Invertebrata – Panduan Studi Evolusi,

Keanekaragaman, dan Klasifikasi

28 Maret 2023

Perkenalan:

Ilmu yang mempelajari beragam bentuk kehidupan, karakteristiknya, dan

cara mereka berevolusi dikenal sebagai evolusi . Ini adalah konsep ilmiah
yang digunakan oleh para ahli biologi untuk mempelajari variasi genetik
populasi. Ada berbagai teori tentang bagaimana kehidupan di planet kita
berasal. Teori evolusi didasarkan pada gagasan bahwa semua spesies saling
berhubungan dan berevolusi.

Menurut teori evolusi Darwin , setiap organisme bereproduksi dan

berkembang biak secara besar-besaran, dan beberapa cirinya terus
diturunkan dari satu generasi ke generasi berikutnya. Setiap spesies hidup
mempunyai tingkat reproduksi yang berbeda-beda, dan beberapa spesies
berkembang biak lebih cepat dibandingkan spesies lainnya.

Invertebrata menyumbang 97 persen dari seluruh makhluk yang ditemukan

di bumi. Invertebrata mendapatkan namanya dari kata Latin vertebra, yang
mengacu pada sendi dan (dalam beberapa kasus) sendi dari tulang
belakang .

Evolusi invertebrata
Makhluk mikroskopis pertama muncul di lautan 3,5 miliar tahun lalu.
Invertebrata pertama lahir di air. Kambrium, misalnya, adalah hewan
bertubuh lunak dengan karapas atau cangkang.
Sumber

Ada banyak ciri utama dalam evolusi invertebrata. Ciri-cirinya adalah

multiseluleritas, jaringan dan organ, simetri radial dan bilateral, sefalisasi,
mesoderm, sistem pencernaan lengkap, selom, tubuh tersegmentasi, dan
notokord. Simetri, spesialisasi, dan sefalisasi adalah tiga ciri utama dalam
evolusi invertebrata. Mari kita lihat masing-masing di antaranya untuk
melihat bagaimana invertebrata berkembang dari waktu ke waktu hingga
menjadi hewan menakjubkan seperti sekarang ini.

Simetri: Kebanyakan invertebrata memiliki simetri bilateral (dua

bagiannya mencerminkan bayangan satu sama lain), sedangkan
beberapa memiliki simetri radial (semua sisinya sama). Istilah ini berasal
dari simetri yang 'memancar' dari bagian tengah, sebanding dengan
irisan pizza. Bentuk simetri ini dapat dilihat pada bintang laut dan
anemon laut. Beberapa invertebrata, seperti spons, tidak memiliki
simetri sama sekali. Mereka juga hewan paling primitif, tidak memiliki
saraf, otot, atau organ.
Spesialisasi Jaringan: Pada dasarnya, ketika hewan menjadi lebih besar
dan kompleks, jaringan mereka berspesialisasi dalam memproduksi
 berbagai bagian tubuh. Sel saraf berbeda dengan sel otot karena
mereka melakukan tugas yang berbeda – atau terspesialisasi – mirip
dengan perbedaan sel ginjal dengan sel paru-paru.
Cephalization: Cephalization adalah perkembangan ujung depan
(depan) suatu organisme menjadi kepala yang berbeda. Beberapa
makhluk menunjukkan cephalization lengkap, namun karena tubuh
mereka tidak dipisahkan menjadi batang dan kepala yang berbeda,
mereka tidak dapat memiliki kepala fisik yang berbeda.

Klasifikasi invertebrata
The evolution of invertebrates has established many fundamental
characteristics of higher organisms, from the earliest sponge species to
the more recent echinoderms.

Source

There are more than 30 phyla of invertebrates. Except for one,

invertebrates make up the entirety of the animal phyla. Chordata is divided
into three subphyla, two of which are invertebrate-dominated. Vertebrata
is the third subphylum, which includes all vertebrate organisms. Moreover,
many invertebrate species have been extinct, which is only confirmed by
the fossil record. The major classification of invertebrates that are still alive
today are as follows:

Porifera: The sponges are members of the Porifera phylum, also

comprising the earliest invertebrates. Sponges aren’t made of real
tissues, and sponge tissues are replaced by specialized cells that
function like digestion and reproduction.
Cnidaria: Cnidaria includes jellyfish, hydrozoans, and corals. They are
radially symmetrical and have actual tissues. Many cnidarian species
play a vital role in the massive coral reefs present in tropical waters.
Platyhelminthes: Flatworms are the most well-known members of the
phylum Platyhelminthes. They have bilateral symmetry and are
produced from three germ layers of embryonic cells.
Nematoda: Flatworms and roundworms are among the parasitic species
found in the phylum Nematoda, some of which are infectious to
humans or livestock. Unlike flatworms, roundworms have a complete
digestive tract and a partially filled body cavity.
Annelida: Annelida is a group of segmented worms that includes
leeches and ordinary earthworms. They have a specialized digestive
system, a closed circulatory system, and a primitive brain system. The
closed circulatory system of the worm pumps blood throughout the
whole body. Annelids have a well-developed body cavity, excretory,
and nervous system, including a rudimentary brain.
Arthropoda: Arthropoda is a vast phylum that encompasses about 80%
of all living species in the world. They have segmented bodies with
jointed limbs and an open circulatory system with many hearts. They
have a thick exoskeleton made of chitin, a complex polymer, and some
include gills for gas exchange. They have a nervous system, an
excretory system, and a primitive brain.
Mollusca: Mollusca is the phylum of clams, octopi, and squids. Mollusks
have a muscular foot called a mantle, which may be used for mobility
and are distinguishing characteristics. The exoskeleton of many
mollusks is made of solid calcium carbonate. Another distinctive
feature is the radula, a specialized feeding mechanism present within
the mouths of mollusks. Chitin teeth are used to consume or scrape
food by the radula.
Echinodermata: The phylum Echinodermata is the most closely related
to Chordata. Echinoderms, like chordates, have an embryonic
 development in which the anus opening is formed first, then the mouth
opening. They have an internal skeleton made of calcium spines.
Echinoderms are particularly unique in that, as juveniles, they are
bilaterally symmetrical, but as adults, they become radially
symmetrical.

What is biodiversity, and why is it important?

Biodiversity refers to the abundance and diversity of life on the planet, and
it is our planet’s most complicated and vital characteristic. Life could not
exist without biodiversity.

Biodiversity classification
Diversity is classified into three categories:

Genetic Biodiversity
Species Biodiversity
Ecological Biodiversity

Species diversity: A species’ diversity is the number of different species

found in a given area. That is the essence of biodiversity. The term includes
a range of species, from plants to microorganisms.

Genetic Biodiversity: It describes the genetic resources of different

species. Every individual of a species has a unique genetic composition,
and as a result, each individual has a distinct look. Rice, wheat, maize,
barley, and other grains have different variants.

Ecological Biodiversity: An ecosystem comprises both living and nonliving

creatures that interact with one another. Ecological biodiversity refers to
the diversity of plant and animal species that live in close proximity and are
linked by food chains and food webs. Ecological diversity can be found in
different ecosystems such as deserts, rainforests, and mangroves.

Conclusion:
 For a multitude of reasons, invertebrates are essential to the natural
world.
Invertebrates are extraordinarily diverse, accounting for the vast
majority of species on the earth while still harboring many species that
are yet to be discovered.
Pollination, decomposition, and nutrient release are just a few of the
ecological functions they perform in food webs.

FAQs:
1. What are the characteristics of invertebrates?
The characteristics of invertebrates are:

They don’t have a spine

They have many cells
They have no cell walls
They reproduce by combining two reproductive cells called gametes

2. How are invertebrates classified?

Protozoa, Porifera, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida,
Echinodermata, Mollusca, and Arthropoda, are among the most familiar
invertebrates. Arthropods are insects, crustaceans, and arachnids.

3. What is the main group of invertebrates?

Invertebrates are divided into four groups, which are given below by
phylum:

Mollusca is a phylum of animals

Annelida is a phylum of plants
Arthropods are a phylum of insects
Coelenterata is a phylum of bacteria
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Sumber:
1. Klasifikasi Invertebrata https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-
biology-flexbook-2.0/section/11.3/primary/lesson/invertebrate-
classification-bio/ Diakses pada 6 Des 2021.
2. Keanekaragaman Invertebrata https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-
biology-flexbook-2.0/section/11.1/primary/lesson/invertebrate-
characteristics-bio/ Diakses pada 6 Des 2021.
3. Evolusi Invertebrata https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-biology-
flexbook-2.0/section/11.2/primary/lesson/invertebrate-evolution-
bio/Diakses pada 6 Des 2021.
4. Invertebrata: Klasifikasi, Evolusi, dan Keanekaragaman Hayati
5. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273765833_Invertebrates_C
lassification_Evolution_and_BiodiversityAccessed pada 6 Des 2021.
6. invertebrata https://www.britannica.com/animal/invertebrateDiakses
pada 6 Des 2021.

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Panduan Belajar Proses Fotosintesis Lengkap
Oleh Inspirit Pembelajaran Inc. 28 Maret 2023
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