bkskm`t`o C`kr`m J`tjikw` Zfgy`b`rt` (Cjsbks CJZ, 1<08)
`ogb` buonuog`o p`sjko
p`sjko g`oggu`o njw` p`c` t`muo 1<0; tft`d bkskdurum`o
bkskdurum`o c`rj ;

0
b`aut`o c`rj C`kr`m Jstjikw` Zfgy`b`rt` akrnuid`m 00.<00 njw` c`o p`c` t`muo
1<08 akrnuid`m 05.1=8 njw`. C`t` cj`t`s ikouonubb`o buonuog`o nuid`m bdjko
g`
g`og
oggu`
gu`oo njw`
njw` ikog
ikog`d`d`i
`ijj bk
bko`j
o`jb`
b`o
o :% c`c`rf
rf t`
t`muo
muo 1<
1<0;
0; bkm`t
bkm`tuo
uo 1<08.
1<08.

Akrc`s`rb`o
Akrc` s`rb`o m`sj stucy pkoc`mudu`o
pkoc`mudu`o y`og cjd`bub`o
cjd`bub`o (@`o`oc`,
(@`o`oc`, 1<07) c`t` y`og
cjpkrfdkm c`rj e`t`t`o rkb`i ikcjb Qui`m U`bjt Njw` Grm`sj` CJZ t`muo 1<08
c`t` pkockrjt` sbjzfhrkoj` tjc`b tkrfgr`ojsjr y`og cjr`w`t jo`p skaks`r 055 njw`
c`o y`og cjr`w`t n`d`o `t`u buonuog`o bdjojb njw` skaks`r 805 njw`.
M`sjd
M`s jd stucy
stucy pkoc`mu
pkoc`mudu`
du`o
o tkrska
tkrskaut,
ut, ikouon
ikouonubb`
ubb`oo nuid`m
nuid`m buonuo
buonuog`o
g`o bdj
bdjko
ko
ckog`o i`s`d`m bknjw``o tkra`oy`b` `c`d`m cjb`aup`tko A`otud. Dkajm d`onut
cjrjoej
cjrjoej nuid`m buonuog`o
buonuog`o r`w`t n`d`o, r`w`t jo`p, c`o buonuog`o g`oggu`o njw`
cjs`r`o` pkd`y`o`o Bkskm`t`o b`aup`tko A`otut 5 tkra`oy`b y`jtu pusbksi`s
p`n`og`o tkrc`p`t :1.1=7 njw`, pusbksi`s a`ogut`p`o 0 tkrc`p`t =8.<1= njw` c`o c` o
pusbksi`s pdkrkt tkrc`p`t 81.;=3 njw` (Cj`bks A`otu, 1<07).
M`rg
M` rg`` cjrj
cjrj rk
rkoc`
oc`m
m `c`d`
`c`d`mm su
su`t
`tu
u pkpkr`
r`s`
s``o
`o okg`t
okg`tjh
jh tk
tkrm
rm`c`
`c`p
p cj
cjrj
rj sk
skocj
ocjrj
rj,,

mjd`o
mjd`ogoy`
goy` i`upuo
d`ogsuog bkpkre`y``o
tjc`b cjrj, g`g`dM`rg`
d`ogsuog. ikoe`p`j tunu`o ikrup`b`o
cjrj rkoc`m y`og cjkbsprksj
cjkbsprksjb`o
skiu`b`opjbjr`o,
ske`r`
ske`r`
bky`bjo`o, c`o bkpkre`y``o tkot`og cjrjoy` c`o ikipkog`rumj fr`og d`jo. M`rg`
cjrj tjc`b tkrakotub c`rj d`mjr, tkt`pj cjpkd`n`rj c`rj pkog`d`i`o uojb skskfr`og
c`d`i cjrjoy` skocjrj, ckog`o fr`og tkrckb`t, c`o ckog`o djogbuog`o (Utu`rt,
1<05).
\`sjko ckog`o m`rg` cjrj rkoc`m akrksjbf iuoeud i`s`d`m g`oggu`o njw` d`jo
`p`ajd` tjc`b skgkr` cjakrjb`o tkr`pj ckog`o ako`r, b`rko` p`sjko ckog`o m`rg`
cjrj rkoc`m ekockruog ikoguruog cjrj c`o ikoykocjrj, bkaj`s``o jtud`m y`og
ikijeu
ikij eu iuoeudoy`
iuoeudoy` i`s`d`m
i`s`d`m jsfd`sj
jsfd`sj sfsj`d.
sfsj`d. Jsfd`sj
Jsfd`sj sfsj`d
sfsj`d ikoyka`ab`o
ikoyka`ab`o p`sjko
tjc`b c`p`t ikius`tb`o pkrm`tj`o y`og ikoyka`ab`o su`r` `t`u ajsjb`o iuoeud
skmjogg` ikojiaudb`o i`s`d`m m`dusjo`sj, i`s`d`m d`jo y`og bkiucj`o tkrn`cj
`c`d`m
`c` d`m rksjbf
rksjbf pkrjd`
pkrjd`bu
bu bkbkr`s
bkbkr`s`o,`o, r`s`
r`s` tjc`b
tjc`b tkr
tkrji`
ji` tkot`o
tkot`ogg su`tu
su`tu m`d b`rko`
b`rko`
ikr`s`
ikr `s` cjrkoc`
cjrkoc`mb`
mb`o o skskfr
skskfr`og
`og i`upuo
i`upuo su`r`su`r` ajsjb`
ajsjb`oo y`og
y`og iko
ikogm`
gm`sut
sut uotub
uotub
ikd`bu
ikd `bub`o
b`o tjoc`b`
tjoc`b`o o ikrus`
ikrus`b b djogbu
djogbuog`o
og`o c`o ikoejc
ikoejckr`
kr`jj fr`og
fr`og d`jd`jo
o (Cjrkn
(Cjrkn`,
`,
1<00).
\kr`o pkr`w`t uotub ikog`t`sj i`s`d`m bdjko ckog`o m`rg` cjrj rkoc`m `c`d`m
ikogjc
iko gjckot
kotjhj
jhjb`s
b`sjj bki`ip
bki`ipu`ou`o c`o `spkb `spkb pfsjt
pfsjtjh
jh y`og
y`og i`sjm
i`sjm cjijd
cjijdjbj
jbj bdj
bdjko,
ko,
ikia`otu bdjko ikojd`j bki`ipu`o y`og i`sjm c`p`t cjguo`b`o, ikia`otu
bdjko
bdjko uotub
uotub ikijdj
ikijdjm/i
m/ikok
kokt`pb
t`pb`o`o bki`ip
bki`ipu`o u`o y`og `b`o`b`o cjd
cjd`tj
`tjm
m c`o ikd`tj
ikd`tjm
m
bk
bki`
i`ip
ipu`o
u`o y`y`ogog cjpj
cjpjdj
djm
m bdjk
bdjkoo skskrt
rt`` ikia
ikia`o `otu
tu p`
p`sj
sjko
ko ikoy
ikoyus usuo
uo n`
n`cw
cw`d
`d
pkd`bs`o``o bki`ipu`o y`og cjd`tjm c jd`tjm (\r`afwf, 1<03) . Bkdu`rg` ska`g`j sjstki
pkocubuog ut`i` nug` ikijdjbj pkr`o pkotjog c`d`i ikia`otu p`sjko

1
 ikojogb`tb`o m`rg` cjrjoy`
ikojogb`tb`o cjrjoy` (Ckri`w`o,
(Ckri`w`o, 1<05). Sjoc`b`o
Sjoc`b`o c`o pkr`o bkdu`rg`
y`og c`p`t cjd`bub`o uotub ikia`otu ikoykdks`jb`o i`s`d`m bdjko ikourut
Zfskp (1<03) cj`ot`r`oy`
cj`ot`r`oy` ikocfrfog
ikocfrfog p`sjko
p`sjko uotub ikoguogb`pb`o
ikoguogb`pb`o pjbjr`o
pjbjr`o c`o

pkr`s``ooy`, ikiakrj bkgj`t`o sksu`j bki`ipu`o p`sjko, ikokt`pb`o tunu`o

y`og oy`t``, ikia`otu bdjko ikoguogb`pb`o akakr`p` rkoe`o` ikoguogb`pb`o
i`s`d`m, c`o ikia`otu bdjko ikoguogb`pb`o up`y` y`og ajs` cjguo`b`o c`d`i
ikogm`c`pj i`s`d`m.
Akrc`s`rb`o d`t`r akd`b`og cj`t`s, i`b` pkoudjs tkd`m ikd`bub`o pkokr`p`o
@sum`o Bkpkr`w`t`o Bkdu`rg` p`c` p`sjko ckog`o Fr`og C`d`i G`oggu`o Njw`

0.1 Quius`o I`s`d`m

0.`p` pkogkrtj`o FCGN 6
1.`p` ktjfdfgj FCGN 6

5.`p` i`e`i ― I`e`i FCGN6

3.`p` h`tfhjsfdfgj FCGN6
;.`p` i`ojhkst`sj bdjojs FCGN6
8.`p` pko`d`bs`o``o FCGN6
7.`p` pkoekg`m`o FCGN6
=.`p` bfoskp bfoskp FCGN 6
:.`p` s`n` tjpk bkdu`rg` 6
0<.`p` s`n` sktrubtur bkdu`rg`6
00.`p` s`n` huogsj bkdu`rg`6
01.`p` s`n` pkr`o bkdu`rg` 6
05.`p` t`m`o pkrbkia`og`o bkdu`rg` 6
03.`p` cj`gofs` FCGN6
0;.`p` pkogb`nj`o FGN6
08.`p` jotkrhkosj bkpkr`w`t`o 6

0.5 Sunu
Sunu`o
`o
0. Ikogkt`muj pkogkrtj`o FCGN
1. Ikogkt`muj ktjfdfgj FCGN

5
 5. Ikogkt`muj i`e`i i`e`i FCGN
3. Ikogkt`muj h`tfhjsjfdfgj FCGN
;. Ikogkt`muj i`ojhkst`sj FCGN
8. Ikogkt`muj pko`d`bs`o``o FCGN
7. Ikogkt`muj pkoekg`m`o FCGN
=.Ikogkt`muj bfoskp FCGN
:. Ikogkt`muj s`n` tjpk bkdu`rg`
0<. Ikogkt`muj s`n` sktrubtur bkdu`rg`
00. Ikogkt`muj s`n` huogsj bkdu`rg`
01. Ikogkt`muj s`n` pkr`o bkdu`rg`
05. Ikogkt`muj t`m`o pkrbkia`og`a bkdu`rg` FCGN
03. Ikogkt`muj cj`gofs` [CGN
0;. Ikogkt`muj pkogb`nj`o [CGN
08.Ikogkt`muj bkpkr`w`t`o

0. Sunu
Sunu`o
`o Bmu
Bmusu
suss
`. Ikd`
Ikd`bub
bub`o
`o pkogb
pkogb`n
`nj`
j`o
o bk
bkpk
pkr`
r`w`
w`t`
t`o
o bk
bkdu
du`r
`rg`
g` ck
ckog`
og`o
o Fr
Fr`o
`og
g G`ogg
G`oggu`
u`o
o
Njw`
a. Ikruiusb`o cj`gofsjs bkpkr`w`t`o bkdu`rg` ckog`o Fr`og G`oggu`o
Njw`
e. Ikoy
Ikoyus
usuo
uo pkrko
pkrkoe`
e`o``
o``o
o tjoc`
tjoc`b`
b`o
o bk
bkpk
pkr`
r`w`
w`t`
t`o
o bkdu`
bkdu`rg
rg`` ck
ckog
og`o
`o Fr
Fr`o
`og
g
G`oggu`o Njw`
c. Ikd`bs
Ikd`bs`o`
`o`b`o
b`o tjoc`b`o
tjoc`b`o bkpkr`w`
bkpkr`w`t`o
t`o bkdu`rg`
bkdu`rg` ckog`o
ckog`o Fr`og
Fr`og G`oggu`o
G`oggu`o
Njw`
k. Ikd`bub`o
Ikd`bub`o kv`du`s
kv`du`sjj bkpkr`w`t
bkpkr`w`t`o
`o bkdu`rg`
bkdu`rg` ckog`o Fr`og G`oggu`o
G`oggu`o Njw`
Njw`

0.3 I`oh``t
`. A`gj
A`gj pkok
pkokddjtj
Iko`ia
Iko `ia`m
`m pkog`d
pkog`d`i`
`i`o
o c`rj
c`rj pkokdj
pkokdjtj
tj c`d`i
c`d`i ikd`bu
ikd`bub`o
b`o rj
rjskt
skt tkot`o
tkot`og
g
cubuog`o bkdu`rg` c`d`i pkiudjm`o FGCN c`o pkrskpsj bkdu`rg` tkot`og
g`oggu`o njw`.

a. A`gj Bkdu`rg` \`sjko

3
 Iko`ia
Iko` ia`m
`m w`w`s
w`w`s`o
`o a`
a`gj
gj bkdu`
bkdu`rg
rg`` pkock
pkockrj
rjt`
t` g`ogg
g`oggu`o
u`o njnjw`
w` `g`r
`g`r
cubuog`o bkdu`rg` c`d`i pkiudjm`o FGCN ikon`cj dkajm a`jb.

e. A`gj
A`gj \k
\ktu
tug`
\kokdjtj`og`ss Bksk
joj Bkskm`
m`t`
t`o
o a`gj pktug`s Bkskm`t`o `g`r c`p`t ikiajiajog
akri`oh``t
bkdu`rg` ckog`o a`jb c`d`i prfsks pkiudjm`o FCGN.

;
 A@A JJ

SJON@[@O I@SKQJ

1.0 Bfoskp Fr`og Ckog`o G`oggu`o Njw` (FCGN)

1.0.0. \kogkrtj`o Fr`og Ckog`o G`oggu`o Njw` (FCGN)

Ikourut [[ Of. 0= S`muo 1<03 \`s`d 0, fr`og ckog`o g`oggu`o njw`
`t`u FCGN `c`d`m fr`og y`og ikog`d`ij g`oggu`o c`d`i pjbjr`o, pkrjd`bu,
c`o pkr`s```o
pkr`s```o y`og tkri`ojhks
tkri`ojhkst`sj
t`sj c`d`i akotub skbuipud`o
skbuipud`o gkn`d`
gkn`d` c`o/`t`u
c`o/`t`u
pkrua`m`o pkrjd`bu y`og akri`bo`, skrt` c`p`t ikojiaudb`o pkockrjt``o
huogsj fr`og ska`g`j i`ousj` (Bkibks, 1<03). Ukc`ogb`o ikourut WMF,
1<<7 c`d`i X`re`dfrjs & M`dtkr, 1<0< bkskm`t`o njw` `c`d`m su`tu bfocjsj
skn`mt
skn`mtkr`
kr` bktjb`
bktjb` skskfr
skskfr`og
`og i`ipu
i`ipu ikrk`d
ikrk`djs
js`sj
`sjb`o
b`o pftkos
pftkosjj y`og
y`og cjijd
cjijdjbj
jbj,,
ikij
ik ijdj
djbj
bj bfpj
bfpjog
og y`
y`og
og a`
a`jb
jb tk
tkrm
rm`c
`c`p
`p st
strk
rksf
sfr,
r, pr
prfc
fcub
ubtj
tjhh c`
c`o
o i`ip
i`ipu u
ikiakrjb`o bfotrjausj tkrm`c`p i`sy`r`b`t (c`d`i Uukroj, Sjtjb. cbb, 1<05).

G`oggu
G`og gu`o
`o njw`
njw` ak
akr`
r`tt y`
y`og
og sk
skrj
rjog
og cj
cjtk
tkiu
iujj cj i`sy
i`sy`r`r`b
`b`t
`t `c
`c`d
`d`m
`m
sbjzfhrkoj` (Jar`mji,1<00). Ubjzfhrkoj` `c`d`m skbuipud`o sjocrfi` bdjojb
y`og cjt`oc`j ckog`o pkrua`m`o bfgojtjh, kifsj, pkrskpsj, c`o `spkb d`jo c`rj
pkrjd`bu (B`pd`o & U`ccfeb, 1<<7) c`d`i Uukroj, Sjtjb. cbb, 1<05

1.0.1 Ktjfdfgj
\koyka`a FCGN ske`r` uiui c`p`t cjtjn`u c`rj akakr`p` sucut, y`jtu
akrc`s`rb`o t`m`p akrhuogsjoy` c`o suiakr `s`doy` (A`jm`qj kt `d. 1<<;
c`d`i M`djc`, 1<0;) >

`. S`
S`m`
m`p
p Akrh
Akrhuo
uogs
gsjo
joy`
y`

\koyka`a pkrjd`bu `aofri`d ikourut t`m`p akrhuogsjoy` c`p`t Cjakc`b`o

fdkm Efdkiko,
Efdkiko, Autemkr,
Autemkr, c`o E`rsfo (c`d`i
(c`d`i A`jm`qj kt `d.1<<;)
`d.1<<;) ska`g`j
ska`g`j
akrjbut >

0) \k
\koy
oyka
ka`a
`a prji
prjikr
kr

Bfocjs
Bfoc jsjj y`
y`og
og skske`
e`r`
r` d`
d`og
ogsu
suog
og ikyk
ikyka`
a`ab
ab`o
`o tktkrn
rn`c
`cjo
joy`
y`
G`oggu`o njw`/pkrjd`bu `aofri`d. \koyka`a prjikr ijs`doy` \sjbfsjs

8
 y`og cjskrt`j p`r`djsjs `t`u bkduipum`o y`og akrsjh`t \rfgrksjh `t`u
akrbkia`og ske`r` akrt`m`p s`ip`j `bmjr FCGN Ikog`d`ij
bkduipum`o tft`d.

1) \k
\koy
oyka`
ka`a
a y`og
y`og ikoyj
ikoyj`p
`pb`
b`o
o

H`btfr y`og ikoyka

H`btfr ikoyka`ab`
`ab`o o skskfr
skskfr`og
`og rkot`o
rkot`o/pk
/pkb`
b` tkr
tkrm`c
m`c`p
`p
U`
U`d`
d`m
m s`
s`tu
tu akotu
akotub
b g`ogg
g`oggu`o
u`o nj njw`
w`.. \koyk
\koyka`a`a
a y`
y`og
og ik
ikoy
oyj`
j`pb
pb`o
`o,,
Cj`ot`
Cj`ot`r`o
r`oy`
y` bfocjs
bfocjsjj hjsjb
hjsjb y`jtu
y`jtu FCGN
FCGN ckog`o
ckog`o pkoy`bj
pkoy`bjtt iko`muo
iko`muo,,
Bkturu
Bkturuo`o
o`o,, `t`u
`t`u bke`t`
bke`t`t`o
t`o,, gkoktjb
gkoktjb,, jotkdk
jotkdkgko
gkosj`
sj`,, bkprja`
bkprja`cj`
cj`o
o c`o
Bk`c``o bfocjsj kbfofij.

5) \k
\koy
oyka
ka`a
`a pkoe
pkoekt
ktus
us

@c`d`m
@c`d`m bkn`c
bkn`cj`
j`o
o tr`ui
tr`ui`t
`tjb
jb y`
y`og
og d`
d`og
ogsu
suog
og ik
ikoy
oyka
ka`ab
`ab`o
`o
G`oggu`o njw`, cj`ot`r`oy` bkmjd`og`o m`rt` akoc` y`og akrm`rg`,

Ikog
Ik ogm`
m`c`
c`pj
pj bk
bki`
i`tj
tj`o
`o `o
`ogg
ggft
ft`` bk
bkdu
du`r
`rg`
g` c`
c`o
o bk
bkmj
mjd`
d`og
og`o
`o i`t`
i`t`
\koe`m`rj`o.

3) \k
\koy
oyka`
ka`a
a y`og
y`og ikogu`
ikogu`tb
tb`o
`o

Cji`o` bfocjsj
Cji`o` bfocjsj y`og ekockru
ekockruog
og ikipkr
ikipkrt`m
t`m`ob
`ob`o
`o tj
tjogb`
ogb`mm
D`bu y`og i`d `c`ptjh. C`p`t akrup` pkrm`tj`o y`og akrdkajm`o
akrdkajm`o p`c`
Uk
Ukfr
fr`o
`og
g g`
g`cj
cjss y`
y`og
og s`
s`bj
bjtt c`
c`o
o ikoyk
ikoyka`a`ab`
ab`oo y`og
y`og akrs`
akrs`og
ogbut
but`o
`o
Bur`og akrt`ogguog n`w`a `t`s cjrjoy` c`o ikouoc`
Bkskiaum`ooy`.

;) Ujrbud
Ujrbudsj
sj h`btf
h`btfr-h
r-h`bt
`btfr
fr pkoyka`
pkoyka`a
a

@c`oy` skr`ogb`j`o
skr`ogb`j`o h`btfr-h`bt
h`btfr-h`btfr
fr pkoyka`a
pkoyka`a y`og bfipdkbs
bfipdkbs
Uk
Ukrt
rt`` s`
s`dj
djog
og ikip
ikipkokog`
g`ru
rumj
mj.. G`og
G`oggu
gu`o
`o pkpkrjrjd`
d`bu
bu tj tjc`
c`b
b m`m`oy
oy``
Cjs
Cjska`a
ka`ab`
b`oo fdkm
fdkm s`t`tu
u pkoy
pkoyka
ka`a
`a tu
tuog
ogg`
g`dd, ikd kd`j
`job
ob`o`o s`d`djjog
Ikipkog`g`rrumj y`og iko
konn`cj suiakr pk
pkooyka`a ak
akrra`g`
g`jj
@aofri`djt`s.

a. Uuiakr @s`d

\k
\koy
oyka
ka`a
`a pk pkrj
rjd`
d`bu
bu `a `aof
ofri
ri`d
`d ak
akrc
rc`s
`s`r
`rb`
b`o
o suia
suiakrkr `s
`s`d
`doy
oy`` c` c`p`
p`tt
Cj
Cjgfd
gfdfo
fogb`
gb`oo ikon
ikon`c
`cjj tjg`
tjg`,, y`jtu
y`jtu h`
h`bt
btfr
fr aj
ajfd
fdfg
fgjs
js,, ps
psjb
jbfs
fsfs
fsj`
j`d,
d, c`o
c`o
Ufsj`dbudtur

0) H`
H`bt
btfr
fr ajf
ajfdf
dfgj
gjss

7
 @c`d`m akra`g`j bk`c``o cji`o` ajfdfgjs `t`u n`si`oj y`og C`p`t
ikogm`ia`t pkrbkia`og`o i`upuo huogsj jocjvjcu c`d`i Bkmjcup`o
skm`rj-m`rj. H`btfr ajfdfgjs, cj`ot`r`oy` bur`og gjzj, Bkd`jo`o gko c`o

pkoy`bjt-pkoy`bjt (\`rbjosfo c`o iudtjpdk Ukdkrfsjs).

1) H`
H`bt
btfr
fr ps
psjb
jbfs
fsfs
fsj`
j`dd
Ikdjputj tr`ui` cj i`s` b`o`b-b`o`b, ckprjv`sj p`rkot`d, Muauog`o
fr`og tu` c`o `o`b y`og p`tfgkojb, strubtur bkdu`rg` y`og \`tfgkojb,
c`o strks akr`t.
5) H`
H`bt
btfr
fr sfsj
sfsjfb
fbud
udtu
tur`
r`dd
Ikdj
Ik djpu
putj
tj bk`c`
bk`c``o`o fa fank
nkbt
btjh
jh c`d`i
c`d`i i`sy
i`sy`r
`r`b
`b`t
`t `t
`t`u
`u tu
tuot
otut
ut`o
`o c`
c`rj
rj
I`sy`r`b`t y`og c`p`t akr`bja`t tjiauoy` tkb`o`o p`c` jocjvjcu c`o
Ukd`onutoy` ikd`mjrb`o akra`g`j akotub g`oggu`o.

1.0.5 I`e`i- i`e`i FCGN

Ikourut pkcfi`o
Ikourut pkcfi`o cj`gofsjb
cj`gofsjb c`rj \\CGNB JJJ (I`sdji,
(I`sdji, 1<<0) c`d`i C`d`i
M`djc` 1<0;, FCGN c`p`t cj a`gj ikon`cj akakr`p` >

`. G`ogg
G`oggu` u`oo iko
ikot`
t`dd frg
frg`oj
`ojb
b
G`oggu`o ikot`d frg`ojb `c`d`m g`oggu`o ikot`d y`og akrb`jt`o
Ckog`o pkoy`bjt g`oggu`o sjstkijb ft`b y`og c`p`t cjcj`gofsjs
Sk
Skrs
rsko
kocj
cjrj
rj,, y`og
y`og ikdj
ikdjput
putjj ck
ckik
ikos
osj`
j` p`
p`c`
c` pk
pkoy`
oy`bj
bjtt `d
`dz`
z`ji
jikr
kr,,
ck
ckik
ikos osj`
j` X`sb
X`sbud
udkr
kr,, ck
ckik
ikososj`
j` p`c`
p`c` pkoy`
pkoy`bj
bjtt d`
d`jo
jo,, sj
sjoc
ocrf
rfi
i
`ioksji frg`ojb aub`o @bja`t `dbfmfd c`o z`t psjbf`btjh d`jooy`,
ck
ckdj
djrj
rjui
ui aub`o
aub`o `b `bjaja`t
`t `d
`dbfm
bfmfd
fd C`o
C`o z`
z`tt ps
psjb
jbf`
f`bt
btjh
jh d`
d`jo
jooy
oy`,
`,
g`oggu`o ikot`d d`joy` `bja`t bkrus`b`o c`o Cjshugsj ft`b c`o
pkoy`bjt hjsjb, c`o g`oggu`o bkprja`cj`o c`o pkrjd`bu @bja`t
pkoy`bjt, bkrus`b`o, c`o cjshuogsj ft`b.
a. G`oggu`o ikot`d c`o pkrjd`bu `bja`t pkogguo``o z`t psjbf`btjh
G`oggu`o ikot`d c`o pkrjd`bu `bja`t pkogguo``o z`t psjbf`btjh
@c`d`m g`oggu`o y`og akrv`rjsj c`o akrakc` bkp`r`m`ooy` y`og
Cj`bja`tb`o fdkm pkogguo``o s`tu `t`u dkajm z`t psjbf`btjh.
e. Ubj
Ubjzfhr
zfhrko
koj`
j`,,
g`oggu`o
g`oggu` o sbjzfpjt`d
sbjzfpjt`d c`o g`oggu`o
g`oggu`o w`m`i ikokt`p Ubjzfhrkoj`
Ubjzfhrkoj`
`c`d`m sjocrfi ckog`o v`rj`sj pkoyka`a c`o pkrn`d`o`o \koy`bjt
y`og
y`og du`s,
u`s, skr krtt` sknknui
uid`
d`m
m `bj
`bja`t
a`t y`og
y`og tkrkrg`
g`ot
otuo
uog
g p`c`
p`c`
\k
\krt
rtji
jia`
a`og
og`o`o pkpkog
og`r
`rum
um gkgkok
oktj
tjb,
b, hj
hjsj
sjb,
b, c`c`o
o sfsj
sfsj`d
`d au
auc`
c`y`
y`..
G`ogg
G` oggu`
u`oo Ub Ubjz
jzft
ftjp
jp`d
`d `c
`c`d
`d`m
`m g`ogg
g`oggu`o
u`o y`y`og
og cj
cjt`
t`oc
oc`j
`j ck
ckog`
og`o
o

pkrjd`bu `t`u \ko`ipjd`o y`og `okm, kbskotrjb, muauog`o sfsj`d

=
 y`og aurub, iko`rjb Cjrj pkrg`ud`o sfsj`d c`o bkeurjg``o `t`u jck-
jck p`r`ofjc. G`oggu`o W`m`i `c`d`m g`oggu`o w`m`i y`og
ikokt`p d`i`.

c. G`og
G`oggu gu`o
`o su`s
su`s`o
`o``
pkr`s``o G`oggu`o su`s`o` pkr`s``o `c`d`m pkrua`m`o su`s`o`
pkr`s``o Aj`s`oy` b`rko` ckprksj. G`oggu`o su`s`o` pkr`s```o
ikdj
ik djput
putjj kpjsf
kpjsfck
ck I`oj
I`oj`b
`b,, g`g`ogoggu`
gu`oo `h`hkb
kbtj
tjhh aj
ajpfd
pfd`r`r,, kpkpjs
jsfc
fckk
ckprksj
ckpr ksjh,
h, g`oggu`
g`oggu`o o ckprksj
ckprksjhh Akrud`
Akrud`og
og c`o g`oggu`o
g`oggu`o su`s`o su`s`o``
pkr`s``o y`og ikokt`p.
k. G`oggu`
G`oggu`o o okurftjb,
okurftjb, g`oggu`o
g`oggu`o sfi`tf
sfi`tfhfr
hfri,
i, c`o g`oggu`o
g`oggu`o tkrb`jt tkrb`jt
strkss
G`oggu`o okurftjb, g`oggu`o sfi`tfhfri, c`o g`oggu`o tkrb`jt
strks Cjbkdfipfbb`o ikon`cj s`tu ckog`o `d`s`o a`mw` c`d`i
skn`r`moyy` `c` Muauog`o ckog`o pkrbkia`og`o bfoskp okurfsjs
c`
c`oo akra`
akra`g`j
g`j Bkiu
Bkiuog ogbj
bjo`
o`oo pk pkoyk
oyka`
a`aa ps
psjb
jbfd
fdfg
fgjs js.. G`ogg
G`oggu` u`oo
ok
okur
urft
ftjb
jb,, g`
g`ogg
oggu`u`oo Uf
Ufi`
i`tftfhf
hfri
ri,, c`
c`oo g`
g`ogg
oggu` u`oo tk tkrb
rb`j`jtt st
strk
rkss
ikdjpu
ikd jputj
tj g`oggu`
g`oggu`o o `osjkt
`osjkt`s
`s hfajb,
hfajb, G`oggu`
G`oggu`o o `osjkt
`osjkt`s `s d`jd`jooy`
ooy`,,
g`oggu`
g`og gu`o o fasksj
fasksjhh bfipud
bfipudsjhsjh,, rk`bsj
rk`bsj tkr
tkrm`c`
m`c`p p Utrks
Utrks akr`t
akr`t c`o
g`og
g`oggugu`o`o pkoy
pkoyksksu`
u`j`
j`o,
o, g`og
g`oggugu`o
`o cj
cjsf
sfssj`t
`tjjh, g`og
g`oggu gu`o
`o
Uki`tfhfri c`o okurftjb d`jooy`.
h. Ujoc
Ujocrfrfi
i pkrjd
pkrjd`b
`bu
u y`og
y`og akrmua
akrmuauo uog`o
g`o ckckog`
og`oo g`g`ogg
oggu` u`oo hj hjsj
sjfd
fdfg
fgjj
c`o H`btfr hjsjb
Ujocrfi
Ujocrf i pkrjd`bu
pkrjd`bu y`og akrmuauog`o ckog`o g`oggu`o g`oggu`o hjsjfdfgj
hjsjfdfgj
c`o H`btfr hjsjb ikdjputj g`oggu`o i`b`o, g`oggu`o tjcur ofo
frg`ojb, Cjshuogsj skbsu`d aub`o cjska`ab`o fdkm g`oggu`o `t`u
pkoy`bjt frg`ojb, G`oggu`o ikot`d c`o pkrjd`bu y`og
akrmuauog`o ckog`o i`s` ojh`s, c`o \koy`d`mguo``o z`t y`og
tjc`b ikoyka`ab`o bktkrg`otuog`o.
g. G`oggu`
G`oggu`o o bkprja`
bkprja`cj`
cj`o
o c`o pkrjd
pkrjd`bu
`bu i`s`
i`s` ckw`s`
ckw`s`
G`oggu`o bkprja`cj`o c`o pkrjd`bu i`s` ckw`s` `c`d`m kbsprksj
c`rj
c`rj \fd
\fd` mjcu
mjcup
p y`og
y`og akr
akrbki
bkia`og
a`og sk
sknn`b cj
cjoj
oj c`r
c`rj i`s`
i`s`
pkrtuiaum`o c`o \krbkia`og`o. G`oggu`o bkprja`cj`o c`o
pkrjd`bu i`s` ckw`s` Ikdjputj g`oggu`o bkprja`cj`o bm`s,
g`oggu`
g`og gu`o
o bkprja
bkprja`cj
`cj`o
`o e`ipur
e`ipur`o,`o, \krua`m
\krua`m`o`o bkprja`
bkprja`cj`
cj`o
o y`og
y`og
akrd`ogsuog d`i` y`og tjc`b cj`bja`tb`o Fdkm bkrus`b`o `t`u
pkoy`bjt ft`b, g`oggu`o bkaj`s``o c`o jipuds, G`oggu`o jckotjt`s
nkojs bkd`ijo, g`oggu`o prkhkrkosj skbsu`d, g`oggu`o \sjbfdfgj

:
 c`
c`o
o pk
pkrj
rjd`
d`bu
bu y`y`og
og ak
akrm
rmua
uauo
uog`o
g`o ck
ckog`
og`o
o pk
pkrb
rbki
kia`
a`og`
og`o
o c`
c`o
o
Frjkot`sj skbsu`d.
m. Qkt`
Qkt`rc
rc`s
`sjj iko
ikot`
t`dd

Qkt`rc`sj ikot`d `c`d`m su`tu bk`c``o pkrbkia`og`o njw` y`og

Sk
Skrm
rmko
kotj
tj `t
`t`u
`u tjc`
tjc`b
b dk
dkog
ogb`
b`p
p y`
y`og
og tk tkrn
rn`cj
`cj ck
ckog
og`o
`o `t
`t`u
`u t`t`op
op``
g`oggu`
g`og gu`oo njw`
njw` @t`u
@t`u g`oggu`o
g`oggu`o hjs hjsjb
jb d`j
d`jooy`
ooy`.. Qkt`rc
Qkt`rc`sj
`sj ikot`d
ikot`d
ikdjputj rkt`rc`sj ikot`d Qjog`o, skc`og, akr`t c`o s`og`t akr`t.
j. G`
G`ogg
oggu`u`o
o pkrbki
pkrbkia` a`og`
og`oo psjbfd
psjbfdfg
fgjs
js
G`ogg
G` oggu`u`o
o pkpkrb
rbki
kia`
a`og
og`o
`o ps psjb
jbfd
fdfg
fgjs
js `c `c`d
`d`m
`m bkbktk
tkrd
rd`i
`ia`t
a`t`o
`o
\krbkia`og`o huogsj ajfdfgjs c`rj susuo`o s`r`h pus`t. G`oggu`o
\krbkia`og`o psjbfdfgjs ikdjputj g`oggu`o pkrbkia`og`o bm`s
Akraje`r`
Akraj e`r` c`o akra`m`s`,
akra`m`s`, g`oggu`o
g`oggu`o pkrbkia`og`oa
pkrbkia`og`oakd`n`kd`n`rr bm`s,
G`oggu`o pkrbkia`og`o iftfrjb bm`s, g`oggu`o pkrbkia`og`o
bm`s E`ipur`o c`o g`oggu`o pkrbkia`og`o pkrv`sjh.
n. G`oggu`o pkrjd`bu c`o kifsjfo`d ckog`o foskt aj`s`oy` p`c`
i`s` B`o`b c`o rki`n`
G`oggu`
G`o ggu`oo pkrjd
pkrjd`bu
`bu c`o kifsj
kifsjfo`d
fo`d ckog`o
ckog`o foskt
foskt aj`s`o
aj`s`oy`
y` p`c`
p`c`
I`s` b`o`b c`o rki`n` ikdjputj g`oggu`o mjpkrbjoktjb, g`oggu`o
Sj
Sjogb
ogb`m`m d`
d`bu
bu,, g`
g`ogg
oggu`
u`oo e`
e`ip
ipurur`o
`o tjtjogb
ogb`m
`m d`d`bu
bu c`
c`oo kifs
kifsj,
j,
g`oggu`oKifsjfo`d ckog`o foskt bm`s p`c` i`s` b`o`b-b`o`b
c`o g`oggu`o Huogsj sfsj`d ckog`o foskt bm`s p`c` i`s` b`o`b
c`o rki`n`.

1.0.3 \`tfhjsjfdfgjs

\kockrjt` y`og ikog`d`ij g`oggu`o njw` aj`s`oy` ikijdjbj pkrjd`bu

bkbkr`s`o tkrm`c`p
bkbkr`s`o tkrm`c`p cjrjoy`
cjrjoy` i`upuo fr`og d`jo,ikog`d
d`jo,ikog`d`ij
`ij JUFU ( sub`
ikoykocjrj ) skrt` ikijdjbj pjbjr`o m`dusjo`sj ckog`o g`oggu`o prfsks pjbkr
w`m`i.

Aj
Aj`s
`s`oy
`oy`` p`c`
p`c` p`p`sj
sjko
ko y`
y`og
og ikij
ikijdj
djbj
bj pk
pkrj
rjd`
d`bu
bu bkbkbkr
bkr`s
`s`o
`o c`
c`p`
p`tt
ikoyka`ab`o bktjc`bkhkbtjhoy` rkgjiko tkr`upktjb `bja`t bur`og tkrp`p`roy`
johfri`sj
johfri`sj y`og `b`o ikon`cjb`o
ikon`cjb`o pkrjd`bu
pkrjd`bu bkbkr`r`s`o
bkbkr`r`s`o ekockruog akrksjbf.
akrksjbf.
C`o
C` o nug`
ug` bkt bktjc`bk
c`bkhhkbtj
kbtjhh`o rkgj
kgjiko tkr kr`u
`upk
pktj
tjb
b aj aj`s
`s ikon
ikon`c
`cjjb`o
b`o
bktjc`bi`ipu`o bkdu`rg` ikr`w`t `oggft` bkdu`rg` y`og s`bjt y`og `b`o
ikog`bja`tb`o bktjc`bi`ipu`o bfpjog bkdu`rg`.

0<
 Ukc`ogb`o pkockrjt` y`og ikog`d`ij JUFU (sub` ikoykocjrj) p`sjko
aj`s`oy` dkajm tkrtutup c`o n`r`og akrg`ud/ akrsfsj`djs`sj ckog`o fr`og d`jo
i`b`` c`rj
i`b c`rj jtu `b`o
`b`o ikon`c
ikon`cjb`
jb`o
o ikouru
ikouruooy`
ooy` iftjv`
iftjv`sjsj pkr`w`
pkr`w`t`o
t`o cjrjoy
cjrjoy``

skocjrj ikrkb` akrhjbjr pkr`w`t`o tkrm`c`p cjrjoy` jtu tjc`b pkotjog.Sjc`b d`jo
ckog`o
ckog `o p`sjko
p`sjko y`og
y`og ikijdj
ikijdjbj
bj pjbjr`
pjbjr`o
o m`dusj
m`dusjo`s
o`sjj c`p`t
c`p`t ikon`c
ikon`cjb`
jb`o
o rksjbf
rksjbf
ikoejckr`j cjrj,fr`og d`jo, a`mb`o bkdu`rg`oy` skocjrj nug` c`p`t cj ejckr`j.
Ikour
Ik ourut
ut ikrk
ikrkb`b` y`
y`og
og ikog
ikog`d`d`i
`ijj m`
m`du
dusj
sjo`
o`sj
sj jt
jtu
u `c
`c`` su
su`r
`r`` y`
y`og
og c`p`t
c`p`t
ikogjotrupsjb`o ikrkb` uotub ikd`bub`o m`d jtu c`o `b`o ikog`bja`tb`o
rksjbf
rksjbf pkrjd`bu
pkrjd`bu bkbkr`s`o,
bkbkr`s`o, pkockrjt` `b`o ikog`d`ij
ikog`d`ij pkrua`m`o
pkrua`m`o jotkr`bsj
jotkr`bsj
ckog`o i`sy`r`b`t c`o bkdu`rg` `b`o ikog`d`ij prfsks g`oggu`o.

Bkd`jo`o p`c` strubtur ft`b `t`u bkd`jo`o y`og tkrn`cj p`c` systki
bkrn`
bkrn` a`gj`o
a`gj`o tkrtko
tkrtkotu
tu c`rj
c`rj ft`b
ft`b nug`
nug` c`p`t
c`p`t ikojia
ikojiaudb
udb`o
`o g`oggu`o
g`oggu`o p`c`
bknjw``o. Uka`g`j efotfm i`s`d`m bfiuojb`sj cj s`tu a`gj`o bkejd c`rj ft`b
c`p`t ikog`bja`tb`o tkrn`cjoy` cjshuogsj ske`r` du`s. M`d joj c`p`t tkrn`cj
p`c` p`sjko y`og ikog`d`ij prfsks pjbkr w`m`i `b`o ikikog`bja`tb`o
psjbfdfgjsoy` tkrm`ia`t y`og `b`o ikoyka`ab`o g`oggu`o bfiuojb`sj
vkra`d tkrg`oggu

00
1.0.; WFE

1.0.8 I`ojhkst`sj bdjojs

Ikourut A`jm`qj kt `d. 1<<; (c`d`i M`djc`, 1<0;) t`oc` c`o gkn`d` fr`og
Ckog`o g`oggu`o njw`(FCGN) `c`d`m >

`. G`og
G`oggugu`o
`o pk
pkrs
rskp
kpsj
sj
\krskp
\krskpsj
sj `c`d`m
`c`d`m skos`s
skos`sjj y`og
y`og cjskrt
cjskrt`j
`j pkogkrt
pkogkrtj`o
j`o.. Ukos`sj
Ukos`sj `c`d`m
`c`d`m
Bks`
Bk s`c`r
c`r`o
`o `b
`b`o
`o `c`c`o
`oy`
y` susu`t
`tu
u r`
r`ogs
ogs`og
`og.. Uk
Ukos
os`s
`sjj s`
s`i`
i` ckckog`
og`o
o
\kogjockr``o. Ukiu` r`ogs`og`o i`sub bkc`d`i cjrj ikd`duj p`oe`
Jockr`,
Jockr`, y`og bkiucj`o cjtkrusb`o
cjtkrusb`o bk ft`b skmjogg` r`ogs`og`o
r`ogs`og`o c`p`t
Cj
Cjr`
r`s`
s`b`
b`o.
o. \krsk
\krskps
psjj `c
`c`d
`d`m
`m pki`m
pki`m`i
`i`o `o `t`t`u
`u pkogk
pkogkrt
rtj`
j`o
o tk
tkot
ot`o
`og
g

01
 Q`ogs`og`
Q`ogs`og`o
o b`rko`
b`rko` `c` jotkr`
jotkr`bsj
bsj ckog`o
ckog`o r`ogs`
r`ogs`og`o
og`o d`j
d`jooy`
ooy` `t`u
`t`u
Q`ogs`og`o y`og tkd`m cjp`m`ij skakduioy`.
a. G`oggu`o pkrm`tj`o

\krm`tj`o `c`d`m pkius`t`o tko`g` psjbjs p`c` su`tu fankb. \krm`tj`o

Akrb`jt`o ckog`o bks`c`r`o c`o jog`t`o skrt` skrjog cjskaut ckog`o
Bfoskotr`sj.
e. G`og
G`oggu gu`o
`o jog
jog`t
`t`o
`o
Jog`
Jog`t`
t`oo (bko`
(bko`ogog`o,
`o, ikif
ikifrj rj)) `c
`c`d
`d`m
`m bkbk`i
`ipupu`o
`o jo jocj
cjvj
vjcu
cu uotub
uotub
Ikokrj
Iko krji`,
i`, ikoyji
ikoyjip`o p`o c`o ikiprf
ikiprfcubs
cubsjj bkia`d
bkia`djj johfri
johfri`sj
`sj `t`u
`t`u
bks`o-
bks `o-Bks
Bks`o.
`o. Bki`ip
Bki`ipu`o u`o jocjvj
jocjvjcu
cu uotub
uotub ikoyji
ikoyjip`op`o johfri
johfri`s`
`s`jj
c`p`t akrsjh`t \kri`oko tkrg`otuog p`c` bkautum`o.
c. G`og
G`oggu gu`o
`o frjk
frjkot
ot`s
`sjj
Frjkot
Frj kot`sj
`sj c`p`t
c`p`t cj`rtj
cj`rtjb`o
b`o ska`g`j
ska`g`j bki`ip
bki`ipu`ou`o ikogkt
ikogkt`muj
`muj pfsjs
pfsjsjj
Cjrjoy`
Cjrj oy` c`d`i muauog`ooy`
muauog`ooy` ckog`o w`btu, tkip`t, c`o akoc`-akoc` akoc`-akoc`
Skrtko
Skr tkotu
tu cj skbskbkdj
kdjdjo
djogoy`
goy`.. Cjsfrj
Cjsfrjkot
kot`sj
`sj akr`rt
akr`rtjj bktjc`
bktjc`bs`
bs`oggu
oggup`o
p`o
skskfr
skskfr`og
`og [otub
[otub ikogkt
ikogkt`muj
`muj pfsjsj
pfsjsj cjrjoy
cjrjoy`` c`d`i
c`d`i muauog`
muauog`ooy`
ooy`
ckog`o w`btu, Skip`t, c`o akoc`-akoc` tkrtkotu cjdjogbuog`ooy`.
k. G`og
G`oggu gu`o
`o ak
akrp
rpjb
jbjr
jr
Akrpjbjr c`p`t cj`rtjb`o ska`g`j `btjvjt`s ikdkt`bb`o muauog`o `ot`r`
A`gj`o-a`gj`o pkogkt`mu`o. Akrpjbjr ikdjputj prfsks pkrtjia`og`o,
\ki`m`i`o c`o pko`d`r`o (I`r`ijs c`d`i A`jm`qj kt `d. 1<<;)
h. G`og
G`oggu gu`o
`o bks
bks`c
`c`r
`r`o
`o
Bk`s`c
Bk` s`c`r`
`r`o
o `c`d`m
`c`d`m bk`c``
bk`c``oo y`og ikouon
ikouonubb`
ubb`oo a`mw`
a`mw` skskfr
skskfr`og
`og
I`ipu ikogkrtj c`o ikoy`c`rj ikoy`c`rj skbkdjdjo
skbkdjdjogoy`
goy` akrc`s`rb`o
akrc`s`rb`o w`btu,
Skip`t, c`o bk`c``o ske`r` uiui.
g. G`og
G`oggu gu`o
`o kifs
kifsjj
Kifsj c`p`t tkrn`cj p`c` s``t i`ousj` akrjotkr`bsj ckog`o djogbuog`o
C`o ikrup`b`o m`sjd up`y` uotub akr`c`pt`sj ckog`o djogbuog`ooy`.
Kifsj t`ip`b c`d`i kbsprksj w`n`m, skpkrtj i`r`m, eki`s, bkt`but`o,
\kr`s``o akrcfs`, i`du, bkskcjm`o, ekiauru, jrj m`tj, bka`m`gj``o,
A`ogg` c`o m`r`p`o.
m. G`og
G`oggu
gu`o
`o psjb
psjbfi
fift
ftfr
fr
G`oggu
G`o ggu`o
`o psjbfi
psjbfiftf
ftfrr cjskaut
cjskaut nug`
nug` g`oggu`
g`oggu`o o iftfrj
iftfrjb,
b, bfo`
bfo`sj
sj `t`u
`t`u
Gkr`b`
Gkr`b`o.
o. G`oggu`
G`oggu`o o psjbfi
psjbfiftf
ftfrr akr`rt
akr`rtjj g`oggu`o
g`oggu`o-g`
-g`ogg
oggu`o
u`o y`og
Akrmuauog`o ckog`o gkr`b tuaum. Gkr`b tuaum i`ousj` cjpkog`rumj
fdkm @spkb bknjw```o `rtjoy` skiu` gkr`b`o `bja`t c`rj bkbu`t`o-
bkbu`t`o @t`u cfrfog`o y`og akbkrn` c`rj c`d`i cjrj.

05
 1.0.7 \ko`t`d`bs`o``o
`. H`ri`bftkr`pj

—\`s
—\`sjk
jko
o ck
ckog
og`o
`o kbkbsp
sprk
rksj
sj i`r`
i`r`m
m pkpkrd
rdu
u pk
pkr`
r`w`
w`t`
t`oo c`
c`o
o pkpkog
ogfa
fa`t
`t`o
`o
ikipuoy
iki puoy`j
`j cfsjs
cfsjs Khkbtj
Khkbtjhh tjoggj
tjoggj efotfmoy
efotfmoy`>
`> edfrpr
edfrprfi`
fi`zjo
zjokk MED y`og
y`og
akrguo` uotub ikogkoc`djb`o \sjbfiftfroy`’. Ajd` tjc`b `c` c`p`t cj
akrguo`b`o cfsjs khkbtjh rkoc`m. Efotfmoy` —trjhdufpkr`sjokkstkd`sjok, ajd`
tjc`b `c` nug` i`b` c`p`t cjguo`b`o tr`osqujdjzkr aub`o Fa`t `otj psjbftjb
skpkrtj okurfdkptjb`, tkt`pj iksbjpuo ckijbj`o bkcu`oy` ikipuoy`j Khkb
`otj tkg`og,`otj eki`s,c`o `otj `gjt`sj’ (Kbf \r`afwf, 1<03> m`d 03;).

a. Skr`pj fbup`sj
Skr`pj
Skr `pj joj ikrup`
ikrup`b`o
b`o d`ogb`
d`ogb`mm `w`d
`w`d y`og m`rus
m`rus cjd
cjd`bu
`bub`o
b`o fdkm
fdkm pktug`s
pktug`s
tkrm`c`p Qkm`ajdjt`sj sktkd`m cjd`bub`ooy` skdkbsj c`o cjtkotub`o prfgr`i
bkgj`t`ooy` (Kbf \r`afwf, 1<03> m`d 03;).

e. \k
\kr`
r`o
o skrt
skrt`` bkdu
bkdu`r
`rg`
g`
Bkdu`rg` ikrup`b`o sjstki pkocubuog ut`i` y`og ikiakrjb`o pkr`w`t`o
d`ogsuog \`c` sktj`p bk`c``o (skm`t-s`bjt) p`sjko. (Kbf \r`afwf, 1<03> m`d
03;).
c. Skr
Skr`pj
`pj sfi`
sfi`ttje
Skr`pj joj cjakrjb`o ckog`o tunu`o ikogua`m pkrjd`bu y`og i`d `c`ptjh
ikon`cj \krjd`bu `c`ptjh. (Kbf \r`afwf, 1<03> m`d 038).
k. Sk
Skr`
r`pj
pj bkn`o
bkn`og g djst
djstrj
rjb
b
Sk
Skr`
r`pj
pj joj
joj cjak
cjakrj
rjb`
b`oo ck
ckog
og`o
`o ikoj
ikojia
iaud
udb`o
b`o bk
bkn`
n`og
og gr
gr`oc
`oc i`dd
i`dd ck
ckog`
og`oo
ikog`djrb`o
ikog`d jrb`o @rus djstrjb
djstrjb ikd`duj
ikd`duj kdkbtrfc`
kdkbtrfc` y`og iko`og`oj
iko`og`oj sbjzfhrkoj
sbjzfhrkoj``
ikiautumb`o 1<-5< b`dj tkr`pj Aj`s`oy` cjd`bs`o`b`o `c`d`m sktj`p 1-5
m`rj skb`dj (skijoggu 1 b`dj) (Kbf \r`afwf, 1<03> m`d 038).

1.0.= \koekg`m`o
G`oggu`
G`og gu`o
o njw`
njw` c`p`t
c`p`t cjek
cjekg`
g`m
m ck
ckog`
og`o
o sk
sknu
nuid
id`m
`m tj
tjoc`
oc`b`
b`o
o uotub
uotub sk
sko`
o`ot
otj`
j`s`
s`
ikon
ik on`g
`g`` bkskm
bkskm`t
`t`o
`o njw`
njw` `t
`t`u
`u ikot
ikot`d
`d @oc`.
@oc`. Akrj
Akrjbu
butt `c`d`
`c`d`m
m akakr
akakr`p`
`p` m`
m`dd y`og
y`og
akri`oh``t uotub ikon`g` bkskm`t`o njw`

Eubup tjcur
\`r`` `m
\`r `mdj
dj ikoki
ikokiub`
ub`o
o `c`oy
`c`oy`` bk
bktk
tkrb
rb`j
`jt`
t`o
o `o
`ot`
t`r`
r` i`s`
i`s`d`
d`m
m tj
tjcur
cur ck
ckog`
og`o
o
ikojogb`toy` rjsjbf g`oggu`o njw`. Bur`og tjcur nug` c`p`t ikikog`rumj
bki`ipu`o ft`b c`d`i akrbfoskotr`sj, akd`n`r, c`o tkt`p tko`og.

03
 Fr`og ckw`s` ska`jboy` tjcur skbjt`r = n`i sktj`p i`d`ioy` sup`y` ft`b
tkt`p c`p`t akrhuogsj a`jb c`o bkskm`t`o ikot`d sko`otj`s` tkrn`g`.
Ikdu`ogb`o w`btu uotub cjrj skocjrj

@oc` ajs` ikoefa` ikdu`ogb`o w`btu uotub ikd`bub`o `p` y`og @oc`
sub`j, tkrut`i` cj tkog`m pko`toy` bksjaub`o skm`rj-m`rj.
Bkgj`t`o joj c`p`t sknko`b ikoyjogbjrb`o r`s` pko`t, eki`s, c`o bm`w`tjr
c`rj pjbjr`o @oc` skmjogg` ikiakrj bkskip`t`o njw` `t`u ikot`d @oc` uotub
akrjstjr`m`t c`o tkt`p skm`t.
 @btjh akrfd`mr`g`
@btjh akrfd`mr`g` tjc`b m`oy` c`p`t ikon`g` bkaug`r`o hjsjb, t`pj nug` c`p`t
ikiakrjb`o cfrfog`o pfsjtjh uotub bkskm`t`o ikot`d.
Fd`mr`g` ikiau`t ft`b ikogm`sjdb`o mfrifo kocfrhjo c`o skrftfojo y`og
ajs` ikojogb`tb`o su`s`o` m`tj. Akrfd`mr`g` ske`r` tkr`tur c
c`p`t
`p`t ikouruob`o
tjogb`t strks, bkeki`s`o, mjogg` ckprksj.

Bkdfd` strks
Utrks tkd`m ikon`cj a`gj`o c`d`i bkmjcup`o c`o c`p`t tkrn`cj p`c` sj`p` s`n`.
@b`o tkt`pj
tkt`pj,, njb`
njb` @oc`
@oc` tjc`b
tjc`b c`p`t
c`p`t ikogko
ikogkoc`d
c`djb`
jb`ooy`
ooy`,, bfo
bfocjs
cjsjj joj c`p`t
c`p`t
ikon`cj pkoyka`a g`oggu`o njw`.
Ukip`
Uki p`tb
tb`o
`o cjrj
cjrj @oc`
@oc` uotub
uotub ikd`
ikd`bub
bub`o`o bkbkgj
gj`t
`t`o
`o `t
`t`u
`u `b
`btj
tjvj
vjt`
t`ss uo
uotu
tub
b
ikog
ik ogkd
kdfd
fd`` st
strk
rkss c`o ikok
ikoko`o
o`ogb
gb`o
`o pj pjbj
bjr`
r`o.
o. Akak
Akakr`
r`p`
p` e`
e`r`
r` y`y`og
og c`p`t
c`p`t
cjd`bub`o, y`jtu ikcjt`sj, d`tjm`o pkro`p`s`o, yfg`, akrfd`mr`g`, ikojbi`tj
mfaj, c`o `btjvjt`s d`jo uotub akrs`ot`j.
 Ikon`d`ob`o cjkt skm`t
Ukg`d` nkojs i`b`o`o c`o ijoui`o y`og bjt` bfosuisj c`p`t ikikog`rumj
sktj`p a`gj`o tuaum, tkri`sub ft`b. I`b`o`o akrgjzj c`o akroutrjsj tjoggj
i`ipu ikia`otu tuaum dkajm akrkokrgj c`o ikon`g` huogsj ft`b sup`y`
tkt`p prji`.
 Ikia`oguo bkpkre`y``o cjrj
Q`s`` bkpkre
Q`s bkpkre`y`
`y``o
`o cjrj
cjrj c`o m`rg`
m`rg` cjrj
cjrj y`og
y`og rkoc`m,
rkoc`m, c`p
c`p`t
`t ikon`c
ikon`cjj h`btfr
h`btfr
pkoyka`a g`oggu`o njw`. I`b` c`rj jtu, efa`d`m uotub ikokrji` cjrj @oc`
`p` `c`oy`.
N`og`o
N`og`o pkro`m
pkro`m ikia`o
ikia`ocjo
cjog-a`
g-a`ocj
ocjogb
ogb`o`o cjrj
cjrj ckog`o
ckog`o fr`og
fr`og d`j
d`jo.
o. G`djd`
G`djd`m
m
pftkosj @oc` c`o n`cjd`m vkrsj tkra`jb c`rj cjrj @oc` skocjrj. M`d joj `b`o
c`p`t ikia`oguo bkpkre`y``o cjrj c`o ikiau`t @oc` dkajm ikogm`rg`j cjrj
skocjrj.
 Akrsfsj`djs`sj

0;
 @btjh akrsfsj`djs`sj c`p`t ikia`otu @oc` tkrmjoc`r c`rj pkr`s``o bkskpj`o
c`o tkrjsfd`sj y`og c`p`t ikojogb`tb`o rjsjbf g`oggu`o njw`. Akrsfsj`djs`sj
ske`r`` rutjo
ske`r rutjo ckog`o tki`o `t`u bkr`a`t
bkr`a`t c`p`t ikiau`t @oc` ikijdjbj
ikijdjbj skosk

fh akdfogjog (r`s` ikijdjbj).

 Ikijot` a`otu`o
U``t iud`j ikr`s`b`o tkb`o`o `t`u sksu`tu akrd`ogsuog cj du`r bu`s` @oc`,
tjc`b `c` s`d`moy` uotub ikijot` a`otu`o. N`og`o tuoc` dkajm d`i` b`rko`
ajs` s`n` bfocjsj ikot`d @oc` bj`o ikiaurub t`op` cjs`c`rj.
Aje`r`d`m ckog`o fr`og tkrckb`t y`og c`p`t cjpkre`y`. Ukd`jo jtu, @oc` nug`
c`p`t akrbfosudt`sj
akrbfosudt`sj ckog`o psjbfdfg
psjbfdfg `t`u psjbj`tkr uotub ikog`t`sj
ikog`t`sj i`s`d`m
i`s`d`m
c`o ikoekg`m tkrn`cjoy` g`oggu`o njw`.

1.1 Bfoskp Bkdu`rg`

1.1.0 \kogkrtj`o Bkdu`rg`

Bkdu`r
Bkdu`rg`
g` `c`d`m
`c`d`m uojt
uojt tkrbkej
tkrbkejdd c`rj
c`rj i`s`y`
i`s`y`r`b
r`b`t
`t y`og tkr
tkrcjr
cjrjj `t`s
`t`s bkp`d`
bkp`d`
bkdu`rg`
bkdu`rg` c`o akakr`p`
akakr`p` fr`og y`og akrbuipud c`o tjogg`d
tjogg`d cj su`tu tkip`t cj a`w`m
su`tu `t`p c`d`i bk`c``o s`djog bktkrg`otuog`o (Uktj`cj, 1<<=)

Bkdu`rg` `c`d`m cu` `t`u tjg` jocjvjcu y`

y`o
og tkrg`auog b`
b`rrko`
muauog`oc`r`m, muauog`o pkrb`wjo`o `t`u pkog`ogb`t`o c`o ikrkb` mjcup c`d`i
su`tu rui`m t`ogg`, akrjotkr`bsj s`tu s`i` d`jo, c`o cj c`d`i pkr`o`ooy` i`sjog-
i`sjog, ikoejpt`b`o skrt` ikipkrt`m`ob`o bkauc`y``o (A`jdfo c`o I`gd`y` 0:=:

c`d`i Uktj`cj,1<<=).

Bkdu
Bkdu`r
`rg`
g` `c
`c`d
`d`m
`m sk
skbu
buip
ipud
ud`o
`o fr`o
fr`og
g y`
y`og
og cj
cjmu
muau
auog
ogb`
b`o
o fd
fdkm
km jb
jb`t
`t`o
`o
pkrb`wjo`o, pkrb`wjo`o, `cfpsj, `cfpsj, bkd`mjr`o bkd`mjr`o y`og ak y`og akrtunu`o
rtunu`o
rtunu`o ikoejpt`b`o ikoejpt`b`o
ikoejpt`b`o c`o ikipkrt`m`o
ikipkrt`m`ob`o
b`o ikipkrt`m`
ikipkrt`m`ob`o
ob`o auc`y`
auc`y` y`og uiui, ikojogb`tb`o ikojogb`tb`o pkrbkia`og`o pkrbkia`og`o
hjsjb,
hjsjb, ikot`d
ikot`d,, ikot`d
ikot`d,, kifsjf
kifsjfo`d
o`d kifsjf
kifsjfo`d
o`d c`o sfej`d
sfej`d cjrj
cjrj tj
tj`p
`p `oggft
`oggft`` bkdu`r
bkdu`rg`
g`
(Cuv`d c`o dfg`o,0:=8 c`d`i Uktj`cj,1<<=).

08
 C`rj tjg` cjhjojsj cj`t`s pkoudjs c`p`t iko`rjb bksjipud`o a`mw` bkdu`rg`
`c`d`m >

0. [ojt tkrbkejd c`rj i`sy`r`b`t.

1. Skrcjrj `t`s cu` fr`og `t`u dkajm.

5. @c`oy` jb`t`o pkrb`wjo`o c`o pkrt`dj`o c`r`m.

3. Mjcup c`d`i s`tu rui`m t`ogg`.

;. Cj a`w`m `sum`o skskfr`og bkp`d` rui`m t`ogg`.

8. Akrjotkr`bsj cj`ot`r` sks`i` `oggft` bkdu`rg`.

7. Uktj`p `oggft` bkdu`rg` ikipuoy`j pkr`o i`sjog-i`sjog.

=. Ikoejpt`b`o, ikipkrt`m`ob`o su`tu bkauc`y``o.

1.1.1 Sjpk Bkdu`rg`

Sjpk bkdu`rg` cja`gj ikon`cj cu` i`e`i y`jtu (Uktyfw`tj, 1<<7)>

0. Sj
Sjpk
pk Bkdu
Bkdu`r
`rg`
g` Sr`cj
Sr`cjsj
sjfo
fo`d
`d
Sjpk Bkdu`rg` Sr`cjsjfo`d
`. Bkdu`rg`
Bkdu`rg` Jotj
Jotj ( Ouedk`r
Ouedk`r H`ijdy
H`ijdy ) , `c`d`m
`c`d`m bkdu`rg`
bkdu`rg` y`og tkrcjrj
tkrcjrj c`rj
c`rj `y`m, jau
jau
c`o `o`b-`o`b.
a. Bkdu`rg` Aks`r ( Kxstkockc H`ijdy ), `c`d`m bkdu`rg` jotj cj t`ia`m ckog`o
s`o`b s`uc`r`, ijs`doy` okokb, bkpfo`b`o, s`uc`r` skpupu,p`i`o, ajaj c`o
ska`g`joy`. skpupu,p`i`o, ajaj c`o ska`g`joy`.
e. Bkdu`r
Bkdu`rg`
g` —Cy`c’
—Cy`c’ y`jtu
y`jtu su`tu
su`tu rui`m
rui`m t`ogg` y`og
y`og tkr
tkrcjr
cjrjj c`rj su`ij
su`ij c`o jstrj
jstrj
t`op` `o`b. jstrj t`op` `o`b.
c. —Ujogd
—Ujogdkk \`rkot
\`rkot’’ y`jtu
y`jtu su`tu
su`tu rui`m
rui`m t`ogg`
t`ogg` y`og
y`og tkr
tkrcjr
cjrjj c`rj
c`rj s`tu fr`og tu`
(`y`m/jau) ckog`o `o`b (b`ocuog/`ogb`t). Bfocjsj joj c`p`tcjska`ab`o fdkm

pkrekr`j`o `t`u bki`tj`o. fdkm pkrekr`j`o `t`u bki`tj`o.

07
 k. —Ujogdk
—Ujogdk @cudt’
@cudt’ y`jtu su`tu
su`tu rui`m
rui`m t`ogg`
t`ogg` y`og
y`og m`oy`
m`oy` tkrcjr
tkrcjrjj sskfr`og
kfr`og ckw`s`
(ijs`doy` skfr`og y`og tkd`m ckw`s` bkiucj`o tjogg`d bfst uotub akbkrn`
`t`u budj`m). uotub akbkrn` `t`u budj`m).

1. Sjpk Bkdu`rg` Ofo Sr`cjsjfo`d

`. Smk [oi`rrj
[oi`rrjkct
kctkkok
kkokgk
gk i`tmkr,
i`tmkr, `c`d`m
`c`d`m bkdu`rg`
bkdu`rg` y`og tkrcjrj
tkrcjrj c`rj fr`og
fr`og
tu` (tkrut`i` jau) ckog`o `o`b c`rj muauog`o t`op` ojb`m.
a. Smk Utkpp`rkot H`ijdy `c`d`m bkdu`rg` ckog`o fr`og tu` tjrj.
e. Efiiuo
Efiiuokk H`ijdy
H`ijdy `c`d`m akakr`p
akakr`p`` p`s`og`o
p`s`og`o bkdu`rg`
bkdu`rg` (ckog`o
(ckog`o `o`boy`)
`o`boy`)
y`og tjc`b `c` muauog`o
muauog`o s`uc`r`
s`uc`r` mjcup
mjcup akrs`i
akrs`i`` c`d`i
c`d`i s`tu
s`tu rui`m,
rui`m,
suiakr c`o h`sjdjt`s y`og s`i`, pkog`d`i`o y`og s`i` > sfsj`djs`sj `o`b

ckog`o ikd`duj `btjvjt`s bkdfipfb `t`u ikiaks`rb`o `o`b akrs`i`.

c. Smk Ofo I`rjt`d
I`rjt`d Mktkrfsk
Mktkrfskxu`d
xu`d Efomjajt
Efomjajt`og
`og H`ijdy
H`ijdy `c`d`m
`c`d`m bkdu`rg`
bkdu`rg` y`og
y`og
mjcup akrs`i` c`o akrg`otj ― g`otj p`s`og`o t`op` ikd
ikd`duj
`duj pkrojb`m`o.
k. G`y @oc Dksaj`
Dksaj`o
o H`ijdy
H`ijdy `c`d`m
`c`d`m skskfr`o
skskfr`og
g y`og ikipuoy`j
ikipuoy`j pkrs`i
pkrs`i``o
``o
skx mjcup akrs`i` ska`g`ji`o` su`ij ― jstrj (i`rjt`d
(i`rjt`d p`rtokrs).
h. h. Efmjaj
Efmjajtj
tjog
og Efup
Efupdk
dk `c`d`m
`c`d`m fr`o
fr`og
g ck
ckw`
w`s`
s` y`og mjcup
mjcup akrs`
akrs`i`
i` cjdu`r
cjdu`r
jb`t`o pkrb`wjo`o b`rko` akakr`p` `d`s`o tkrtkotu.
g. Gr
Grfu
fup-
p-I`
I`rr
rrj`
j`gk
gk H`
H`ij
ijdy
dy `c
`c`d
`d`m
`m akakr
akakr`p`
`p` fr
fr`o
`og
g ck
ckw`s
w`s`` ikog
ikoggu
guo`b
o`b`o
`o
`d`t`d
`d`t`d`t
`t rui`m
rui`m t`ogg`
t`ogg` akrs`i
akrs`i`` y`og s`djog
s`djog ikr`s`
ikr`s` suc`m
suc`m ikojb`
ikojb`m,
m,
akra`gj sksu`tu tkri`sub skxu`d c`o ikiaks`rb`o `o`boy`.
m. Gr
Grfu
fup
p Oktw
Oktwfr
frb
b H`
H`ij
ijdy
dy `c`d`
`c`d`m
m bk
bkdu
du`r
`rg`
g` jo
jotj
tj y`og
y`og cj
cja`
a`t`
t`sj
sj `t
`tur
ur`o
`o `t
`t`u
`u
ojd`j-ojd`j, mjcup akrs`i` `t`u akrckb`t`o s`tu s`i` d`jooy` c`o s`djog
ikogguo
ikogguo`b`
`b`o
o a`r`og
a`r`og-a`r
-a`r`og
`og rui`m
rui`m t`ogg`
t`ogg` akrs`i
akrs`i`,
`, pkd`y`o
pkd`y`o`o
`o c`o
t`ogguog n`w`a ikiaks`rb`o `o`boy`.
j. Hfstkr
Hfstkr H`ijd
H`ijdy
y `c`d`m
`c`d`m bkdu`r
bkdu`rg`
g` ikokrj
ikokrji`
i` `o`b y`og
y`og tjc`b
tjc`b `c` muauog`
muauog`o
o
bkdu`rg` `t`u s`uc`r` cjc`d`i w`btu skikot`r`, p`c` s``t fr`og tu` `o`b

0=
 tk
tkrs
rska
kaut
ut pk
pkrd
rdu
u ikoc
ikoc`p`
`p`tb
tb`o
`o a`
a`ot
otu`
u`o
o uotub
uotub ikoy
ikoy`t
`tub
ub`o
`o bkia`
bkia`dj
dj
bkdu`rg`y`og `sdjoy`.
n. Mfikdkss H`ijdy `c`d`m bkdu`rg` y`og tkrakotub c`o tjc`b ikipuoy`j
pkrdjocuog`o pkrdjocuog`o y`og pkri`okot pkri`okot b`rko` brjsjs
pkrsfo`d pkrsfo`d y`og cjmuauogb`o cjmuauogb`o ckog`o bk`c``o
kbfofij c`o `t`u prfadki bkskm`t`o ikot`d.
b. G`og
G`og `c`d`m skau`m
skau`m akotub
akotub bkdu`rg`
bkdu`rg` y`og ckstrub
ckstrubtj
tjhh c`rj fr`og-
fr`og- fr`og
iuc`` y`og ikoe`r
iuc ikoe`rjj jb`t`o
jb`t`o kifsjf
kifsjfo`d
o`d c`o bkdu`r
bkdu`rg`
g` y`og ikipuoy
ikipuoy`j
`j
pkrm`tj`o pkrm`tj`o tkt`pj akrbkia`og akrbkia`og c`d`i bkbkr`s`o
bkbkr`s`o c`o erjijo`d erjijo`d c`d`i bkmjcup`ooy`.

1.1.5 Utrubtur Bkdu`rg`

Utrubtur bkdu`rg` tkrcjrj c`rj akri`e`i-i`e`i, cj`ot`r`ooy` `c`d`m (Uktj`cj,
1<<=)>

0. \`trj
\`trjdjo
djok`d
k`d > `c`d`m
`c`d`m bkdu`rg`
bkdu`rg` \`trjdjo
\`trjdjok`d
k`d > `c`d`m
`c`d`m bkdu`rg`
bkdu`rg` skc`r`m
skc`r`m y`og tkr
tkrcjr
cjrjj
skc`r`m y`og tkrcjrj c`rj s`o`b c`rj s`o`b s`uc`r` skc`r`m s`uc`r` skc`r`m c`d`i
akakr`p` gkokr`sj, cji`o` muauog`o jtu cjsusuo ikd`duj n`dur g`rjs `y`m.
1. I`trjd
I`trjdjok
jok`d
`d > `c`d`m
`c`d`m bkdu`rg`
bkdu`rg` skc`r`
skc`r`m
m y`og
y`og tkr
tkrcjr
cjrjj c`rj
c`rj s`o`b s`uc`r`
s`uc`r` skc`r`m
skc`r`m
c`d`i akakr`p` gkokr`sj cj i`o` muauog`o jtu cjsusuo ikd`duj n`dur g`rjs jau.
5. I`trjd
I`trjdfb`d
fb`d > `c`d`m
`c`d`m skp`s`o
skp`s`og
g su`ij
su`ij jstrj
jstrj y`og
y`og tj
tjogg`
ogg` akrs`i`
akrs`i` bkdu`rg
bkdu`rg`` skc`r`
skc`r`m
m
jstrj.
3. \`trj
\`trjdfb
dfb`d
`d > `c`d`m
`c`d`m skp`s`og
skp`s`og su`ij
su`ij jst
jstrj
rj y`og tjogg`
tjogg` akrs`i
akrs`i`` bkdu`r
bkdu`rg`
g` skc`r`m
skc`r`m
su`ij.
;. Bkdu`r
Bkdu`rg`
g` b`wjo`o
b`wjo`o > `c`d`m
`c`d`m muauog`o
muauog`o su`ij
su`ij jstrj
jstrj ska`g`j
ska`g`j c`s`r a`gj
a`gj pkiajo`
pkiajo`
bkdu`r
bkdu`rg`,
g`, c`o akakr`
akakr`p`
p` s`o`b
s`o`b s`uc`r
s`uc`r`` y`og ikon`c
ikon`cjj a`gj`o
a`gj`o bkdu`r
bkdu`rg`
g` b`rko`
b`rko`
`c`oy` muauog`o ckog`o su`ij `t`u jstrj. `c`oy` muauog`o ckog`o su`ij `t`u
jstrj.

0:
 1.1.3 Huogsj bkdu`rg`
Huogsj bkdu`rg` `c`d`m akakr`p` huogsj y`og c`p`t cjn`d`ob`o bkdu`rg` ska`g`j
akrjbut (Uktj`cj, 1<<=)>

0. Huogsj Ajfdfgjs

`. [otu
[otub
b ikokr
ikokrus
usb`
b`o
o bktur
bkturuo`
uo`o.
o.
a. Ikikdjm`r` c`o ikiaks`rb`o `o`b
e. Ikikou
Ikikoumj
mj bkautu
bkautum`o
m`o gjzj
gjzj b
bkdu
kdu`rg
`rg``
c. Ikikdj
Ikikdjm`r
m`r`` c`o ikr`w
ikr`w`t
`t `oggft
`oggft`` bkdu`r
bkdu`rg`
g`

1. Huogsj \sjbfdfgjs

`. Ikiakr
Ikiakrjb`
jb`o
o b`sjm
b`sjm s`y`o
s`y`og
g c`o r`
r`s`
s` `i`o.
`i`o.
a. Ikiakrjb`o pkrm`tj`o cj`ot`r` `oggft` bkdu`rg`.
e. Ikiajo
Ikiajo`` pkockw`s
pkockw`s``o
``o bkprja
bkprja`cj
`cj`o
`o `oggft`
`oggft` bkdu`rg
bkdu`rg`.
`.
c. Ikiakr
Ikiakrjb`
jb`o
o jckot
jckotjt`
jt`ss bkdu`
bkdu`rg`
rg`..

5. Huogsj Ufsj`djs`sj

`. Ikia
Ikiajo
jo`` sfs
sfsj`
j`dd p
p`c
`c`` `o`b
`o`b..
a. Ikiakotub ofri`-ofri` tjogb`m d`bu sksu`j ckog`o tjogb`t pkrbkia`og`o
`o`b.
e. Iko`ru
Iko`rum
m ojd`j
ojd`j-oj
-ojd`j
d`j auc`y`
auc`y` bkdu`
bkdu`rg`
rg`..

3. Huogsj Kbfofij.

`. Ikoe`rj
Ikoe`rj suiakr-su
suiakr-suiakr
iakr pkogm`sj
pkogm`sjd`o
d`o uotub
uotub ikikoumj
ikikoumj Ikoe`rj
Ikoe`rj suiakr-s
suiakr-suiakr
uiakr
pkogm`sjd`o uotub ikikoumj bkautum`obkdu`rg` autum`obkdu`rg`.
a. \kog`tur`o pkogguo``o pkogm`sjd`o bkdu`rg` uotub ikikoumj bkautum`o
bkdu`rg`.

1<
 e. Iko`auo
Iko`auog
g uotub ikikoumj
ikikoumj bkautum
bkautum`o-
`o-bkau
bkautum
tum`o
`o bkdu`rg`
bkdu`rg` cj i`s` y`og `b`o
c`t`og, ijs`doy` pkocjcjb`o `o`b-`o`b, n`ijo`o m`rj tu` c`o ska`g`joy`.

;. Huogsj pkocjcjb`o

`. Ikoyk
Ikoykbf
bfd`
d`mb`
mb`o
o `o
`o`b
`b uotub
uotub ikia
ikiakr
krjb
jb`o
`o pk
pkogk
ogkt`
t`mu`
mu`o,
o, bk
bktk
tkr`
r`ip
ipjd
jd`o
`o c`
c`o
o
ikiakotub pkrjd`bu `o`b sksu`j ckog`o a`b`t c`o ijo`t y`og cjijdjbj.
a. Ikipkrsj`pb`o `o`b uotub bkmjcup`o ckw`s` y`og `b`o c`t`og c`d`i
ikikoumj ikikoumj pkr`o`ooy` pkr`o`ooy` ska`g`j ska`g`j fr`og ckw`s`.
e. Ikocjcjb
Ikocjcjb `o`b
`o`b sksu`j
sksu`j ckog`o tjogb`t-tj
tjogb`t-tjogb`t
ogb`t pkrbkia`og`ooy
pkrbkia`og`ooy`.
`.

Ikourut Khhkocy, (0::=) c`d`i (Uktj`cj, 1<<=) c`rj akra`g`j huogsj cj`t`s `c` 5

huogsj pfbfb bkdu`rg` tkrm`c`p tkrm`c`p `oggft` bkdu`rg`oy`, `c`d`m >

0. @sjm `c`d`m
`c`d`m ikiakrj
ikiakrjb`o
b`o b`sjm
b`sjm s`y`og,
s`y`og, pkrm`tj`o,
pkrm`tj`o, r`s`
r`s` `i`o,
`i`o, bkm`og`t`o
bkm`og`t`o bkp`c`
bkp`c`
`oggft
`oggft`` bkdu`r
bkdu`rg`
g` skmjog
skmjogg`
g` ikiuog
ikiuogbjo
bjob`o
b`o ikrkb`
ikrkb` tuiaum
tuiaum c`o akrbki
akrbkia`o
a`og
g
sksu`j usj` c`o bkautum`ooy akrbkia`og sksu`j usj` c`o bkautum`ooy`.
1. @sum
@sum `c
`c`d
`d`m
`m ikik
ikikou
oumj
mj bkaut
bkautum`
um`o
o pk
pkik
ikdj
djm`
m`r`
r``o
`o c`
c`o
o pkr`w
pkr`w`t
`t`o
`o `o
`o`b
`b `g`r
`g`r
bkskm`t`ooy`
bkskm`t`ooy` skd`du
skd`du tkrpkdjm`r`,
tkrpkdjm`r`, skmjogg` cjm`r`pb`o
cjm`r`pb`o ikon`cjb`o
ikon`cjb`o ikrkb`
ikrkb` `o`b-
`o`b y`og skm`t a`jb hjsjb, ikot`d, sfsjd` c`o spjrjtu`d.
5. @s`m
@s`m `c`d`
`c`d`m
m ikik
ikikou
oumj
mj bk
bkaut
autum
um`o
`o pk
pkocj
ocjcj
cjb`o
b`o `o
`o`b,
`b, sk
skmj
mjogg
ogg`` sj
sj`p
`p ikon
ikon`c
`cjj

i`ousj` ckw`s` y`og ikocjrj c`d`i ikipkrsj`pb`o i`s` ckp`ooy`.

1.1.; \kr`o Bkdu`rg`

\kr`o`o bkdu`rg` ikogg`ia`rb`o skpkr`ogb`t pkrjd`bu jotkrpkrsfo`d, sjh`t,
bkgj`t
bkgj`t`o
`o y`og akrmua
akrmuauog`
uog`o
o ckog`o
ckog`o jocjvj
jocjvjcu
cu c`d`i
c`d`i pfsjsj
pfsjsj c`o sjt
sjtu`s
u`sjj tkr
tkrtko
tkotu.
tu.
Akra`g`j pkr`o`o y`og tkrc`p`t cj c`d`i bkdu`rg` `c`d`m ska`g`j akrjbut (Uktj`cj,
1<<=)>

0. \k
\kr`
r`o`
o`o
o `y
`y`m
`m > `y
`y`m
`m ska`g`j
ska`g`j su`ij
su`ij c`o js
jstr
trjj c`
c`o
o `o
`o`b-
`b-`o
`o`b,
`b, akrpkr
akrpkr`o
`o
ska`g`jj pkoe`rj
ska`g` pkoe`rj pkoe`rj
pkoe`rj o`hb`m, o`hb`m,
o`hb`m, pkocjcjb,
pkocjcjb, pkocjcjb,
pkocjcjb, pkdjocuog
pkdjocuog

10
 pkdjocuog c`o pkiakrj pkiakrj r`s` `i`o, ska`g`j ska`g`j bkp`d`
bkdu`rg`,
bkdu`rg`, ska`g`j
ska`g`j `oggft` c`rj bkdfipfb
bkdfipfb sfsj
sfsj`doy`
`doy` skrt` ska`g`j
ska`g`j `oggft`
`oggft`
i`sy`r`b`t c`rj djogbuog`o. i`sy`r`b`t c`rj djogbuog`o.
1. \k
\kr`
r`o`
o`o
o jau
jau > sk
ska`
a`g`j
g`j jstrj
jstrj c`o jau
jau c`rj
c`rj `o
`o`b
`b-`o
-`o`b
`boy`
oy`,, ja
jau
u ikip
ikipuo
uoy`
y`jj
pkr`o`o uotub ikogurus rui`m t`ogg`, s pkr`o`o uotub ikogurus rui`m
t`
t`ogg
ogg`,
`, sk
ska`
a`g`j
g`j pk
pkog`
og` ka`g`
ka`g`jj pkog`
pkog`su
sum
m c`o pkocj
pkocjcj
cjb
b `o`b-
`o`b- su
sum
m c`o
pkocjcjb `o`b`o`boy`, pkdjocuog c`o ska`g`j s`d`m s`tu bkdfipfb c`rj
pkr`o`o sfsj`doy` skrt` ska`g`j `oggft` i`sy`r`b`t c`rj djogbuog`ooy`,
cjs`ipjog jtu nug` jau c`p`t akrpkr`o ska`g`j pkoe`rj o`hb`m t`ia`m`o
c`d`i bkdu`rg`. i bkdu`rg`.
5. \k
\kr`
r`o`
o`o
o `o`b
`o`b > `o
`o`b-
`b- `o`b ikd`
ikd`bs
bs`o
`o`b`
`b`o
o pk
pkr`
r`o`
o`o
o ps
psjb
jbf-
f-sf
sfsj
sj`d
`d sksu
sksu`j
`j

ckog`o tjogb`t pkrbkia`og`ooy` a`jb hjsjb, ikot`d, sfsj`d c`o sprjrjtu`d.

c`o sprjrjtu`d.

1.1.8 S`m`p \krbkia`og`o Bkdu`rg`

Ikourut Cuv`d (0:=;) c`d`i (Uktj`cj, 1<<=), ikia`gj bkdu`rg` c`d`i = t`m`p
pkrbkia`og`o, y`jtu> t`m`p pkrbkia`og`o, y`jtu>

0. Bkdu`r
Bkdu`rg`
g` A`ru (Akrg`o
(Akrg`oojo
ojog
g H`ijdy)
H`ijdy) \`s`og`o
\`s`og`o a`ru ikojb`
ikojb`m
m y`og
y`og akdui
ikipuoy
ikipuoy`j
`j `o`b.
`o`b. Sug`s
Sug`s pkrbki
pkrbkia`o
a`og`o
g`o bkdu`r
bkdu`rg`
g` t`m`p
t`m`p joj `ot`r`
`ot`r` d`j
d`jo
o
`c`d`m>
`. Ikiajo
Ikiajo`` muauog
muauog`o
`o jotj
jotji
i y`og
y`og ikiu`
ikiu`sb`
sb`o.
o.
a. Ikokt`pb`o tunu`o akrs`i`.
e. Iki
Ikiajo`
ajo` muau
muauog
og`o
`o ckog
ckog`o
`o bkd
bkdu`r
u`rg` d`j
`jo,
o, tk
tki
i`o c`o
c`o Iki
Ikiaj
ajo`
o`
muauog`o ckog`o bkdu`rg` d`jo, tki`o c`o bkdfipfb sfej`d. dfipfb
sfej`d.
c. Ikocjs
Ikocjsbus
busjb`
jb`o
o rkoe`o`
rkoe`o` ikijd
ikijdjbj
jbj `o`b
`o`b `t`u
`t`u BA.
k. \k
\krs
rsj`
j`p`
p`o
o ikon
ikon`cj
`cj fr`og
fr`og tu`
tu`..
h. Iki`m`ij
Iki`m`ij prko`t`d
prko`t`d e`rk (pkogkr
(pkogkrtjso
tjso bkm`ijd`o,
bkm`ijd`o, pkrs`d
pkrs`djo`o
jo`o c`o
c`o ikon`cj
ikon`cj

fr`og tu`).

11
1. Bkdu
Bkdu`r
`rg`
g` ck
ckog`
og`o
o `o
`o`b
`b pkrt`
pkrt`i`
i` 4 5< au
aud`
d`o
o (Emj
(Emjdc
dc Ak
Ak`r
`rjo
jog)
g).. I`s`
I`s` jo
jojj
ikrup`b`o tr`osjsj ikon`cj fr`og tu` y`og `b`o ikojiaudb`o brjsjs bkdu`rg`.
Utucj bd`sjb Dk I`stkr (0:;7) c`rj 38 fr`og tu` cjoy`t`b`o 07 % tjc`b
akri`s`d`m skdkajmoy` akri`s`d`m c`d`i m`d>

`. Uu`ij
Uu`ij ikr`
ikr`s`
s` cj`a`
cj`a`jb
jb`o.
`o.
a. \kojogb`t`o pkrskdjsjm`o c`o `rguikot.
e. Jotkru
Jotkrupsj
psj c`d`i
c`d`i n`cw`d
n`cw`d bfotjou
bfotjou..
c. Bkmjcup`o
Bkmjcup`o skbsu`d
skbsu`d c`o sfej`d tkrg`oggu
tkrg`oggu c`o ikouruo.
ikouruo.

Sug`s pkrbkia`og`o bkdu`rg` t`m`p joj `ot`r` d`jo `c`d`m>

`. @c`pt
@c`pt`s
`sjj pk
pkru
rua`
a`m`
m`o
o `o
`ogg
ggft
ft`` bk
bkdu
du`r
`rg`
g` (p
(pkr
kr`o
`o,, jo
jotk
tkr`
r`bs
bsj,
j, sk
skbs
bsu`d
u`d c`
c`o
o
bkgj`t`o).
a. Ikipkrt`m`ob`o muauog`o y`og ikiu`sb`o ckog`o p`s`og`o.
e. Ikia`gj
Ikia`gj pkr`o
pkr`o c`o t`ogguog
t`ogguog n`w`a (a`g`ji
(a`g`ji`o`
`o` pkr`o
pkr`o fr`og
fr`og tu` tkrm`c`p
tkrm`c`p
a`yj ckog`o ikiakrj skotum`o c`o bkm`og a`yj ckog`o ikiakrj
skotum`o c`o bkm`og`t`o).
c. Ajiajog`o
Ajiajog`o fr`og
fr`og tu`
tu` tkot`og
tkot`og pkrtui
pkrtuiaum`o
aum`o c`o pkrbkia`
pkrbkia`og`o
og`o `o`b.
`o`b.
k. Bfoskdjog
Bfoskdjog BA
BA pfst p`rtui
p`rtui 8 Bfoskdj
Bfoskdjog
og BA pfst
pfst p`rtui
p`rtui 8 ijoggu.
ijoggu.
h. Iko`
Iko`t`
t` ru`
ru`og
og uot
uotub
ub `o`
`o`b.
b.
g. Aj
Aj`y`
`y` / c`o
c`o`` Emjdc
Emjdc Ak`
Ak`rj
rjog
og..
m. Ikih`sjdj
Ikih`sjdjt`sj
t`sj rfdk dk`rojog
dk`rojog `ogggft`
`ogggft` bkdu`rg`
bkdu`rg`..
j. Ikog`c`
Ikog`c`b`o
b`o bkaj`s`
bkaj`s``o
`o bk`g
bk`g`i`
`i``o
`o ske`
ske`r`
r` rutj
rutjo.
o.

5. Bkdu
Bkdu`r
`rg`
g` ck
ckog
og`o
`o @o`b
@o`b \r
\r`` Uk
Ukbf
bfd`
d`m
m Sug`
Sug`ss pk
pkrb
rbki
kia`o
a`og`
g`ooy
ooy`` `c
`c`d
`d`m
`m
ikoyksu`jb`o p`c` bkautum`o p`c` `o`b pr` skbfd`m (sksu`j ckog`o tuiaum
bkia`og
bkia`og,, prfsks
prfsks akd`n`
akd`n`rr c`o bfot`b
bfot`b sfsj`d
sfsj`d)) c`o ikrkoe
ikrkoe`o`b
`o`b`o
`o bkd`mj
bkd`mjr`o
r`o
akrjbutoy`. Sug`s pkrbkia`og`o bkdu`rg` p`c` s``t joj `c`d`m>

`. \kikoum
\kikoum`o
`o bkaut
bkautum`
um`o
o `oggft
`oggft`` bkdu`
bkdu`rg`
rg`..

15
 a. Ikia`otu `o`b akrsfsj`djs`sj.
e. Akr`c`pt`sj
Akr`c`pt`sj ckog`o `o`b a`ru
a`ru d`mjr,
d`mjr, `o`bd
`o`bd y`og d`jo nug`
nug` tkrpkoumj
tkrpkoumj..
c. Ikipkrt`m`ob
Ikipkrt`m`ob`o
`o muauog`o
muauog`o cj c`d`i i`upuo cj du`r
du`r bkdu`rg
bkdu`rg`.
`.
k. \kia`gj
\kia`gj`o
`o w`btu,
w`btu, jocjvj
jocjvjcu,
cu, p`s`og`o
p`s`og`o c`o `o`b. Ikrkoe`
Ikrkoe`o`b`
o`b`o
o bkgj`t
bkgj`t`o
`o
c`o w`btu stjiud`sj tuiaum c`o bkia`og `o`b

3. Bkdu`r
Bkdu`rg`
g` ckog`o
ckog`o @o`b
@o`b [sj`
[sj` Ukbfd`m
Ukbfd`m (8 ― 05 t`muo)
t`muo) Sug`s
Sug`s pkrbki
pkrbkia`o
a`og`o
g`o
bkdu`rg` p`c` s``t joj `c`d`m >

`. Ikia`o
Ikia`otu
tu sfsj`dj
sfsj`djs`s
s`sjj `o`b tkrm`c`
tkrm`c`p
p djogbuo
djogbuog`o
g`o du`r rui`m,
rui`m, skbfd`m
skbfd`m c`o
djogbuog`o dkajm du`s.
a. Ikocfrfog `o`b uotub ikoe`p`j pkogkia`og`o c`y` jotkdkbtu`d.
kdkbtu`d.
e. Ikoykcj`b`o
Ikoykcj`b`o `btjvjt`
`btjvjt`ss uotub
uotub `o`b. Ikoykcj`b`o
Ikoykcj`b`o `btjvjt
`btjvjt`s
`s uotub
uotub `o`b.
`o`b.
c. Ikoyks
Ikoyksu`j
u`jb`o
b`o p`c` `btjvjt`
`btjvjt`ss bfiuoj
bfiuojtj
tj ckog`o ikogjbut
ikogjbut skrt`b`
skrt`b`o
o `o`b.
`o`b.
Ikikou
Ikikoumj
mj bkautu
bkautum`o
m`o y`og ikojog
ikojogb`t
b`t tkr
tkri`s
i`sub
ub aj`y`
aj`y` bkmjcup`
bkmjcup`o
o c`o
bkskm`t`o `oggft` bkdu`rg` bkskm`t`o `oggft` bkdu`rg`

;. Bkdu`rg` ckog`o @o`b Qki`n` (05-1< t`muo)

Sug`s pkrbkia`og`o bkdu`rg` p`c` s``t joj `c`d`m >

`. \kog
\kogki
kia`
a`og
og`o
`o tk
tkrrm`c`
m`c`p
p rki`n
ki`n`` (iki
(ikiak
akrj
rjb`
b`o
o bkak
bkaka`
a`s`
s`o
o y`og
y`og
skjia`og c`o akrt`ogguog n`w`a ikogjog`t rki`n` `c`d`m skfr`og
y`og ckw`s` iuc` c`o iud`j ikijdjbj ftfofij). iuc` c`o iud`j
ikijdjbj ftfofij).
a. Ikikdjm`r` bfiuojb`sj tkraub` Ikikdjm`r` bfiuojb`sj tkraub`.
e. Ikikdj
Ikikdjm`r
m`r`` muauog`
muauog`o
o jotji c`d`i
c`d`i bkdu`rg`.
bkdu`rg`. Ikikdjm
Ikikdjm`r`
`r` muauog`o
muauog`o
jotji c`d`i bkdu`rg`.

13
 c. Ikip
Ikipkr
krsj
sj`p
`pb`
b`o
o pk
pkru
rua`
a`m`
m`o
o syst
systki
ki pk
pkr`
r`o
o c`
c`o
o pk
pkr`
r`tu
tur`
r`o
o `o
`ogg
ggft
ft``
bk
bkdu
du`r
`rg`
g` uo
uotu
tub
b ikik
ikikou
oumj
mj bkaut
bkautum`
um`o
o tu
tuia
iaum
um bkia`
bkia`og
og `o
`ogg
ggft
ft``
bkdu`rg`.

8. Bkdu`rg` ckog`o @o`b Ckw`s` (`o`b 0 ikojogg`db`o rui`m).

Sug`s pkrbkia`og`o bkdu`rg` ikipkrsj`pb`o `o`b uotub mjcup i`ocjrj c`o

ikokrji`
ikokrji` bkpkrgj`o `o`boy`, iko`t`
iko`t` bkia`dj
bkia`dj h`sjdjt`s
h`sjdjt`s c`o suiakr y`og `c`
c`
c`d`
d`i
i bk
bkdu
du`r
`rg`,
g`, ak
akrp
rpkr
kr`o
`o sk
ska`
a`g`j
g`j su
su`i
`ijj js
jstr
trj,
j, b`
b`bk
bkb
b c`o ok
okokb
okb.. Sug`
Sug`ss
pkrbkia`og`o bkdu`rg` p`c` s``t joj `c`d`m >

`. Ikipkr
Ikipkrdu`
du`ss bkdu`r
bkdu`rg`
g` jotj ikon`cj
ikon`cj bkdu`rg`
bkdu`rg` aks`r.
aks`r. Ikipkr
Ikipkrdu`
du`ss bkdu`r
bkdu`rg`
g`
jotj ikon`cj bkdu`rg` aks`r.
a. Ikipkrt`m`ob`o bkjotji`o Ikipkrt`m`ob`o bkjotji`o.
e. Ikia
Ikia`ot
`otu
u `o
`o`b
`b uotub
uotub i`oc
i`ocjr
jrjj sk
ska`g
a`g`j
`j bk
bkdu
du`r
`rg`
g` a`
a`ru
ru cj i`sy
i`sy`r
`r`b
`b`t
`t.. j
i`sy`r`b`t.
c. Ikip
Ikipkr
krsj
sj`p
`pb`
b`o
o `o
`o`b
`b uotub
uotub mjcu
mjcup
p i`oc
i`ocjr
jrjj c`
c`o
o ikok
ikokrj
rji`
i` bk
bkpk
pkrg
rgj`
j`o
o
`o`boy`.
k. Iko`t`
Iko`t` bkia`dj
bkia`dj h`sjd
h`sjdjt`s
jt`s c`o suiakr
suiakr y`og `c`
`c` p`c`
p`c` bkdu`rg`.
bkdu`rg`.
h. Akrpkr
Akrpkr`o
`o su`ij
su`ij ― jst
jstrj
rj b`bkb
b`bkb c`o okokb.
okokb.
g. Ikoe
Ikoejjpt`b
pt`b`o
`o djogb
jogbuo
uog`
g`o
o rui
rui`m y`og
y`og c`p`
c`p`tt ikon
ikon`c
`cjj efot
efotfm
fm a`gj
a`gj
`o`b`o`boy`. `o`boy`.

7. Bkdu`rg` [sj` \krtkog`m`o (Ijcdk @gk H`ijdy).

Sug`s pkrbkia`og`o bkdu`rg` p`c` s``t joj `c`d`m>

`. Ikipuo
Ikipuoy`j
y`j dkajm
dkajm a`oy`b
a`oy`b w`btu
w`btu c`o bkaka`s`o
bkaka`s`o c`d`i
c`d`i ikogfd`
ikogfd`m
m ijo`t
sfej`d c`o w`btu s`ot`j.
a. Ikiudumb`o muauog`o `ot`r` gkokr`sj iuc` tu`.
e. Bk`br
Bk`br`p
`p`o
`o ckog
ckog`o
`o p`s
p`s`og
`og`o
`o..

1;
 c. Ikikdjm`r`
Ikikdjm`r` muauog`o/bfot
muauog`o/bfot`b
`b ckog`o
ckog`o `o`b c`o bkdu`rg`.
bkdu`rg`.
k. \krsj
\krsj`p
`p`o
`o i`s`
i`s` tu`
tu`// pkosj
pkosjfo
fo..

=. Bkdu`rg` D`onut [sj`.

Sug`s pkrbkia`og`o bkdu`rg` p`c` s``t joj `c`d`m >

`. \koyksu`j`o
\koyksu`j`o t`m`p i`s` pkosjfo
pkosjfo ckog`o
ckog`o e`r`
e`r` ikrua`m
ikrua`m e`r`
e`r` mjcup.
mjcup.
a. Ikokrji` bki`tj`o p`s`og`o, b`w`o c`o ikipkrsj`pb`o bki`tj`o.
e. Ikipkrt`m`ob
Ikipkrt`m`ob`o
`o bk`br`a`o
bk`br`a`o p`s`og`o
p`s`og`o c`o s`djog
s`djog ikr`w`t.
ikr`w`t.
c. Ikd`bub
Ikd`bub`o
`o djhk
djhk rkvjkw
rkvjkw i`s`
i`s` d`du.
d`du.

18
 A@A JJJ

BFOUK\ @UBK\ BKD[@QG@ CKOG@O FCGN

5.0 Cj`gofs` bkpkr`w`t`o y`og iuoeud p`c` p`sjko FCGN

Ckhjsjt pkr`w`t`o cjrj akrmuauog`o ckog`o pkouruo`o iftjv`sj
Qksjbf pkrjd
Qksjbf pkrjd`bu
`bu bkbkr`
bkbkr`s`o
s`o akrmua
akrmuauog`
uog`o
o ckog`o
ckog`o bktjc`
bktjc`bi`
bi`ipu
ipu`o
`o
ikogfotrfd cjrj
G`oggu
G`og gu`o
`o bf
bfiu
iuoj
ojb`
b`sj
sj vk
vkra
ra`d
`d akakrm
rmua
uauo
uog`
g`o
o ck
ckog
og`o
`o g`
g`og
oggu
gu`o
`o
okurfiusbudkr cjt`oc`j ckog`o tjc`b `c` bfot`b i`t`
 Bktjc`bi`
Bktjc`bi`ipu
ipu`o`o bfpjog
bfpjog bkdu`r
bkdu`rg`
g` akrmua
akrmuauog`
uog`o
o ckog`o
ckog`o iftjv`
iftjv`sj
sj
cubuog`o bkdu`rg`

5.1 \kogb`nj`o/@o`ioks`>
Qjw`y`t pkrn`d`o`o > pktug`s bkskm`t`o w`nja ikoc`p`t ske`r` rjoej
rjw`y`
rjw`y`tt pkrn`d
pkrn`d`o`
`o`o
o p`sjko
p`sjko s``t
s``t cjt
cjtkiu
kiub`o
b`o p`sjko
p`sjko tkr
tkrpur
purub
ub cjc`d`
cjc`d`i
i
b`i`r
Bkdum`o y`og cjb`t`b`o bkdu`rg` p`sjko > p`sjko ikoguruog cjb`i`r,
i`du akrtkiu fr`og d`jo, c`o tjc`b i`ipu ikr`w`t cjrj
Qjw`y`t pkoy`bjt y`og skakduioy` > -
0. \kikrjbs
jbs``o
``o Hjsjsjb
b
`. \`sjko
\`sjko y`og
y`og ikog`d
ikog`d`ij
`ij tkrp
tkrpuru
urub
b cjb`i`
cjb`i`rr
a. \kikrjbs``o bkskm`t`o y`og cjd`bub`o y`jtu pkikrjbs``o SSX
(S`o
(S`oc`
c`-S
-S`o
`oc`
c` Xjt`
Xjt`d)
d) ikdj
ikdjpu
putj
tj pk
pkik
ikrj
rjbs
bs``
``o
o sumu
sumu tu
tuau
aum,
m,
rkspjr`sj,o`cj, tkb`o`o c`r`m c`o akr`t a`c`o.

5.5 @o`djs` C`t`

@. C`t`
C`t` U
Uua
uayk
ykbt
btjh
jh
-

A. C`t`
C`t` Fa
Fayk
ykbt
btjh
jh
0. \`sjko tkrdjm`t bftfr
1. \`sjko sudjt i`b`o c`o tjcur
5. \`sjko tjc`b `c` bfot`b i`t`

17
5.3 Jotkrvkosj Bkpkr`w`t`o
S`m`p pkrkoe`o``o c`p`t cjskaut skv`g`j jotj `t`u pfbfb c`rj prfsks
bkpkr`w`t`o ska`a pkrkoe`o``o ikrup`b`o bkputus`o `w`d y`og ikiakrj
`r`m a`gj tunu`o y`og jogjo cje`p`j. M`d y`og `b`o cjd`bub`o, tkri`sub
a`g`ji`o`, b`p`o, c`o sj`p` y`og `b`o ikd`bub`o tjoc`b`o bkpkr`w`t`o.
B`rko`
B`r ko`oy`,
oy`, c`d`i
c`d`i ikoyus
ikoyusuouo rkoeo`
rkoeo` tjtjoc`b
oc`b`o
`o bkpkr`w
bkpkr`w`t`
`t`o
o uotub
uotub bdj
bdjko,
ko,
bkdu`rg` c`o fr`og tkrckb`t pkrdu cjdja`tb`o ske`r` i`bsji`d (@si`cj, 1<<=)

Of. Sunu`o c`o Brjtkrj` m`sjd Jotkrvkosj bkpkr`w`t`o

UDBJ UJBJ
Cj`gofs`
Bkpkr`w`t`o
0. Ckhjsjt pkr`w`t`o Sunu`o sktkd`m cjd`bub`o Cubuog`o \kr`w`t`o Cjrj
cjrj 0x13 n`i m`sjd y`og (0.0053=)
cjm`r`pb`o y`jtu cubuog`o Faskrv`sj >
pkr`w`t`o cjrj > - Jckot
ckotjjhj
hjb`
b`sj
sj bkaj
bkaj`s
`s``
``o
o
Brjtkrj` m`sjd> `btjvjt`s pkr`w`t`o cjrj
- Ijo`t ikd`bub`o sksu`j usj`
pkr`w`t`o cjrj - Ifojtfr ttjjogb`t
ikojogb`t bki`ocjrj`o
- Ikipkrt`m`ob`o - Jckot
ckotjjhj
hjb`
b`sj
sj bka
bkaut
utum
um`o
`o
bkakrsjm`o cdd `d`t a`otu bkakrsjm`o
ikojogb`t cjrj,akrp`b`j`o,akrmj`s,
- Ikipkrt`m`ob`o c`o i`b`o

bkakrsjm`o
ikojogb`t iudut Skr`pkutjb
- Ukcj`>b`b`oo djog
djogbbuog`
g`oo
y`og tkr`pkutjb (ijs.
su`s`o` m`og`t, rjdkbs,
prjv`sj)
- Uj`pb`b`oo bkpkrdu`o
prja`cj (ijs. p`rhui,
sjb`t gjgj, c`o s`auo
i`ocj)
- H`sjdjt`sj uot otu
ub
ikokrji` bk`c``o
bktrg`otuog`o
- H`
H`sj
sjdj
djt`
t`sj
sj bk
bki`
i`oc
ocjr
jrj`
j`o,
o,
a`otu njb` tjc`b i`ipu

1=
 ikd`bub`o pkr`w`t`o
cjrj
- N`cw`
`cw`ddb`o
b`o ru
ruttjoj
ojtt`s
pkr`w`t`o cjrj
Kcub`sj >
- @onurb`o ikikd`bub` b`oo
pkr`w`t`o cjrj ske`r`
bfosjstko sksu`j
bki`ipu`o
1. Qksjbf pkrjd`bu Sunu`o sktkd`m cjd`bub`o \koekg`m`o pkrjd`bu
bkbkr`s`o 0x13 n`i m`sjd y`og bkbkr`s`o (0.03;33)
cjm`r`pb`o y`jtu tjc`b `c` Faskrv`sj >
tjoc`b`o bkbkr`s`o. - Ifoj
fojtfr `c
`c`o
`oy`
y` akoc
akoc``
Ckg`o brjtkrj` m`sjd > y`og akrpftkosj
- Xkra`djs`sj ikia`m`y`b`o (ijs.
`oe`i`o bkp`c` akoc` t`n`i cdd)
fr`og d`jo - Ifofojjtfr bk`i`o`o
ikojogb`t a`r`og y`og cja`w`
- \krjd`bu fdkm pkoguonuog
`grksjh/`iub - Ifojtfr skd`i`
ikouruo pkogguo``o a`r`og
- \k
\krrjd`bu ikd
kdu
ub`j y`og c`p`t
cjrj skocjrj/fr`og ikia`m`y`b`o (ijs.
d`jo ikouruo pjs`u eubur)
Skr`pkutjb >
- \krt`m`ob`o
djogbuog`o aka`s c`rj
a`m`y` ske`r` rutjo
- Dja`tb`o bkd kdu
u`rg`
c`d`i pkr`w`t`o
Kcub`sj >
- @on
@onururb`
b`o
o pkog
pkoguo
uonnuog
uog
c`o bkdu`rg` uotub
ikocubuog
bkskd`i`t`o p`sjko
- D`tjm e`r`
ikoguogb`pb`o
pkr`s``o ske`r` `skrtjh
- D`tjm ikogogu
ur`o
`oggj
b`i`r`m`o ske`r`
vkra`d c`o ofo vkra`d
(ijs.rkd`bs`sj,

1:
 akrekrjt`)
5. G`oggu`o Sunu`o sktkd`m cjd`bub`o \rfifsj bfiuojb`sj > ckhjsjt
bfiuojb`sj vkra`d 0x13 n`i m`sjd y`og aje`r` (0.053:1)
cjm`r`pb`o y`jtu c`p`t Faskrv`sj >
akrbfiuojb`sj a`jb - Ifo fojjtfr bkekp`
p`tt`o,
ckog`o bkdu`rg` `t`u tkb`o`o, bu`otjt`s,
sfsj`d. vfduik, c`o cjbsj
Ckog`o brjtkrj` m`sjd > aje`r`
- Bksksu`jo kbs
kbspr
prkksj - Ifojtfr prfsks
w`n`m c`o tuaum bfgojtjh, `o`tfijs, c`o
ikojogb`t hjsjfdfgjs y`og
- Bfot`b i`t` akrb`jt`o ckog`o
ikojogb`t aje`r` (ijs. ikifrj,
- Qkspfo pkpkrjd`bu pkockog`r`o, c`o
ikia`jb a`m`s`)
- \ki`m`i`o - Ifo fojjtfr hrust`sj,
bfiuojb`sj i`r`m, ckprksj `t`u m`d
ikia`jb d`jo y`og ikogg`oggu
aje`r`
- Jckot
ckotjjhj
hjb`
b`sj
sj pkr
pkrjd
jd`b
`bu
u
kifsjfo`d c`o hjsjb
ska`g`j akotub
bfiuojb`sj
Skr`pkutjb >
- Guo`b`o iktfck
bfiuojb`sj `dtkro`tjh
(ijs. ikoudjs, i`t`
akrbkcjp, p`p`o
bfiuojb`sj ckog`o
g`ia`r c`o muruh,
jsy`r`t t`og`o c`o
bfiputkr)
- Uksu`jb`o g`y`
bfiuojb`sj ckog`o
bkautum`o (ijs. akrcjrj
cj ckp`o p`sjko,
ckog`rb`o ckog`o
skbs`i`, tuonubb`o
s`tu g`g`s`o `t`u
pkijbjr`o skb`djgus,
`t`u ikijot` a`otu`o
bkdu`rg` uotub

5<
 iki`m`ij ue``o
p`sjko)
- Ifcj
fcjhj
hjb`
b`sj
sj djogbu
ogbuog
og`o`o
uotub ikijoji`db`o
a`otu`o
- [d`ogj `p` y`og
cjs`ip`jb`o p`sjko
- Akrjb`o cubuog og``o
psjbfdfgjs
- Guo`
Guo`b`b`oo nur
uru
u aj
aje`
e`r`
r`,,
njb` pkrdu
Kcub`sj >
- @onurb`o ak akraje`r`
pkrd`m`o
- @n`rb`
b`oo p`
p`sjko c`o
bkdu`rg` prfsks
bfgojtjh, `o`tfijs, c`o
hjsjfdfgjs y`og
akrmuauog`o ckog`o
bki`ipu`o akraje`r`
Bfd`afr`sj >
- Qununub
ub bk `m
`mddj p`tf
p`tfddfgj
fgj
aje`r` `t`u tkr`pjs
3. Bktjc`bi`ipu`o Sunu`o sktkd`m cjd`bub`o Cubuog`o bfpjog bkdu`rg``
bfpjog bkdu`rg` 0x13 n`i m`sjd y`og (0.<:18<)
cjm`r`pb`o y`jtu bkdu`rg` Faskrv`sj >
i`ipu ikiakrj - Jckot
ckotjjhj
hjb`
b`sj
sj rks
kspf
pfos
os
cubuog`o. kifsjfo`d tkrm`c`p
Ckog`o brjtkrj` m`sjd > bfocjsj s``t joj
- Bkdu`rg` - Jckotjhjb`sj aka
aka`o
vkrv`djs`sj prfofsjs ske`r`
bkjogjo`o uotub psjbfdfgjs
ikocubuog - Jckotjhjb`sj
bkdu`rg` y`og s`bjt pki`m`i`o tkot`og
ikojogb`t bkputus`o pkr`w`t`o
- Ikoe`rj cu
cubuog`o sktkd`m pud`og
sfsj`d a`gj `oggft` - Jc
Jcko
kotj
tjhj
hjb`
b`sj
sj bk
bksk
sksu
su`j
`j`o`o
bkdu`rg` y`og s`bjt `ot`r` m`r`p`o p`sjko,
ikojogb`y bkdu`rg`, c`o tko`g`
- Akbkrm`s`i` bkskm`t`o
ckog`o `oggft` Skr`pkutjb >
bkdu`rg` y`og s`bjt - Ckog`rb`o i` i`s`d`m
`m,,

50
c`d`i ikokotub`o pkr`s``o, c`o
pkr`w`t`o pkrt`oy``o bkdu`rg`
ikojogb`t. - Skrji` ojdojd`j-o
-ojjd`j
bkdu`r`g` ckog`o e`r`
y`og tjc`b ikogm`bjij
- Cjsbu
bussjb`o rk rkoe`o`
ikcjs c`o pkr`w`t`o
- H`sjdjt`sj
pkoguogb`p`o
pkr`s``o `ot`r` p`sjko
c`o bkdu`rg` `t`u `ot`r
`oggft` bkdu`rg`
- H`s
H`sjd
jdjjt`
t`ssj pkog
pkog`i
`iajajdd`o
bkputus`o c`d`i
ikrkoe`o`b`o
pkr`w`t`o n`ogb`
p`on`og, njb` pkrdu
- H`sjdjt`sj `og`oggft`
bkdu`r`g` c`d`i
ikogjckotjhjb`sj c`o
ikoykdks`jb`o bfohdjb
ojd`j
- H`s
H`sjd
jdjjt`
t`ssj pki
pkikoum
koum`o
`o
bkautum`o c`s`r
bkdu`rg` (ijs. tkip`t
tjogg`d, i`b`o`o,
p`b`j`o)
- H`sjdjt`sj `og`oggft`
bkdu`rg` ikd`duj
prfsks bki`tj`o c`o
akrcub`, njb` pkrdu
- H`s
H`sjd
jdjjt`
t`ssj iki
ikipkr
pkrfd
fdkm
km
pkogkt`mu`o,
bktkr`ipjd`o, c`o
pkr`d`t`o y`og
cjpkrdub`o uotub
ikipkrt`m`ob`o
bkptus`o pkr`wt`o
p`sjko
- Akrsjb`p ska`g`j
pkogg`otj bkdu`rg`
uotub ikoko`ogb`o

51
 p`sjko c`o / `t`u njb`
bkdu`rg` tjc`b c`p`t
ikiakrjb`o pkr`w`t`o
- M`rg`j cc``o cu
cubuog
ikb`ojsik bfpjog
`c`ptjh y`og cjguo`b`o
- Akrjb`o bk
bkskip`t`o
akrbuonuog a`gj
`oggft` bkdu`rg`

Kcub`sj >

- Joh
ohfr
fri`
i`ssjb
jb`o
`o bki`
bki`nnu`o
u`o
p`sjko ske`r` akrb`d`
- Jo
Johf
hfri
ri`s
`sjb
jb`o
`o h`
h`sj
sjdj
djt`
t`ss
pkr`w`t`o bkskm`t`o
y`og tkrskcj`

Bfd`afr`sj >

- Qun
unu
ub uot
uotuub tkr`pj
bkdu`rg`, njb` pkrdu

5.; Jipdkikot`sj Bkpkr`w`t`o

Ji
Jipd
pdki
kiko
kot`
t`sj
sj `c
`c`d
`d`m
`m t`m`
t`m`p
p bkb
bkb`
` pk
pkr`
r`w`
w`tt ik
ikog
og`p
`pdj
djb`
b`sj
sjb`
b`o
o `sum
`sum`o
`o
bkpkr`w`t`o bkc`d`i akotub oc`b`o guo` ikia`otu bdjko ikoe`p`j tunu`o y`og
tkd`m cjtkt`pb`o.
cjtkt`pb`o. Bki`i
Bki`ipu`oy
pu`oy`og
`og m`rus cjijdjbj pkr`w`t p`c` t`m`p jipdkikot
jipdkikot`sj
`sj
`c`d`m bki`ipu`o bfiuojb`sj y`og khkbjh, bki`ipu`o ikd`bub`o tkbojb psjbfiftfr,
bki`ipu`o
bki`ipu`o ikd`bub`o
ikd`bub`o faskr
faskrv`sj
v`sj sjstki`s,
sjstki`s, bki`ipu`o
bki`ipu`o ikiakrjb`o
ikiakrjb`o pkocj
pkocjcjb`o
cjb`o
bkskm`t`o, bki`ipu`o `cvfb`sj, c`o bki`ipu`o kv`du`sj (@si`cj, 1<<=)

Of Cj`gofs` Sjoc`b`o
0. Ckhjsjt pkr`w`t`o cjrj 0.ikogjckotjhjb`sj `btjvjt`s p`sjko .
1.ikifojtfr tjogb`t bki`ocjrj`o
p`sjko.
5.ikogjckotjhjb`sj bkautum`o
bkakrsjm`o cjrj p`sjko.
3.ikoykcj`b`o djogbuog`o p`sjko y`og
tkr`pkutjb.
;.ikoykj`pb`o `d`t uotub ikikoumj

55
 bkakrsjm`o cjrj p`sjko.
8.ikon`cw`db`o rutjojt`s pkr`w`t`o
cjrj p`sjko.
7.ikogkcub`sj p`sjko uotub
ikd`bub`o pkr`w`t`o cjrj ske`r`
bfosjstko.
1. Qksj
Qksjbf
bf pkr
pkrjd`
d`bu
bu bkbk
bkbkrr`s
`s`o
`o 0.ik
0.iki ifoj
fojtfr akoc
akoc`` y`og
y`og akr
akra`m`
a`m` uot
uotub
p`sjko.
1. ikifojtfr a`r`og y`og c`p`t
ikia`m`y`b`o .
5. ikdja`tb`o bkdu`rg` c`d`i
pkr`w`t`o p`sjko .
3. ikog`onurb`o fr`og skbjt`r uotub
ikocubuog bkskd`i`t`o p`sjko.
;. ikd`tjm p`sjko e`r` ikoguogb`pb`o
pkr`s``o ske`r` `skrtjh.
8. ikd`tjm p`sjko uotub ikogur`ogj
bki`r`m`o ske`r` vkra`d c`o ofo
vkra`d.
5. G`og
G`oggu
gu`o
`o bfi
bfiuoj
uojb`sj
b`sj vkra
vkra`d
`d 0.ik
0.ikiifoj
fojtfr bkek
bkekp`
p`tt`o tkb`o
kb`o`o
`o c`o
c`o
vfduik aje`r`.
1. ikifojtfr pkrjd`bu
hrust`sj,i`r`m,ckprksj `t`u m`d y`og
ikiogg`oggu akraje`r`.
5. ikogjckotjhjb`sj pkrjd`bu kifsjfo`d
3. ikiakrjb`o cubuog`o psjbfdfgj
;. ikog`onurb`o p`sjko uotub
akraje`r` ske`r` pkrd`m`o.
8.ikog`n`rb`o p`sjko c`o bkdurg`
ikogko`j prfsks bfgojtjh, `o`tfijs
y`oog akrmuauog`o ckog`o
bki`ipu`o akraje`r`
3. Bktj
Bktjc`
c`bi
bi`i
`ipu`
pu`o
o bf
bfpj
pjog
og 0.ikogjckotjhjb`sj rkspfo kifsj
bkdu`rg` tkrm`c`p bfocjsj.
1. ikogjckotjhjbsj bksksu`j`o m`r`p`o
`ot`r` p`sjko c`o bkdu`rg`
5. ikockog`rb`o i`s`d`m c`o
pkrt`oy```o bkdu`rg`
3. ikockog`rb`o i`s`d`m c`o
pkrt`oy``o bkdu`rg`
;. ikogm`rg`j c`o ikocubuog
ikb`ojsik bfpjog `c`ptjh y`og

53
 cjguo`b`o.

5.8 Kv`du`sj
Kv`du`sj
Kv`du` sj `c`d`m
`c`d`m t`m`p
t`m`p `bmjr
`bmjr c`rj
c`rj prfsks
prfsks bkpkr`
bkpkr`w`t
w`t`o
`o y`og
y`og ikrup`b
ikrup`b`o `o
pkra`ocjog`o y`og sjstki`tjs c`o tkrkoe`o` `ot`r` m`sjd `bmjr y`og tkr`i`tj c`o
tunu`o `t`u brjtkrj` m`sjd y`og cjau`t p`c` t`m`p pkrkoe`o``o. Kv`du`sj cjd`bub`o
ske`r` akrbksjo`iauog`o ckog`o ikdja`tb`o bdjko c`o tko`g` bkskm`t`o d`jooy`.
Njb` m`sjd kv`du`sj ikouonubb`o tkre`p`joy` tunu`o c`o brjtkrj` m`sj
m`sjd,
d, bdjko ajs`
bkdu`r c`rj sjbdus prfsks bkpkr`w`t`o. Njb` ska`djboy`, bdjko `b`o i`sub bkia`dj
bkc`d`
bkc `d`i
i sjbdus
sjbdus tkrska
tkrskaut
ut iud`j
iud`j c`rj
c`rj pkogb`n
pkogb`nj`o
j`o ud`og
ud`og (Qk`ss
(Qk`sskss
kssiko
ikot).
t). Uke`r`
Uke`r`
uiui, kv`du`sj cjtunub`o uotub >

`. Ikdjm`t
Ikdjm`t c`o ikojd`j
ikojd`j bki`ipu`o
bki`ipu`o bdjko c`d`i
c`d`i ikoe`p`j
ikoe`p`j tunu`o
a. Ikokotub`o `p`b`m tunu`o bkpkr`w`t`o tkd`m tkre`p`j `t`u akdui
e. Ikogb`nj
Ikogb`nj pkoyka`a
pkoyka`a njb` tunu`o
tunu`o `sum`o
`sum`o bkpkr`w`t`o
bkpkr`w`t`o akdui
akdui
Ikourut Ours`dd`i,1<00,kv`du`sj bkpkr`w`t`o tkrcjrj c`rj 1 nkojs y`jtu>

`) Kv`d
Kv`du`
u`sj
sj hfri
hfri`t
`tjh
jh,k
,kv`d
v`du`
u`sj
sj joj
joj aj
aj`s
`s`` cj sk
skau
autt nu
nug`
g` sk
ska`
a`g`
g`jj kv`du
kv`du`s
`sjj
akrn`d`o cji`o`,kv`du`sj joj cj d`bub`o s`ip`j ckog`o tunu`o tkre`p`j.
a) Kv`du`sj sfi`tjh,ikrup`b`o kv`du`sj `bmjr cji`o` c`d`i iktfck
kv`du`sj joj ikogguo`b`o UF@\.
M`sjd `bmjr y`og cjm`r`pb`o uotub p`sjko >
U >p`sjko ikog`t`b`o ikogko`j
ikogko`j bkdum`o y`og cjr`s`b`o skakdui,bktjb` c`o
sksuc`
sksuc`m
m cjd`bub
cjd`bub`o
`o tjoc`b
tjoc`b`o
`o bkpkr`
bkpkr`w`t
w`t`o
`o `p`b`m
`p`b`m bkdum`o
bkdum`o y`og cjr`s`
cjr`s`b`o
b`o
suc`m ikia`jb `t`u t`ia`m dkajm aurub.
F >sktkd`m cjd`bub`o`o`ioks` c`o pkogb`nj`o, pkr`w`t aj`s`oy` ikd`bub`o
pkogb`nj`o d`ogsuog bkp`c` p`sjko uotub ikoc`p`tb`o c`t` fankbtjh.

@ > Ujipud`o y`og cjc`p`t sktkd`m cjd`bub`o jotkrvkosj y`jtu i`s`d`m c`p`t
tkr`t`sj
`t`u i`s`d`m c`p`t tkr`t`sj ska`gj`o.
\ > Ujip
Ujipud
ud`o
`o y`
y`og
og cjc`p
cjc`p`t
`t y`
y`jt
jtu
u jo
jotk
tkrv
rvkos
kosjj cj
cjmk
mkot
otjb
jb`o
`o `t
`t`u
`u jo
jotk
tkrv
rvko
kosj
sj
cjd`onutb`o.

5;
 A@A JX

@U[M@O BK\KQ@W@S@O

B`sus Ukiu

\`c` Uj`og jtu cj bkcjrj, s``t ikd`bub`o buonuog`o bkdu`rg` cjc`p`tb`o c`t` ska`g`j

akrjbut

58
So. [ akruiur 37 t`muo, jstjoy` Oy. I akruiur 33 t`muo c`o suc`m ikipuoy`j 5
fr`og `o`b y`jtu x, y, z, `o`b pkrt`i` (x) pkrkipu`o akruiur 1< t`muo `o`b bkcu`
(y) d`bj-d`bj akruiur 0; t`muo, c`o `o`b bktjg` (z) pkrkipu`o akruiur 0< t`muo.
\`c` s``t cjd`bub`o pkogb`nj`o
pkogb`nj`o Oy. I ikog`t`b`o
ikog`t`b`o a`mw` `o`b x skd`du
skd`du ikoykocjrj
ikoykocjrj
cjb`i`r, ikr`s` i`du s``t akrtkiu fr`og d`jo tkrut`i` cj tkip`t uiui, `o`b x
t`ip`b iko`rjb cjrj c`rj c`rj fr`og d`jo, tjc`b i`u akrjotkr`bsj ckog`o fr`og d`jo
c`o djogbuog`o, bfot`b i`t` tjc`b `c`, skrjog i`r`m t`op` ska`a, bfocjsj a`c`o
bftfr c`o tjc`b tkr`w`t, sudjt i`b`o c`o tjcur, ikourut s`og jau `o`b x suc`m
ikockrjt` pkoy`bjt joj s``t cj` uiur 0= t`muo sktkd`m dudus UI@, cjb`rko`b`o akdui
cjtkrj
cjtkrji`
i` cj akakr`p
akakr`p`` pkrgur
pkrguru`o
u`o tjoggj
tjoggj y`og
y`og cjj
cjjogj
ogjob`o
ob`ooy`,
oy`, skmjog
skmjogg`
g` cj` cjknkb
cjknkb
tki`o-tki`ooy` y`og suc`m cjtkrji` cj pkrguru`o tjoggj. O`iuo b`rko` bkdu`rg`
c`rj So. [ c`o Oy. I joj tkrgfdfog b`tkrgfrj bur`og i`ipu n`cj fr`og tu` m`oy`
c`p`t ikoe`rjb`o ak`sjsw`, o`iuo tjc`b ikoc`p`tb`o ak`sjsw`. c`o nug` a`oy`boy`
t`ogguog`o bkdu`rg` y`og m`rus cjpkoumj b`rko` `o`b x ikipuoy`j 1 `cjb y`og
i`sjm cja`ogbu skbfd`m, cjt`ia`m d`gj jauoy` (Oy. I) ikipuoy`j rjw`y`t Cj`aktks
Ikddjtus.

HFQI@S \KOGB@NJ@O BK\KQ@W@S@O BKD[@QG@

J. C`t` [iui
`. Utru
Utrubt
btur
ur Bk
Bkdu
du`r
`rg`
g`
O`i` Bkp`d` Bkdu`rg` > So.[

57
 @d`i`t >Nd. Busui` A`ogs` Qt.<<1/Qw.<0: Bk
B ke. \`rk
B`a. Bkcjrj
@g`i` > Jsd`i
a. C`ht`r @oggft` Bkdu`rg`
Mua. \kocj
Of O`i` D/\ [iur \kbkrn``o
Bdg cjb`o
Aurum
0. So.[ D 37 Sm Uu`ij UC
\`arjb
Jau Qui`m
1. Oy.I \ 33 Sm Jstrj UC
S`ogg`
@o`b-
5. @o. ] \ 1< Sm - UI@
0
@o`b-
3. @o.Z D 0; Sm - UI\
1
@o`b
;. @o. ^ \ 0< Sm - UC
-5

`. Gkofgr`i

B`b`b OZ.
I So. [
OZ.I @cjb So

5=
 @o. ]
@o.Z @o. ^

Bktkr`og`o >

9 D`bj-d`bj

9 \krkipu`o

9 Bdjko

9 G`rjs Bkturuo`o

9 B
B`b`b
`b`b Oy. I ckog`o Qjw`y`t G`oggu`o Njw`

9 @cjb So. [

9 D`bj-d`bj Ikojogg`d

9 \krkipu`o Ikojogg`d

`. Sjpk
Sjpk Bkdu
Bkdu`r
`rg`
g`
`. Nkojs
Nkojs tjpk
tjpk bkdu`r
bkdu`rg`
g` > Sjpk
Sjpk Bkdu`r
Bkdu`rg`
g` Jotj
Jotj
a. I`s`d`m y`og tkrn`cj ckog`o tjpk tkrskaut > Sjc`b @c`

a. Uubu a`ogs`

5:
 `. @s`d subu a`ogs` > N`w`
a. Auc`y` y`og akrmuauog`o ckog`o bkskm`t`o> Sjc`b ``c`
c`

e. @g`i
@g`i`` c`o
c`o bk
bkpk
pke`
e`y`
y``o
`o
`. @g`i` > Jsd`i
c. Ut`tus
Ut`tus sfsj`d
sfsj`d kbfofi
kbfofijj bkdu`
bkdu`rg`
rg`
`. @oggft` bkdu`rg` y`og ikoe`rj o`hb`m > So. [
a. \kogm`sjd`o > Ukbjt`r Qp.:<<.<<<,<<
pkr aud`o
e. Bkau
Bkauttum`o
um`o y`og
y`og cjbk
cjbkddu`rb
u`rb`o
`o tj`p aud
aud`o > Ukbj
Ukbjt`
t`rr Qp. 3;<.
3;<.<<
<<<,
<,<<
<<
pkr aud`o
c. M`rt`
M`rt` akoc` y`og
y`og cjijdbj
cjijdbj (pkr`aft
(pkr`aft,, `d`t tr`opfr
tr`opfrt`sj
t`sj y`og
y`og cjijdjbj
cjijdjbj)) >
0) Ukpk
Ukpkc`
c` Ift
Iftfr
fr
1) Skdkvjsj
5) \k
\kr`
r`af
aft`
t`o
o c`p
c`pur
ur

k. @btj
@btjvj
vjt`
t`ss rkbrk
rkbrk`s
`sjj bkdu`r
bkdu`rg`
g`
Bkdu`rg` So.[ tjc`b pkro`m ikog`c`b`o rkbrk`sj ckog`o akpkrgj`o bk
su`tu tkip`t.
tkip`t. W`btu tkogg`og
tkogg`og y`og `c` m`oy` cjguo`b`o uotub
uotub ikdjm`t
SX `t`u akrajoe`og ajoe`og ckog`o bkdu`rg`.

JJ. QJW@Z@
QJW@Z@S
S C@O S@M@\
S@M@\ \KQBK
\KQBKIA@O
IA@OG@
G@O
O BKD[
BKD[@QG
@QG@
@
`. S`m`
m`p
p pkrbk
bki
ia`o
`og
g`o bkdu`rg` s``t joj > S`m`p pkrbkia`
a`o
og`o ckog`
g`o
o
`o`b rki`n`
a. Sug`s \krbkia`og`o Bkdu`rg` > ] C`p`t Cjn`d`ob`o Scb Cpt
cjn`d`ob`o
Ajd` Sjc`b cjn`d`ob`o, skautb`o >
e. Qjw`y`
Qjw`y`tt b
bksk
kskm`t
m`t`o
`o bkdu`r
bkdu`rg`
g` jotj
jotj
0) Qjw`y`t bkskm`t`o bkdu`rg` s``t joj

3<
 0. So.[ > Ikog`t`b`o c`d`i bk`c`s``o skm`t c`o tjc`b
ikogkdumb`o gkn`d` `p`puo

1. Oy.I > Ikog`t`b

Ikog`t`b`o `o c`d`i
c`d`i bk`c
bk`c``o
``o s`
s`bjt
bjt y`jtu
y`jtu Cj`a
Cj`aktks
ktks Ikdd
Ikddjtus
jtus
5. @o.
@o. ] > \`c`
\`c` s``
s``tt pkog
pkogb`
b`nj
nj`o
`o Oy.
Oy.I,
I, ikog`
ikog`t` t`b`
b`o
o a`
a`mw
mw` ` `o
`o`b
`b x
skd`du ikoykocjrj cjb`i`r, ikr`s` i`du s``t akrtkiu fr`og d`jo
tkrut`i` cj tkip`t uiui, `o`b x t`ip`b iko`rjb cjrj c`rj c`rj
fr
fr`o
`og
g d`jo
d`jo,, tjc`
tjc`b
b i`u
i`u akrj
akrjot
otkr
kr`b
`bsj
sj ckog
ckog`o
`o fr
fr`o
`og
g d`
d`jo
jo c`
c`o
o
djogbuog`o, bfot`b i`t` tjc`b `c`, skrjog i`r`m t`op` ska`a.
1) @c`b`m s`d`m s`tu `oggft` y`og ikockrjt` pkoy`bjt6@c`, @o ]
5) Qj
Qjw`
w`y`
y`tt pk
pkoy`
oy`bj
bjtt bk
bktu
turu
ruo`o
o`o > Sjc`
Sjc`b
b `c` pkoy`b
pkoy`bjt
jt iko
ikouru
uruo
o tkt`pj
tkt`pj
b`b`b Oy. I `c` y`og ikog`d`ij g`oggu`o njw`
3) Qjw`y`t bkskm`t`o i`sjog i`sjog `oggft` bkdu`rg`

Jiuojs`sj
Sjoc`b`o
Bk`c``o (AEG/\fdjf/ I`s`d`m
Of O`i` [iur AA Z`og tkd`m
Bkskm`t`o C\S/MA/ bkskm`t`o
cjd`bub`o
E`ip`b
0. So.[ 37 Sm 7< Ukm`t Dkogb`p -

1. Oy. I 37 Sm 8< U`bjt Dkogb`p Cj`aktks Uuc`m

Ikddjtus akrfa`t

5. @o. ] 1<Sm 3= U`bjt Dkogb`p

C`d`i
\kogfa`t
`o

3. @o.Z 0; Sm Ukm`t Dkogb`p -

;. @o. ^ 0< Sm Ukm`t Dkogb`p -

30
 c. Uuiakr
Uuiakr pkd`y
pkd`y`o`
`o`o
o bkskm`t`
bkskm`t`o
o y`og cji`oh
cji`oh``t
``tb`o
b`o

] \usbksi`s Ajc`o Cfbtkr \kr`w`t

JJJ. \KOGB@NJ@O DJOGB[OG@O

`. B`r
B`r`b
`btk
tkrrjs
jsttjb Qui`m
Qui`m c`o U`ojt`sj Djogbuog`o \MAU Cj Qui`m S`ogg`
 Bfocjsj Qui`m  Njb` `c` Auojh`s, \krs`djo`o cjtfdfog
Sypk rui`m > pkri`oko/skij fdkm tko`g` bkskm`t`o >
pkri`oko* Z`/
D`ot`j > Sjc`b* .......................................................
t`o`m/pdkstkr/bkr`ijb,d`jooy`…. .....................
Bkpkijdjb`o rui`m > skocjrj / skw`* Njb` `c` a`yj, Ikiakrj @UJ kbsdusjh >
 Xkotjd`sj > Z`/ Sjc`b*
A`jb (0<-0;% c`rj du`s d`ot`j)> y`/tjc`b*  njb` `c` a`djt`, Ikojia`og a`djt` tj`p
Nkockd` sktj
ktj`p m`rj cjauaubb`> y`/tjc`b* ado >
…………………………………………… Z`/
…… Sjc`b* .......................................................
\koe`m`y``o Qui`m > .......................
A`jb/ Sjc`b*  Ikogguo`b`o `jr akrsjm uotub i`b`o
………………………………………… & ijoui>
……… Z`/
 U`dur`o Au`og Djia`m > Sjc`b* .......................................................
Skrtutup/tkraub`* .................................
…………………………………………  Ikogg kogguo uo`b`b`o
`o `j `jrr akr
akrsj
sjmm uot uotub
……… bkakrsjm`o cjrj>
@jr Akrsjm > Z`/
Uuiakr `jr akrsjm> Sjc`b* .......................................................
suiur/\@I/suog`j/d`jo-d`jo*, ..................................
skautb`o.....  Ikoeuej t`og`o ckog`o `jr akrsjm &

Bu`djt`s `jr> Eubup A`jb s`auo >

 N`ia`o Ikikoumj Uy`r`t > Z`/
Bkpkijdjb`o n`ia`o > y`/tjc`b* Sjc`b* .......................................................
Nkojs n`ia`o > dkmkr `ogs`/ ekipduog* ..................................
N`r`
N`r`b
b sk
skpt
ptje
je t`ob ckog`o
ckog`o su suia
iakr
kr `jr > 7
Iktkr  Ikd`bub`o pkiau`og`o s`ip`m p`c`

31
 Skip`t U`ip`m> tkip`toy` >
Bkpkijdjb`o tkip`t s`ip`m 2Z`/Sjc`b* Z`/
Nkojs > Skrtutup/Skraub` * Sjc`b* .......................................................
Cjau`og
Cjau` og cjak
cjakd`b
d`b`o
`og
g ru
rui`
i`mm c`o ..................................
cja`b`r  Ikon`g`
Ikon`g` djogbu djogbuog`oog`o rui`m
rui`m t`ip`b
t`ip`b
 Q`sjf
Q`sjf Du`s A`oguo`o
A`oguo`o Qui`m ckog`o akrsjm
Qui`m ckog`o
Nuid`m y`/tjc`b.................................(faskrv`sj
1
@oggft` Bkdu`rg` (=i /fr`og) Z`/Sjc`b * c`o v`djc`sj)
…………………………………………  Ikogb
Ikogbfo fosusuis
isjj d` d`ub
ub c`
c`oo p` p`ubub tj tj`p
`p
……… m`rj >
Z`/
Sjc`b* .......................................................
...............................
 Ikogguo`b`o n`ia`o skm`t >
Z`/
Sjc`b* .......................................................
................................
 Iki
Ikiakr akr`ot
`ot`s`s nkotj
nkotjb b cj rui`mrui`m skb`djskb`dj
skijoggu >
Z`/ Sj Sjc`c`b*
b* (iko(ikogu gur`r`s,
s, ikogu
ikoguaur aur,,
ikoutup)
...................................................................
.................
 I`b`o au`m c`o s`yur sktj`p m`rj > Z`/
Sjc`b* ......................................................
..
 Ikd`bub`o `btjvjt`s hjsjb sktj`p m`rj >
Z`/
Sjc`b* .............
....................
..............
..............
.............
.............
.............
......
Sjc
Sjc`b
`b ikrfbfb
ikrfbfb cj cj c`d`i
c`d`i rui`m rui`m > Z`/
Sjc`b* .......................................................
.....
\kogg
\ko gguo`
uo``o `o `d `dbfm
bfmfd fd c` c`o o z` z`tt `c`cjbjbtj
tjhh >
y`/tjc`b
...................................................................
................

35
 a. B`r`btkrjstjb Skt`ogg` c`o Bfiuojt`s QW
`) Bkaj
Bkaj`s`s``
``o
o y`og
y`og `c` c`d`
c`d`i
i bfiuo
bfiuojt
jt`s
`s tkrs
tkrska
kaut
ut>> Bkrn` a`btj, B`r`og
t`ruo`, Z`sjo`o
a) @tur`o y`og `c` c`d`i bfiuojt`s tkrskaut
e) Auc`y` y`og akrd`bu c`d`i bfiuojt`s tkrskaut > \kog`nj`o,
\kbuipud`o

JX. USQ[BS[Q BKD[@QG@

`. A`g`ji
A`g`ji`o`
`o` Utru
Utrubtu
bturr Bkbu`t
Bkbu`t`o
`o Bkdu`
Bkdu`rg`
rg`
\fd` Bfiuojb`sj > ] A`jb Cjshuogsjfo`d
\kr`o C`d`i Bkdu`rg` > ] Scb @c` I`s`d`m @c` I`s`d`m
Ojd`j/Ofri` Bkdu`rg` > ] Scb `c` bfohdjb ojd`j @c`
Bfohdjb
\kog`iajd`o
\kog`i ajd`o bkputus`o
bkputus`o c`d`i bkdu`rg`
bkdu`rg` > \kog`i
\kog`iajd`o
ajd`o bkputus`o
bkputus`o ske`r`
iusy`w`r`m, pkr`o pkog`iajd bkputus`o y`og cfijo`o `c`d`m So.[
a. A`g`ji`o` Utrubtur \kr`o (pkr`o i`sjog/i`sjog `oggft` bkdu`rg`)
Uktj`p `oggft` bkdu`rg` akrpkr`o sksu`j pkr`ooy`
e. A`g`
A`g`ji
ji`o`
`o` Oj
Ojd`
d`jj c
c`o
`o Ofri
Ofri`` y
y`o
`og
g akr
akrd`
d`bu
bu c`
c`d`
d`i
i bkd
bkdu`
u`rg
rg``
Bkdu
Bk du`r
`rg`
g` So.[
So.[ ikogikog`o
`out
ut ojd`
ojd`jj c`o
c`o ofri
ofri`
` n`w`
n`w`/j
/jsd
sd`i
`ijj c`d`
c`d`i
i
bkmjcup`o skm`rj m`rj, tjc`b `c` ojd`j c`o ofri` y`og akrtkot`og`o
ckog`o bkskm`t`o

X. H[OGUJ BKD[@QG@
`. Huog
Huogsj
sj `h
`hkb
kbttjh

0) Huogsj
Huogsj @hkbtj
@hkbtjhh > ] Akrhuogsj Scb Akrhuogsj

1) Huogsj
Huogsj Ufsj`d
Ufsj`d > ] Akrhuogsj Scb Akrhuogsj

5) Huogsj
Huogsj Kbfo
Kbfofij
fij > A`jb Bur`og A`jb
]
a. Huogsj pkr`w`t`o bkskm`t`o

@c`b`m pkrm`tj`o bkdu`rg` bkp`c` `oggft`oy` y`og ikockrjt` s`bjt> ] @c`

Sjc`b b`rko`

33
 ............................................................................................................................
............
0) @p`b`m
@p`b`m bkdu`r bkdu`rg` g` ikogkt`m
ikogkt`muj uj i`s`d`m
i`s`d`m bkskm` bkskm`t`o t`o y`og cj`d` cj`d`ijij `oggft`
`oggft`
c`d`i bkdu`rg`oy` > Z` ] Sjc`b
1) @p`b`m
@p`b`m bkdu`r
bkdu`rg`
g` ikogkt`m
ikogkt`muj
uj pkoyka`a
pkoyka`a i`s`d`
i`s`d`m
m bkskm`t`
bkskm`t`o
o y`og cj`d`ij
cj`d`ij
`oggft` c`d`i bkdu`rg`oy`>
] Z` Sjc`b ,
………………………………………………………………..
5) @p`b`m
@p`b`m bkdu`r
bkdu`rg`
g` ikogkt`
ikogkt`muj
muj t`oc`
t`oc` c`o gkn`d`
gkn`d` i`s`d
i`s`d`m
`m bkskm`t
bkskm`t`o
`o y`og
cj`d`ij `oggft` c`d`i bkdu`rg`oy` >
Z` ] Sjc`b ,
………………………………………………………………..
3) @p`b
@p`b`m
`m bkbkdu
du`r
`rg`
g` ikog
ikogkt
kt`mu
`mujj `bja`
`bja`tt i`s`
i`s`d`
d`m
m bk
bksk
skm`t
m`t`o
`o y`
y`og
og cj
cj`d
`d`i
`ijj
`oggft` c`d`i bkdu`rg`oy` ajd` tjc`b cjfa`tj/cjr`w`t >
Z` Sjc`b, ]
……………………………………………………………………………
………
;) \`c`
\`c` sj`p` bkdu`r
bkdu`rg`
g` aj`s`
aj`s` ikogg`dj
ikogg`dj johfri
johfri`sj
`sj tkot`o
tkot`og
g i`s`d`m
i`s`d`m bkskm`t`
bkskm`t`o
o
y`og cj`d`ij `oggft` bkdu`rg`oy`>
Bkdu`rg`
] Skt`ogg`
B`ckr

Sko`g`
bkskm`t`o,y`jtu…………………………………………………………

8) Bky`
Bky`bj
bjo`
o`o
o bk
bkdu
du`r
`rg`
g` tk
tkot
ot`o
`og
g i`s`
i`s`d`
d`m
m bk
bksk
skm`
m`t`
t`o
o y`og
y`og cj
cj`d
`d`i
`ijj `o
`oggf
ggft`
t`
bkdu`rg`oy`>
Sjc`b pkrdu cjt`og`oj b`rko` `b`o skiaum skocjrj aj`s`oy`

] \krdu akrfa`t bk h`sjdjt`s y`obks

Sjc`b tkrpjbjr

3;
 7) @p`b`m
@p`b`m bkdu`r
bkdu`rg`
g` ikd`bub`
ikd`bub`o
o up`y` pkojogb`
pkojogb`t`o
t`o bkskm`
bkskm`t`o
t`o y`og cj`d`i
cj`d`ijj
`oggft`` bkdu`rg`oy`
`oggft bkdu`rg`oy` ske`r` `btjh > (a`g`ji`o`
(a`g`ji`o` akotub tjoc`b`o
tjoc`b`o up`y`
pkojogb`t`o bkskm`t`o),
] Z`
Sjc`b,nkd`sb`o ...................................................................................

=) @p`b`m
@p`b`m bkdu`rg
bkdu`rg`` ikogkt`muj
ikogkt`muj bkautu
bkautum`o
m`o pkogfa`t
pkogfa`t`o
`o i`s`d`m
i`s`d`m bkskm`t`
bkskm`t`o
o
y`og cj`d`ij y`og cj`d`ij `oggft` bkdu`rg`oy` >
x Z` Sjc`b , Nkd`sb`o.........................................................
Nkd`sb`o............................................................................
...................

:) @p`b`m bkdu`rg`
bkdu`rg` c`p`t c`p`t ikd`bu
ikd`bub`o b`o e`r`
e`r` ikr`w`t
ikr`w`t `oggft`
`oggft` bkdu`rg`
bkdu`rg` ckog`o
i`s`d`m bkskm`t`o y`og cj`d`ijoy`>
x Z`
Sjc`b, nkd`sb`o
..........................................................................................................
0<) @p`b`m bkdu`rg`
bkdu`rg` c`p`t ikd`bub` ikd`bub`o o pkoekg`m`o i`s`d`m i`s`d`m bkskm`t`o
bkskm`t`o y`og
cj`d`ij `oggft` bkdu`rg`oy`>
Z` Sjc`b, B`rko` bkdu`rg` tjc`b t`mu i`s`d`m y`og cj`d`ij
]
00) @p`b`m bkdu`rg`
bkdu`rg` i`ipu ikikdjm`r`
ikikdjm`r` `t`u ikifcjhjb`s
ikifcjhjb`sjj djogbuog`o
djogbuog`o y`og
ikocu
ik ocubu
buog
og bk
bksk
skm`
m`t`
t`o
o `oggf
`oggft`
t` bk
bkdu
du`r
`rg`
g` y`
y`og
og ikog
ikog`d `d`i
`ijj i`s`
i`s`d`
d`m
m
bkskm`t`o >
Z` Sjc`b,
nkd`sb`o........................................................................................
nkd`sb`o................................................................ ........................
01
01)) @p`b
@p`b`m
`m bk
bkdu
du`r
`rg`
g` i`ip
i`ipuu ikog
ikogg`g`dj
dj c`
c`o
o iki`
iki`oh
oh``t
``tb`o
b`o susuia
iakr
kr cj
i`sy`r`b`t uotub ikog`t`sj i`s`d`m bkskm`t`o `oggft` bkdu`rg`oy` >
Z` Sjc`b,
Sjc`b, Bkdu`rg`
Bkdu`rg` tjc`b i`ipu iki`oh``tb`o
iki`oh``tb`o suiakr
suiakr cj
i`sy`r`b`t

XJ. USQKU C@O BF\JOG BKD[@QG@

`. Ikb`
Ikb`oj
ojsi
sikk bfpj
bfpjog
og > Khk
Khkbt
btjh
jh Sj
Sjc`
c`b
b Kh
Khkb
kbtj
tjhh ]

38
a. Utrkssfr yg cjm`c`pj bkdu`rg` > Bfocjsj bkskm`t`o @o. ] c`o akrmuauog`o
Oy I y`og ikipuoy`j rjw`y`t CI ckog`o So.[ tjc`b i`ipu

ikikoumj bkautum`o bkdu`rg`.

03) \KIKQJBU@@O HJUJB

Ikd`bub`o pkikrjbs``o sjb bkp`c` skdurum `oggft` bkdu`rg`

Of \kikrjbs``o @o. ] @o.Z @o. ^ A`p`b [ Jau Z

0 SSX 01;/7< 00</8; 0<</7< 03</=< 01:/:<
1 Bkp`d` A`jb A`jb A`jb A`jb A`jb
5 I`t` Bur`og A`jb A`jb A`jb A`jb
A`jb
3 Mjcuog A`jb A`jb A`jb A`jb A`jb

;
8 I
Dkumdkurt A
A``jjb
b A
A``jjb
b A
A``jjb
b A
A``jjb
b A
A``jjb
b
7 Smfr`x A`jb A`jb A`jb A`jb A`jb
= @acfiko A`jb A`jb A`jb A`jb A`jb
: Kbstrkijt`s @t`s A`jb A`jb A`jb A`jb A`jb
0< Kbstrkijt`s A`jb A`jb A`jb A`jb Bur`og
A`w`m A`jb

0;) M@Q@\@O BKD[@QG@

Skrm`c`p i`s`d`m bkskm`t`ooy`> Ukiu` `b`o akrn`d`o d`oe`r c`o a`jb
a`jb s`n`

 @o`djs
@o` djs`
` C`t`
C`t `

S`ogg`d C`t` I`s`d`m Bkpkr`w`t`o

0< Fbtfakr C`t` Uuankbtjh Jsfd`sj sfsj`d p`c` `o`b ]
1<10 - Oy. I ikog`t`b`o a`mw` `o`b bkdu`rg` So. [
] sk skd`
d`du
du ikoy
ikoyko
kocj
cjrj
rj cj
cjb`
b`i`
i`r,
r, akrmuauog`o ckog`o
ikr`s`
ikr `s` i`du
i`du s``t
s``t akrtki
akrtkiu
u fr`og
fr`og pkrua`m`o bfocjsj ikot`d
d`jo tkrut`i` cjtkip`t uiui cjmuauogb`o ckog`o
bktjc`btkrpkoumjoy`

37
 C`t` Fankbtjh bkjogjo`o
- @o`b ] t`ip`b iko`rjb cjrj c`rj
fr`og d`jo

-fr`og
Sjc`b i`u
d`jo c`oakrjotkr`bsj
djogbuog`o ckog`o
- Bfot`b i`t` tjc`b `c`
- Ukrjog i`r`m t`op` ska`a
- bfbfocj
ocjsj
sj a`c`o
a`c`o bfbftf
tfrr c`
c`o
o tj
tjc`
c`b
b
tkr`w`t
0< Fbtfakr C`t` Uuankbtjh G`oggu`o prfsks bkdu`rg`
1<10 - Oy. I ikog`t
ikog`t`b`
`b`oo a`mw`
a`mw` `o`b
`o`b So.. [ bm
So bmus
usus
usoy
oy`` p`
p`c`
c` >
] ikr`s`
ikr`s` bkekw`
bkekw` ckog`o
ckog`o fr`og
fr`og bktjc`bi`ip
bktjc`bi`ipu`ou`o bkdu`rg`
bkdu`rg`
tu`oy
u`oy`` y`og
y`og tjc`
tjc`b
b ikiikikoum
koumjj ikia
ik iakr
krjb
jb`o
`o cubu
cubuog
og`o
`o
bkjogjo`ooy` hjo`osj`d
uotub ikd`onutb`o budj`m.

C`t` Fankbtjh
- Sj
Sjc`b
c`b i`ip
i`ipu u akrbfi
akrbfiuojuojb`
b`sj
sj
ske`r`
ske `r` tkraub
tkraub`` cj`ot`
cj`ot`r`
r` `oggft
`oggft``
bkdu`rg`
- Bkdu`rg` tjc`b ikikou oummj
bkautum`o
hjsjb/kifs
hjsjb/kifsjfo`d/
jfo`d/spjrj
spjrjtu`d
tu`d `oggft`
`oggft`
bkdu`rg`
0< Fbtfakr C`t` Uuankbtjh Bktjc`bi`i
Bktjc` bi`ipu`o
pu`o bfpjog
bfpjog
1<10 - Oy.
Oy. I ikog ikog`t`t`b
`b`o
`o bkd
bkdu`rg
u`rg`` bkdu`rg` So. [
tjc`b t`mu e`r` ikr`w`t `o`b ]. akrmuauog`o ckog`o
- Oy. I ikog`t`b`o i`sjm akdui bk
bktj
tjc`
c`bt
bt`mu
`mu`o
`o bk
bkdu
du`r
`rg`
g`
t`mu
t`m u tkot`o
tkot`ogg g`oggu`
g`oggu`o o nj
njw`
w` c`o ikogko`j bfocjsj i`s`d`m
e`r` pkr`w`t`ooy`. bkskm`t`o `o`b ] c`o
- @o`b ] ikr`s` tkrtkb`o h`
h`sj
sjdj
djt`
t`ss bk
bksk
skm`
m`t`
t`o
o y`og
y`og
tkp`t
C`t` Fankbtjh
- Bkdu`rg` t`ip`b m`oy`
ikog`r`mb`o skskb`dj.
- Bdjk
Bdjko o t`t`ip
ip`b
`b tjc`
tjc`b
b ikij
ikijdj
djbj
bj
`btjhjt`s tkrn`cw`d.
- Bkdu`r
Bkdu`rg` g` t`ip`b
t`ip`b ikog`a
ikog`a`jb
`jb`o
`o
pkr`w`t`o/ pkogfa`t`o `o`b ]

3=
 Ub`d` \rjfrjt`s
\rjfrj t`s
0. Jsfd`s
Jsfd`sjj sf
sfsj`
sj`dd p`c`
p`c` `o
`o`b
`b ] bkdu`
bkdu`rg
rg`
` So.
So. [ akrmu
akrmuau
auog`
og`o
o ckog`
ckog`o
o
pkrua`m`o bfocjsj ikot`d cjmuauogb`o ckog`o bktjc`b tkrpkoumjoy`
bkjogjo`o

OF BQJSKQJ@ AFAFS UBFQ \KIAKO@Q@O

0. Ujh`t I`s`d`m > 0 Oy. I ikog`t`b`o `o`b ]
@btu`d ]090 skd`du ikoykocjrj cjb`i`r,
ikr`s` i`du s``t akrtkiu fr`og
d`jo tkrut`i` cj tkip`t uiui.
@o`b x t`ip`b iko`rjb cjrj
c`rj c`rj fr`og d`jo, tjc`b i`u
akrjotkr`bsj ckog`o fr`og d`jo
c`o djogbuog`o.
1. Bkiuogbjo`o 1 Bkdu`rg` So. [ sjaub akbkrn`
i`s`d`m c`p`
p`tt x190 uotub ikikoumj bkautum`o
cjua`m > skm`rj-m`rj. Ukrt` pkogkt`mu`o
Uka`gj`o bkdu`rg` y`og bur`og ikogko`j
bfocjsj `o`b ].
5. \ftkosj`d 0 \kiakrj`o johfri`sj y`og tkp`t
i`s`
i` s`dd`m uot
uotub x09 c`o iuc`m cjp`m`ij c`p`t
cjekg`m > ikia`otu bkdu`rg` So. [
Eubup uotub dkajm ikipkrm`tjb`o,
iki`m`ij,c`o ikogkrtj
bfocjsj `o`b ]
3. Ikofonfdoy` 0 @o`b ] tkrbko` g`oggu`o
i`s`d`m > x09 ikot`d skn`b dudus UI@, tkt`pj

Sjc`b skgkr` bkdu`rg`

iko`og`ojtjc`b skgkr`
bfocjsj `o`b ]..
Sft`d
1

1. G`oggu`o \rfsks Bkdu`rg` So [ bmususoy` p`c` > bktjc`bi`ipu`o

bkdu`rg` ikiakrjb`o cubuog`o hjo`osj`d.

OF BQJSKQJ@ AFAFS UBFQ \KIAKO@Q@O

0. Ujh`t I`s`d`m > 0 Bkdu`rg` So ] tjc`b i`ipu
Qjsjbf ]09 uotub ikikoumj bkjogjo`o

3:
 `o`b ] uotub ikd`onutb`o
budj`m b`rko` `o`b ], o`iuo
bkdu`rg` suc`m akrus`m`

ikoe`rjb`o
tjc`b c`p`t. ak`sjsw`, tkt`pj
@c`oy` i`s`d`m
kbfofij c`d`i bkdu`rg`.
1. Bkiuogbjo`o 1 Bkdu`rg` So. [ sjaub akbkrn`
i`s`d`m c`p`
p`tt x190 uotub ikikoumj bkautum`o
cjua`m > skm`rj-m`rj, b`rko` bfocjsj
Uka`gj`o kbfofij y`og skc`og
akri`s`d`m, nug` pkogkt`mu`o
bkdu`rg` So. [ bur`og.
5. \ftkosj`d 0 \kiakrj`o johfri`sj y`og tkp`t
i`s`
i` s`dd`m uot
uotub x09 c`o iuc`m cjp`m`ij c`p`t
cjekg`m > ikia`otu bkdu`rg` So. I
Eubup uotub dkajm ikipkrm`tjb`o,
iki`m`ij,c`o ikogkrtj
bfocjsj `o`b ]
3. Ikofonfdoy` 0 @oggft` bkdu`rg` So. [
i`s`d`m > x09 bmususoy` `o`b ] tkrbko`
Sjc`b skgkr` g`oggu`o ikot`d skn`b dudus
UI@, tkt`pj bkdu`rg` tjc`b
skgkr` iko`og`oj bfocjsj `o`b
]. b`rko` i`s`d`m kbfofij c`o
bur`ogoy` pkogkt`mu`o tkrb`jt
bfocjsj bkdu`rg` s``t joj
Sft`d
1

5. Bktjc
Bktjc`b`bi`
i`ipipu`o
u`o Bfpj
Bfpjog
og Bkdu
Bkdu`rg
`rg`
` So
So.. [ akrmu
akrmuau
auog
og`o
`o ckog
ckog`o
`o
bktjc`bt
bktjc`bt`mu`
`mu`o o bkdu`rg
bkdu`rg`
` ikogko`
ikogko`jj bfo
bfocjsj
cjsj i`s`d`
i`s`d`m
m bkskm`t
bkskm`t`o
`o `o`b
`o`b ]
c`o h`sjdjt`s bkskm`t`o y`og tkp`t.

OF BQJSKQJ@ AFAFS UBFQ \KIAKO@Q@O

0. Ujh`t I`s`d`m > 0 Bkdu`rg` So. [ akdui
Qjsjbf ]09 ikogkt`muj tkot`og pkr`w`t`o
p`c` g`oggu`o njw` ckog`o
a`jb c`o ako`r c`o `bja`t y`og
c`p`t tkrn`cj `p`ajd`

;<
 ikog`a`jb`o bfocjsj tkrskaut.
1. Bkiuogbjo`o 1 Ckog`o ikiakrj pkogkrtj`o
i`s`d`m c`p`
p`tt x190 c`o johfri`sj y`og tkp`t

cjua`m > bkp`c` bkdu`rg` So. [

Uka`gj`o bkiuogbjo`o i`s`d`m y`og
cjm`c`pj c`p`t cjua`m iksbjpuo
i`sjm ska`gj`o .
5. \ftkosj`d 0 Cubuog`o sfsj`d c`o
i`s`
i` s`dd`m uot
uotub x09 i`sy`r`b`t c`p`t ikia`otu
cjekg`m > bks`c`r`o bkdu`rg` So [.
Eubup tkot`og i`s`d`m bkskm`t`o c`o
h`sjdjt`s d`y`o`o bkskm`t`o y`og
tkp`t
3. Ikofonfdoy` 0 @o`b ] tkrbko` g`oggu`o
i`s`d`m > x09 ikot`d skn`b dudus UI@, tkt`pj
Sjc`b skgkr` bkdu`rg` tjc`b skgkr`
iko`og`oj bfocjsj `o`b ].
Sft`d
1

 CJ@GOFU@ Akrc`s`rb`o m`sjd sb`d` prjfrjt`s>

p rjfrjt`s>

0. Js
Jsfd
fd`s
`sjj sfsj
sfsj`d
`d p`
p`c`
c` `o
`o`b
`b ] bk
bkdu
du`r
`rg`
g` So.
So. [ ak
akrm
rmua
uauo
uog`
g`o
o ck
ckog
og`o
`o
pkrua`m`o bfocjsj ikot`d cjmuauogb`o ckog`o bktjc`b tkrpkoumjoy`
bkjogjo`o
1. G`oggu
G`oggu`o`o \rfsks
\rfsks Bkdu`rg
Bkdu`rg`` So [ bmususoy
bmususoy`` p`c` > bktjc`bi`
bktjc`bi`ipu
ipu`o
`o
bkdu`rg` ikiakrjb`o cubuog`o hjo`osj`d.
5. Bktj
Bktjc`
c`bi
bi`i`ipu
pu`o
`o Bfpj
Bfpjog
og Bkdu
Bkdu`r
`rg`
g` So.
So. [ ak akrm
rmua
uauo
uog`
g`o
o ck
ckog
og`o
`o
bktjc`bt`mu`o bkdu`rg` ikogko`j bfocjsj i`s`d`m bkskm`t`o `o`b ]
c`o h`sjdjt`s bkskm`t`o y`og tkp`t.

 Jotkrv
Jot krvkos
kosjj

0. Jsfd`sj sfsj`d p`c` `o`b ] bkdu`rg` So. [ akrmuauog`o ckog`o

pkrua`m`o bfocjsj ikot`d cjmuauogb`o ckog`o bktjc`b tkrpkoumjoy`
bkjogjo`o

;0
Of. Cj`gofs` Sunu`o Jotkrvkosj
Bkpkr`w`t`o (UDBJ) (UJBJ)

0. Jsfd`sj sfsj`d p`c` Sunu`o [iui > Jsfd`sj \rfifsj Ufsj`djs`sj

`o
`o`b
`b ] bk bkdu
du`r
`rg`
g` sfsj`d tkrbkoc`dj sktkd`m (0.053:=)
So. [ cjd`bub`o `sum`o
akrmuauog`o Faskrv`sj
bkpkr`w`t`o bkdu`rg`
ckog`o pkrua`m`o 0. Jc
Jcko
kotj
tjhj
hjb`
b`sj
sj bki`
bki`ip
ipu`o
u`o
skd`i` 0 ijoggu
bf
bfoocjsj ikot`d ikd`bub`o jotkr`bsj
cjmuauogb`o ckog`o fr`og d`jo
Sunu`o Bmusus >
ckog
ckog`o
`o bktj
bktjc`
c`b
b 1. Jc
Jcko
kotj
tjhj
hjb`
b`sj
sj m`i
m`ia`
a`t`
t`oo
`. Bki`ipu`o
tkrpkoumjoy` ikd`bub`o jotkr`bsj
pkr`s``o
bkjogjo`o ckog`o fr`og d`jo
oy`i`o ckog`o
(C. <010) Skr`pkutjb
sjtu`sj sfej`d
0. If
Iftj tjv`s
v`sjj ikoj
ikojogb
ogb`t
`tb`
b`oo
`o.x ikojogb`t
bktkrdja`t`o c`d`i
a. Bki`ipu`o
rkspfosjh su`tu muaug`o
1. Cj
Cjsb
sbus
usjb
jb`o
`o bkbu`
bkbu`t` t`o
o
bkp`c` fr`og
c`o bktkra`t`s`o c`d`i
d`jo ikojogb`t
akrbfiuojb`sj ckog`o
e. Muauog`o
fr`og d`jo
sfsj`d bkdu`rg`
5. Ak
Akrj
rjb`
b`o o uip`
uip`o o a`dj
a`djb
b
Ap. [
pfsjtjh c`d`i pkr`w`t`o
ikojogb`t
cjrj
c. Bki
Bki`ipu`o
3. Ak
Akrj
rjb`
b`o o uip`
uip`o o a`dj
a`djb
b
akrjotkr`bsj
pfsjtjh p`c` sktj`p
c`d`i bkdu`rg`
pkojogb`t`o
ikojogb`t
bki`ipu`o
Kcub`sj
0. @o
@onunurb
rb`o
`o akrj
akrjot
otkr
kr`bs
`bsjj
ckog`o fr`og d`jo ske`r`
akrt`m`p
1. D`
D`tj
tjm`
m`o o akr
akri`
i`jojo pk
pkr`
r`o
o
uotub ikoogb`tb`o
bktr`ipjd`o bfiuojb`sj
\rfifsj cubuog`o Bkdu`rg`
(0.053==)
Faskrv`sj
0. Jc
Jcko
kotjtjhj
hjb`
b`sj
sj bkaut
bkautumum`o
`o
c`o m`r`p`o bkdu`rg`
1. Jc
Jcko
kotjtjhj
hjb`
b`sj
sj pkrs
pkrskp
kpsj
sj

tkot`og sjtu`sj, pkijeu

;1
 bkn`cj`o, pkr`s``o c`o
pkrjd`bu p`sjko
5. Jc
Jcko
kotj
tjhj
hjb`
b`sj
sj Utrk
Utrkss
ssfr
fr

sjtu`sjfo`d `oggft`
bkdu`rg` d`jooy`
Skr`pkutjb
0. H`
H`sj
sjdj
djt`
t`sj
sj pr
prfg
fgr`
r`ii
pkr`w`t`o c`o
pkogfa`t`o y`og cj
n`d`oj `oggft` bkdu`rg`
1. Cj
Cjsb
sbus
usjb
jb`o
`o bki`i
bki`ipu pu`o
`o
c`o pkrkoe`o``o
bkdu`rg` c`d`i
pkr`w`t`o
5. Cu
Cubuo
buogg bkd
bkdu`
u`rg
rg`` uot
uotub
ub
ikon`g` `t`u
ikipkrt`m`ob`o
muauog`o bkdu`rg`
Kcub`sj
0. Nk
Nkd`
d`sb
sb`o
`o bk
bkp`
p`c`
c`
bkdu`rg` tkot`og
pkr`w`t`o c`o
pkogfa`t`o y`og
cjn`d`oj p`sjko
1. @o
@onu
nurb
rb`o
`o ikoj
ikojogb
ogb`t
`tb`
b`o
o
`spkb pfsjtjh c`rj sjtu`sj
y`og cjn`d`oj p`sjko.

1. G`oggu`o \rfsks Bkdu`rg` So [ bmususoy` p`c` > bktjc`bi`ipu`o

bkdu`rg` ikiakrjb`o cubuog`o hjo`osj`d.

Of Cj`gofs` Sunu`o Jotkrvkosj

Bkpkr`w`t`o (UDBJ) (UJBJ)
1. G`oggu`o \rfsks Sunu`o [iui > \rfifsj prfsks khkbtjh bkdu`rg`
Bkdu`rg` So [ (0.053:8)
bmususoy` p`c` > G`oggu`o \rfsks Faskrv`sj
bktjc`bi`ipu`o Bkdu`rg` tkrbkoc`dj 0. Jc
Jcko
kotj
tjhj
hjb`
b`sj
sj Sjpk
Sjpk Bkdu`r
Bkdu`rg`
g`
bkdu`rg` ikiakrjb`o sktkd`m cjd`bub`o 1. Jc
Jcko
kotj
tjhj
hjb`
b`sj
sj i`s`
i`s`d`
d`m
m `t`u
cubuog`o hjo`osj`d. `sum`o bkpkr`w`t`o g`oggu`o c`d`i prfsks

(C. <01<) bkdu`rg` skd`i` 0 bkdu`rg`

;5
ijoggu Skr`pkutjb
`. Sunu
Sunu`o
`o Bmus
Bmusus
us > 0. If
Iftj tjv`s
v`sjj `oggf
`oggft`
t` bkdu
bkdu`r
`rg`
g`
a. Bki`ipu`o uotub ikd`bub`o `btjvjt`s

bkdu`rg` akrs`i` skpkrtj i`b`o,

akrbfiuojb`sj akrcjsbusj akrs`i` bkdu`rg`
ske`r` tkraub` 1. H`s
H`sjd
jdjt`
jt`sj
sj `oggft`
`oggft` bkdu`r
bkdu`rg`
g`
cj `ot`r` ikd`bub`o buonuog`o rui`m
`oggft` s`bjt
bkdu`rg` 5. Uu
Uusu
suoo n`cw
n`cw`d`d `bt
`btjv
jvjt
jt`s
`s
ikojogb`t pkr`w`t`o i`ocjrj cj rui`m
e. Bki`ipu`o uotub ikogur`ogj g`oggu`o
@oggft` rutjojt`s bkdu`rg`
bkdu`rg` Kcub`sj
ikikoumj 0. Nk
Nkd`
d`sb
sb`o
`o str`
str`tk
tkgj
gj
bkautum`o hjsjb ikogkia`djb`o bkmjcup`o
`oggft` bkdu`rg` y`og ofri`d bkp`c`
bkdu`rg` `oggft` bkdu`rg`
ikojogb`t 1. Cjs
Cjsbus
busjb`
jb`oo cubuo
cubuog`o
g`o sfsj`d
sfsj`d c`o
c. Bki
Bki`ipu`o skbjt`r bkdu`rg`
bkdu`rg` 5. D`
D`tj
tjm
m bkdu`
bkdu`rg
rg`` i`o`
i`o`nk
nkik
ikoo
ikikoumj w`btu njb`
njb` pkr`w`t`o rui`m cj
bkautum`o autumb`o
kifsjfo`d
`oggft` Skr`pj Bkdu`rg`
bkdu`rg` (0.<:511)
ikojogb`t
k. Bki`ipu`o Faskrv`sj
`oggft` 0. Jck
Jckotj
otjhjb
hjb`sj
`sj rjw`y`
rjw`y`tt bksk
bkskm`t
m`t`o`o
bkdu`rg` bkdu`rg`
ikoe`rj 1. Jck
Jckotj
otjhjb
hjb`sj
`sj pfd`
pfd` bfiuoj
bfiuojb`s
b`sjj
a`otu`o ske`r` bkdu`rg`
tkp`t ikojogb`t 5. Jc
Jcko
kotj
tjhj
hjb`
b`sj
sj e`r`
e`r` bkdu`r
bkdu`rg`
g`
h. @oggft` ikike`mb`o i`s`d`m
bkdu`rg` 3. Jck
Jckotj
otjhjb
hjb`sj
`sj g`oggu`
g`oggu`o o spks
spksjhj
jhjb
b
vkra`djs`sj tkrb`jt g`oggu`o m`r`p`o pkr`o
bkjogjo`o uotub ;. Jck
Jckotj
otjhjb
hjb`sj
`sj bktjc`
bktjc`bpu`
bpu`s`o
s`o//
ikoubuog bfohdjb y`og tkrn`cj
`oggft` 8. Jc
Jcko
kotj
tjhj
hjb`
b`sj
sj bkaut
bkautum
um`o
`o c`o
bkdu`rg` y`og m`r`p`o bkdu`rg`
s`bjt ikojogb`t Skr`pkutjb
g. Bki
Bki`ipu`o 0. H`
H`sj
sjdj
djt`
t`sj
sj cjsu
cjsusk
sk ckog
ckog`o
`o

ikoe`rj bkdu`rg`

;3
 cubuog`o sfsj`d 1. H`s
H`sjd
jdjt`
jt`sj
sj str
str`tk
`tkgj
gj ikour
ikouruob`
uob`o
o
a`gj `oggft` strkss
bkdu`rg` y`og 5. Cjsbu
Cjsbusjb
sjb`o
`o e`r`
e`r` tkra
tkra`jb
`jb c`d`i
c`d`i

s`bjt ikojogb`t iko`og`oj cjshuogsj pkrjd`bu

c`d`i bkdu`rg`
3. Cj
Cjsb
sbus
usjb
jb`o
`o st
str`
r`tk
tkgj
gj
pkoykdks`j`o i`s`d`m y`og
bfotrubtjh
;. Cj
Cjsb
sbus
usjb
jb`o
`o rkoe
rkoe`o`
`o` tkr
tkr`pj
`pj
ckog`o bkdu`rg`
Kcub`sj
0. @on
@onurb
urb`o
`o Akrbfi
Akrbfiuoj uojb`j
b`j dkajm
dkajm
khkbtjh
1. @onu
@onurb
rb`o
`o `ogg
`oggftft`` bkdu`r
bkdu`rg`
g`
ikiprjfrjt`sb`o c`o ikijdjm
i`s`d`m bkdu`rg`
5. @onu
@onurb
rb`o
`o sk
skiu
iu`` `og
`oggt
gt``
bkdu`rg` akrp`rtjsjp`sj c`d`i
pkbkrn``o rui`m `ogg` akr
s`i` s`i` (i`b`o akrs`i`)
3. @onurb`o ikogua`m e`r`
akrmuauog`o ckog`o `oggft`
bkdu`rg` d`jo

5. Bktjc`bi`ipu`o Bfpjog Bkdu`rg` So. [ akrmuauog`o ckog`o

bktjc`bt`mu`o bkdu`rg` ikogko`j bfocjsj i`s`d`m bkskm`t`o `o`b ] c`o
h`sjdjt`s bkskm`t`o y`og tkp`t.

OF. Cj`gofs` Sunu`o Jotkrvkosj

Bkpkr`w`t`o (UDBJ) (UJBJ)
5. Bktjc`bi`ipu`o Sunu`o [iui > Cubuog`o bfpjog bkdu`rg`
Bfpjog Bkdu`rg` (0.<:18<)
So. [ akrmuauog`o \kogkt`mu`o bkdu`rg`
ckog`o tkot`og g`oggu`o njw` Faskrv`sj
bktjc`bt`mu`o c`o e`r` pkr`w`t`ooy` 0. Jc
Jcko
kotj
tjhj
hjb`s
b`sjj ak
aka`o
a`o
bkdu`rg` ikogko`j `b`o ikojogb`t sktkd`m prfgofsjs ske`r`
bfocjsj i`s`d`m psjbfdfgjs
cjd`bub`o `sum`o
bkskm`t`o `o`b ] 1. Jc
Jcko
kotj
tjhj
hjb`s
b`sjj bksksu
bksksu`j
`j`o
`o
bkpkr`w`t`o bkdu`rg`
c`o h`sjdjt`s `ot`r` m`r`p`o p`sjko,

;;
bkskm`t`o y`og skd`i` 0 ijoggu. bkdu`rg` c`o bkskm`t`o
tkp`t. Skr`pkutjb
(C.<<:5) Sunu`o Bmusus > 0. Ck
Ckogog`r
`rb`
b`o
o i`s`d
i`s`d`m
`m,,
Cjm`r`pb`o
So. [ i`ipuBkdu`rg` pkr`s``o c`o
pkrt`oy``o bkdu`rg`
`. Ikog
ogkkt`mu
mujj 1. H`sj
H`sjdj
djtt`s
`sjj
pkogkrtj`o pkoguogb`p`o
g`oggu`o njw` pkr`s``o `ot`r` p`sjko
a. Ikogkt`muj c`o bkdu`rg` `t`u `ot`r
pkcjspfsjsj c`o `oggft` bkdu`rg`
prkpkpjt`sj 5. H`
H`sj
sjdj
djt`
t`sj
sj pk
pkik
ikou
oum`
m`oo
g`oggu`o njw` bkautum`o c`s`r
e. Ikogko`d bkdu`rg`
t`oc`-t`oc` 3. H`
H`sj
sjdj
djt`
t`sj
sj iki
ikipk
pkrf
rfdk
dkm
m
bkb`iaum`o pkogkt`mu`o,
c. Ikog
ogkkt`mu
mujj bktr`ipjd`o, c`o
pkr`w`t`o c`o pkr`d`t`o y`og
tkip`t cjpkrdub`o uotub
pkd`y`o`o y`og ikipkrt`m`ob`o
bkdu`rg` ajs` bkputus`o pkr`w`t`o
guo`b`o p`sjko
k. A`otu
otu`o y`o
y`og
g Kcub`sj
cj t`w`rb`o 0. Jo
Johf
hfri
ri`s
`sjb
jb`o
`o h`sjd
h`sjdjt
jt`s
`s
fr`og d`jo bkskm`t`o y`og
ikojogb`t tkrskcj`
h. Cubuog`o Bfd`afr`sj
kifsj y`og cj 0. Qu
Qunu
nub
b uotu
uotubb ttkr
kr`p
`pjj
akrjb`o fr`og bkdu`rg`, njb` pkrdu
d`jo ikojogb`t
\rfifsj Bfpjog
(0.<:501)

Faskv`sj
0. Jc
Jcko
kottjh
jhjb
jb`s
`sjj
bki`ipu`o y`og
cjijdjbj
1. Jc
Jcko
kottjh
jhjb
jb`s
`sjj
pki`m`i`o prfsks
pkoy`bjt
5. Jc
Jcko
kotj
tjhj
hjb`
b`sj
sj iktf
iktfck
ck
pkoykdks`j`o i`s`d`m

3. Jc
Jcko
kotj
tjhj
hjb`
b`sj
sj bkau
bkautu
tum`
m`o
o

;8
 c`o bkjogjo`o
tkrm`c`p cubuog`o
sfsj`d
Skr`pkutjb
0. H`
H`sj
sjdj
djt`
t`sj
sj c`d
c`d`i
`i
ikipkrfdkm johfri`sj
y`og cj autumb`o
1. If
Iftj tjv`
v`sj
sj uotu
uotub
b
ikokotub`o m`r`p`o
y`og rk`djstjs
5. Cu
Cububuogog pk
pkog
oggu
guo`
o``o
`o
ikb`ojsik y`og tkp`t
Kcub`sj
0. @o
@onunurb
rb`o
`o ikon
ikon`d
`djo
jo
muauog`o y`og
ikijdjbj bkpkotjog`o
c`o tunu`o y`og s`i`
1. @o
@onunurb
rb`o
`o pkogg
pkogguo`
uo``o
`o
suiakr spjrjtu`d
5. @o
@onunurb
rb`o
`o bkd
bkdu`
u`rg
rg``
tkrdja`t
3. D`
D`tj
tjm
m pko
pkogg
gguo
uo``
``o
o
tkmojb rkd`bs`sj

 Jipdkikot`
Jipdk ikot`sj
sj c`o Kv`du`sj
Kv`du `sj

Of Cj`gofs` Jipdkikot`sj Kv`du`sj

0. Jsfd`sj sfsj`d p`c` `o`b ] Ukd`s`, 0< Fbtfakr 1<1< n`i Ukd`s`, 0< Fbtfakr 1<1<
bkdu`rg` So. [ 00.<<-01.<< WJA n`i 00.<<-01.<< WJA
akrmuauog`o ckog`o
pkrua`m`o bfocjsj ikot`d `. Ikd`
Ikd`bu
bub`
b`o
o pkogb
pkogb`n`nj`
j`o
o U>
cjmuauogb`o ckog`o ikogko`j bfocjsj s`bjt
bktjc`b ] `. Oy I iko
ikog`
g`tt`b`o
`b`o ^
tkrpkoumjoy`bkjogjo`o a. Ikd`bub`o jckotjhjb`sj tkd`m ikockrjt` s`bjt
. bki`ipu`o njw` skn`b dudus
UI@
ikd`bub`o jotkr`bsj
a. Oy. I ikog`t`b`o
ckog`o fr`og d`jo
a`mw` `o`b ] skd`du

;7
 e. Ikog
Ikogb`b`nj
nj rk
rksp
spfo
fo ikoykocjrj cjb`i`r,
bkdu`rg` tkrm`c`p ikr`s` i`du s``t
bfocjsj `oggft` y`og akrtkiu fr`og d`jo
s`bjt tkrut`i` cjtkip`t
c. Ikogb
Ikogb`n `njj up`y`
up`y`-u
-up`
p`y`
y` uiui
bkdu`rg` y`og tkd`m e. Bkdu`rg`
cjd`bub`o c`d`i ikog`t`b`o jogjo
ikogm`c`pj bfocjsj t`mu dkajm a`oy`b
s`bjt tkot`og g`oggu`o
k. Ikog
Ikogb` b`nj
nj suia
suiakr
kr c`y
c`y`` njw`
y`og `c` cj bkdu`rg`, F>
aj`y`, w`btu, c`o
h`sjdjt`s/pk`r`d`t`o `. Bk
Bkdu
du`r
`rg`
g` tk
tkri
ri`s
`sub
ub
y`og ikouon`og tjogb`t kbfofij
pkr`w`t`o bdjko ikokog`m
ckog`o g`oggu`o njw` a. @o`b ] t`ip`b
h. Ikd`
Ikd`bu
bub`
b`o
o bfot
bfotr`
r`b
b iko`rjb cjrj c`rj
w`btu c`o bkgj`t`o fr`og d`jo
y`og `b`o cjguo`b`o e. Sjc`b i`u
uotub ikiakrjb`o akrjotkr`bsj ckog`o
pkoyudum`o fr`og d`jo c`o
djogbuog`o
@ > Sunu`o akdui tkre`p`j

\ > D`bub`o buonuog`o

sksu`j bfotr`b y`og tkd`m
cjskp`b`tj

1. G`og
G`oggu gu`o
`o \rfs
\rfsks
ks Ukd`s` 0< Fbtfakr 1<1< n`i Ukd`s` 0< Fbtfakr 1<1< n`i
Bkdu`rg` So [ bmususoy` 0<.<<-00.<< WJA 0<.<<-00.<< WJA
p`c` > bktjc`bi`ipu`o `. Ikon
Ikonkd
kd`s
`sb`
b`o
o bkp`
bkp`c`
c`
bkdu`rg` ikiakrjb`o bkdu`rg` `c`oy` U>
cubuog`o hjo`osj`d i`s`d`m bkskm`t`o
Bktjc`bi`ipu`o Bfpjog p`c` bkdu`rg` So [ `. Oy
Oy.. I iko
ikog`
g`tt`b`o
`b`o
Bkdu`rg` So. [ c`o pkrdu skgkr` a`mw` `o`b ]
akrmuauog`o ckog`o cjt`og`oj ikr`s` bkekw`
bktjc`bt`mu`o bkdu`rg` a. Ikiakrj h`sjdjt`sj ckog`o fr`og tu`oy`
ikogko`j bfocjsj i`s`d`m `oggft` bkdu`rg` y`og tjc`b
bkskm`t`o `o`b ] c`o ikd`bub`o buonuog`o ikikoumj
h`sjdjt`s bkskm`t`o y`og rui`m s`bjt bkjogjo`ooy`
uotub ikd`onutb`o
tkp`t e. Akrc
Akrcjs
jsbu
busj
sj tko
tkot`
t`og
og budj`m.

;=
 cubuog`o sfsj`d c`o a. Oy I ikog`t`b`o
skbjt`r bkdu`rg` jogjo ikia`w` ]
c. Ikia
Ikiakr krjb
jb`o
`o ak
akakr
akr`p
`p`` akrfa`t t`pj y`og
`dtkro`tjvk pkike`m`o tkp`t bki`o`o y`
i`s`d`m bkp`c` ia`b 6
bkdu`rg` F>
k. Ikiakrjb`o
bkskip`t`o bkp`c` `. Bk
Bkdu
du`r
`rg`
g` t`
t`ip
ip`b
`b
bkdu`rg` uotub `c` bkjogjo`o uotub
ikiutusb`o e`r` y`og ikd`bub`o `p` y`og
`b`o cjtkipum c`d`i cjs`r`ob`o pktug`s
ikog`t`sj i`s`d`m a. Bkdu`rg`
h. Ikog`g`nn`rb`o ikog`t`b`o a`mw`
Akrbfiuojb`j dkajm a`ru t`mu b`d`u
khkbtjh `g`r c`p`t cjpusbksi`s
ikoykdks`jb`o tkroy`t` nug` `c`
i`s`d`m pkd`y`o`o bkskm`t`o
g. njw`oy`
@ > I`s`d`m akdui tkr`t`sj

\ > D`onutb`o buonuog`o

sksu`j bfotr`b y`og tkd`m
cjskp`b`tj

;:
5. Bktjc`bi`ipu`o Bf
Bfpjog Ukd`s` 0< Fbtfakr 1<1< n`i Ukd`s` 0< Fbtfakr 1<1<
Bkdu`rg` So. [ 00.<<-01.0; WJA n`i 00.<<-01.0; WJA
akrmuauog`o ckog`o
bktjc`bt`mu`o bkdu`rg` `. Ikia
Ikiakr krjb
jb`o
`o jo
johf
hfri
ri`s
`sjj U>
tkot`og pkr`w`t`o
ikogko`j bfocjsj i`s`d`m `. Oy
Oy.. I iko
ikog`g`tt`b`o
`b`o
g`oggu`o njw`
bkskm`t`o `o`b ] c`o a. Ikogkv`du`sj bkdu`rg` tjc`b t`mu
h`sjdjt`s bkskm`t`o y`og pkd`bs`o``o pkr`w`t`o e`r` ikr`w`t `o`b
tkp`t tkrm`c`p bdjko ].
g`oggu`o njw` a. Oy I c`o bkdu`rg`
e. Ikog
Ikogkvkv`d
`du`
u`ssj ikog`t`b`o `b`o
pki`m`i`o bkdu`rg` ikoefa` ikog`n`b
tkot`og g`oggu`o njw` bdjko akrajoe`og-
c. Ikia
Ikiakr krjj iftj
iftjv`v`sj
sj ajoe`og aj`r tjc`b
uotub ikokotub`o ikd`iuo
m`r`p`o y`og rk`djstjs F>
k. Ikocubuog
pkogguo``o `. Bk
Bkdu
du`r
`rg`
g` t`
t`ip
ip`b
`b
ikb`ojsik y`og tkp`t `c` bkjogjo`o uotub
ikd`bub`o `p` y`og
cjs`r`ob`o pktug`s
a. Bkdu`rg` t`ip`b
bffpkr`tjh
e. Bkdu`rg`
ikog`t`b`o `b`o
ikogfotrfdb`o bdjko
bk \usbksi`s s`n`
@ > Sunu`o akdui tkre`p`j

\ > D`onutb`o buonuog`o

sksu`j bfotr`b y`og tkd`m
cjskp`b`tj

8<
 A@A X

\KO[S[\

3.0 BKUJI\[D@O

Bkdu`rg` ikrup`b`o uojt tkrbkejd c`rj i`sy`r`b`t y`og tkrcjrj `t`s cu` fr`og `t`u dkajm
ckog`o `c`oy` jb`t`o pkrb`wjo`o c`o pkrt`dj`o c`r`m. Mjcup c`d`i s`tu rui`m t`ogg`, cj
a`w`m `sum`o skskfr`og bkp`d` rui`m t`ogg` c`p`t akrjotkr`bsj cj`ot`r` sks`i` `oggft`
bkdu`rg`
bkdu`rg` ckog`o
ckog`o sk`p `oggft` bkdu`rg`
bkdu`rg` ikipuoy`j
ikipuoy`j pkr`o i`sjog-i`
i`sjog-i`sjog
sjog y`og c`p`t
ikoejpt`b`o, ikipkrt`m`ob`o su`tu bkauc`y``o.

Bkdu`rg` ikijdjbj pk akra`g`j i`e`i y`og akr`c` cj c`d`i pk tr`cjsjfo`d c`o ofo-
tr`cjsjfo`d skrt` tkrc`p`t strubtur bkdu`rg` y`og cjijdjbj. Bkiucj`o tkrc`p`t huogsj bkdu`rg`
y`og
y`og m`rus
m`rus cjn
cjn`d`
`d`ob`
ob`o
o cj sk
sk`p
`p bkdu`r
bkdu`rg`
g` iud
iud`j
`j c`r
c`rjj huogsj
huogsj ajf
ajfdfg
dfgjs,
js, psjbfd
psjbfdfgj
fgjs,
s, sfsj`d
sfsj`d,,

kbfofij, pkocjcjb`o skrt` pkr`o bkdu`rg`. C`rj huogsj bkdu`rg` ajfdfgjs, psjbfdfgjs c`p`t
ikoyka`ab`o g`oggu`o njw`. H`btfr d`jo iud`j c`rj gkokb c`o rjw`y`t bkskm`t`o njw`
bkdu`rg`,

pkog`d
pkog`d`i`
`i`o
o mjcup
mjcup y`og
y`og pkro`m
pkro`m cj`d`
cj`d`ij,
ij, skp
skpkr
kr strks
strks `t`
`t`u
u pkro`m
pkro`m ikijdj
ikijdjbj
bj rjw
rjw`y`
`y`tt
pkdkekm`o, tkrut`i` njb` tr`ui` tkrn`cj p`c` i`s` b`o`b-b`o`b. H`btfr ajfdfgjs skpkr
tkrc`p`t bkc`bskjia`og`o bjij`wj cj ft`b, ekckr` ft`b tr`ui`s, n`ojo p`c` jau m`ijd
y`og tkrp`p`r vjrus `t`u a`m`o bjij` akr`euo,
akr`euo, pkoy`d`mg
pkoy`d`mguo``o
uo``o `dbfmfd `t`u o`rbf
o`rbfa`,
a`,
ikijdjbj bfocjsj ikcjs skrjus (brjs) skpkr b`obkr, m`oy` ikijdjbj skcjbjt tki`o c`o skrjog
ikd`iuo.

3.1 U@Q@O

Uka`g`jj bkdu`rg`
Uka`g` bkdu`rg` m`ru
m`russ ikon`d`ob`o
ikon`d`ob`o huogsj bkdu`rg` c`o strubtur
strubtur bkdu`rg`
bkdu`rg` y`og a`gus
akrtunu`o ikoejpt`b`o bkdu`rg` y`og m`rifojs, c`b tkrn`cj i`s`d`m-i`s`d`m y`og ajs`
cjs
cjska`
ka`ab`
ab`o
o fdkm
fdkm h`btfr
h`btfr ajf
ajfdfg
dfgjs,
js, psjbfd
psjbfdfgj
fgjs,
s, sfsj`d
sfsj`d,, kbf
kbfofi
ofij,
j, skrt`
skrt` pkocjc
pkocjcjb`
jb`o
o c`o
djogbuog`o. Njb` c`rj s`d`m s`tu c`rj bfipfoko tkrskaut ikog`d`ij bkoc`d` `t`u i`s`d`m
ajs` ikog`bja`tb`o c`d`i bkdu`rg` tkrskaut oc`b`o y`og c`p`t ikonkruius bk m`d y`og
okg`h skpkr ikogguo`b`o `dbfmfd `t`u ijoui`o bkr`s, pkogguo``o o`rbfa`, tkrd`du
a`oy`b ikd`iuo, iko`rjb cjrj c`rj djogbuog`o skmjogg` c`p`t tkrn`cj
tkrn `cj g`oggu`o njw`

80
 C@HS@Q \[US@B@

\\OJJ (1<08).
\\O (1<08). Ut`oc`r Cj`gofsjs Bkpkr`w`t`o Jocfoksj` > Ckhjojsj c`o Jocjb`tfr
Cj`gofstjb, Kcjsj 0. N`b`rt`> C\\ \\OJ.

\\OJJ (1<0=).
\\O (1<0=). Ut`oc`r Jotkrvkosj Bkpkr`w`t`o Jocfoksj` > Ckhjojsj c`o Sjoc`b`o
Bkpkr`w`t`o, Kcjsj 0. N`b`rt`> C\\ \\OJ.

\\OJ (1<0=). Ut`oc`r Du`r`o Bkpkr`w`t`o Jocfoksj` > Ckhjojsj c`o Brjtkrj` M`sjd
Bkpkr`w`t`o, Kcjsj 0. N`b`rt`> C\\ \\OJ.

U`rj, O. C. \. (1<0=). Sjogb`t \kogkt`mu`o, \krskpsj c`o Ujb`p I`sy`r`b`t Skrm`c`p

Fr`og Ckog`o G`oggu`o Njw` (FCGN) cj Bkdur`m`o Qfwfs`rj Bft` Uki`r`og.
[ojvkrsjt`s Ium`ii`cjy`m Uki`r`og.

Uktj`cj. 1<<=. Bfoskp & Bkpkr`w`t`o Bkdu`rg`

Uktj`cj. Bkdu`rg` Bfoskp & Bkpkr`w`t`o
Bkpkr`w`t`o Bkdu`rg`.
Bkdu`rg`.
Zfgy`b`rt`> Gr`m` Jdiu.

Uupr`njtof. 1<<3.
Uupr`njtof. 1<<3. @sum`o @sum`o Bkpkr`
Bkpkr`w`t`o
w`t`o Bkpkr`w`t
Bkpkr`w`t`o
`o Bkdu`rg`>
Bkdu`rg`> Bkdu`rg`>
Bkdu`rg`>
@pdjb`sj @pdjb`sj c`d`i \r`btjb. \r`btjb. N`b`rt`> KGE.

Zusuh, @m. 1<07. Bkautum`o

Zusuh, Bkautum`o Bkautum`o
Bkautum`o Upjrjtu`d
Upjrjtu`d>> Upjrjtu`d>
Upjrjtu`d> Bfoskp
Bfoskp c`o @pdjb`sj
@pdjb`sj
@pdjb`sj c`d`i @sum`o
@sum`o Bkpkr`w`t`o. N`b`rt`> Ijtr`
Ijtr` W`e`o` Ikcj`.

mttps>//www.skm`tq.efi/`rtjbkd/pkoyka`a-g`oggu`o-njw`-c`o-e`r`-ikoekg`moy`
mttps>//www.skm`tq.efi/`rtjbkd/pkoyka`a-g`oggu`o-njw`-c`o-e`r`-ikoekg`moy`,,
cj`bsks p`c` <: Fbtfakr 1<10 pubud 0=.5< WJA.

81