DONEL
Pendahuluan Plasenta Akreta(PA) ?
• Perlekatan langsung sel trofoblas
plasenta pada miometrium (otot
uterus), tanpa diantarai lapisan
desidua/basalis yang normal
Wu S, Kocherginsky M, Hibbard JU. Abnormal placenta on: Twenty- year analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;192:1458–1461.
Angka kejadian Kelainan Spektrum Plasenta
Akreta di Beberapa Negara
Kota Kejadian Kota Kejadian
Surabaya 120/2 th Jakarta (8 RS) 170/2 th
Lierge 14/3 th Vienna 17/3 th
Berlin 26/3 th Stockholm 18/3 th
Oxford 28/3 th Leipzig 15/3 th
Brussels 10/ 3th Rotterdam 20/3 th
Helsinski 15/3 th Adelaide 20/ th
Poznan 15/3 th Taiwan 20/ th
Praha 34/3 th Jepang 8/ th
Permasalahan :
• Sulit dalam penapisan dan diagnosis dikarenakan tidak ada parameter
tunggal yang memiliki kemampuan skrining ataupun diagnosis yang baik
Silver RM, Landon MB, Rouse DJ, et al. Maternal morbidity associated with multiple repeat cesarean deliveries. Obstet Gynecol
2006;107(6);1229
Persentase Plasenta previa dan plasenta akreta berdasarkan
Jumlah Bedah Sesar yang dijalani
a b c c
No. of Cesarean Deliveries Previa Previa :Accreta, n (%) No Previa :Accreta, n (%)
d
First 398 13 (3.3) 2 (0.03)
Second 211 23 (11) 26 (0.2)
Third 72 29 (40) 7 (0.1)
Fourth 33 20 (61) 11 (0.8)
Fifth 6 4 (67) 2 (0.8)
≥6 3 2 (67) 4 (4.7)
a Percentage of accreta in women with placenta previa.
b Increased risk with increasing number of cesarean deliveries (P<.001).
c Percentage of accreta in women without placenta previa.
d Primary cesarean
Silver RM, Landon MB, Rouse DJ, et al. Maternal morbidity associated with multiple repeat cesarean deliveries. Obstet Gynecol
2006;107(6);1229
CASE-CONTROL BASED
RISK FCs
8
Silver R, 2017. Placenta accrete syndrome
PELVIC VASC.
• Perdarahan uterus TIDAK HANYA DARI ARTERI UTERINA
TERDAPAT SEGMEN 1 dan SEGMEN 2
1
0
Palacios JM, 2007
Hipervaskularisasi segmen bawah
INVASION
• Shallow : preeclampsia
• Deep : placenta accrete
Imbalance of :
immunology, bio molecular, genetic, growth hormone, cytokine, matrix protein,
angiogenic fc, and environment
5 phases >>>>>>> 1
4
Area hypoechoic dalam myometrium pada bagian bawah segmen uterus,
NICHE mencerminkan penghentian myometrium di lokasi SC area sebelumnya (lekukan
(pre –pregnancy) myometrium sebesar minimal 2 mm)
Faktor Pembedahan
1. Lokasi sayatan SC yang rendah (dekat serviks) Faktor pasien : Faktor yang mungkin menghambat
2. Penutupan dinding rahim yang tidak lengkap (lapisan penyembuhan luka normal dan terkait angiogenesis.
tunggal/jahitan pengunci. 1. Riwayat diabetes gestasional
3. Proses pembedahan yang menyebabkan pembentukan 2. Indeks massa tubuh ibu yang tinggi
adhesi (misal Peritoneum yang tidak tertutup, hemostasis 3. Durasi lebih lama dari persalinan aktif
kurang memadai, penggunaan barier adhesi). 4. Nutrisi
Classification
Ways to classified:
1. Simple classification
2. Durante op : Palacios Jaraquemada
3. FIGO
4. Hystopathology
5. Combine
17
Classification SIMPLE CLASSIFICATION
18
Palacios J PALACIOS J
19
Classification FIGO
20
DIAGNOSIS
LAB
US
RISK FACTORS
MRI PA
21
Diagnosis
Tingkat
keberhasilan
mendiagnosis
USG : 5 from 7
MRI : 2 from 7
22
Loss of Retroplacental Clear Zone
2D Ultrasound N
N
N
N
Placental Buldge
2D Ultrasound
N N
25
Uterovesical hypervascular Bridging vessel Lacunar feeding vessel
Uterovesical hypervascular
N
Doppler
Ultrasound
Peran USG 2D Color doppler
Bridging vessel Lacunar feeding vessel
Doppler
Ultrasound
Bridging vessel
29
Multiple vascular lacuna + swiss cheese app
30
MRI
Placenta Accreta Index (PAI)
34
Management
1. Diagnosis : screening, earlier, tertiary facility
2. Time to terminate : 34-36 weeks. RUJUK SEBELUM!
3. Multidisciplinary collaboration
4. Scheduler > emergency
5. Conservative vs hysterectomy
• Left placenta in situ MTX
• One step conservative surgery or SUMPUC
• Histerectomy
7. Found accrete durante op?* : LEFT placenta insitu
35
Management
SCHEDULER EMERGENCY
Mean Blood Loss 2.0 L 3,0 L
ICU Admission 23 % 31 %
Massive Transfusion 32 % 43 %
Ureteral Injury 5% 9%
Intraabdomen Infection 6% 9%
Hospital Readmission 5% 18 %
Vesico-vaginal Fistula 0% 6%
Early Morbidity 37 % 57 %
36
Management
37
Vaskular pelvis sangat kompleks
sehingga Palacios Jaraquemada
membagi vaskular uterus menjadi 2 :
1st trimester US
39
MANAGEMENT
Risk fc (+) (PCS, curettage)
40
MANAGEMENT
C-Section at non- PASD center
Bulging and hypervascularisation of LSU Fail to evacuate the placenta during surgery/ active
with PCS bleeding pervaginam
REFER REFER
41
Penanganan spesimen dan pengiriman Patologi Anatomi
SEMUA KASUS YANG DICURIGAI AKRETA DAN DILAKUKAN PENGAMBILAN JARINGAN (HT /
Reseksi) DILAKUKAN PEMERIKSAAN KONFIRMASI DENGAN HISTOPATOLOGI
Kegawatdaruratan pada kasus Plasenta Akreta
- Matsuzaki 2020
- Zuckerwise 2019
- Gatta 2021
4
5
CONCLUSSION Main strategy:
decreasing primary C-
Section without
clinical reasoning
MAIN RISK FC :
-C-Section
-Bad scar healing
Early Diagnosis
better
outcome
46
Saran
1. Screening setiap ibu hamil, terutama bekas SC sejak
trimester 1 dan atau bila datang setelahnya dilakukan
sesegera mungkin.
2. Screening yang punya risiko rujukan ke fasilitas yang
lebih baik
3. USG ulangan dengan lebih detail
4. Bila yakin plasenta akreta : operasi dengan pendekatan
multidisiplin di faskes tersier
Suggested criteria for accreta center of excellence
1. Multidisciplinary team
2. Intensive care unit and facilities
a. Experienced maternal-fetal medicine physician a. Interventional radiology
or obstetrician
b. Surgical or medical intensive care unit
b. Imaging experts (ultrasound) i. 24-h availability of intensive care specialists
c. Pelvic surgeon (ie, gynecologic oncology or c. Neonatal intensive care unit
urogynecology) i. Gestational age appropriate for neonate
d. Anesthesiologist (ie, obstetric or cardiac
anesthesia) 3. Blood services
e. Urologist a. Massive transfusion capabilities
f. Trauma or general surgeon b. Cell saver and perfusionists
c. Experience and access to alternative blood products
g. Interventional radiologist
d. Guidance of transfusion medicine specialists or blood bank
h. Neonatologist pathologists
Silver RM, Fox KA, Barton JR, Abuhamad AZ, Simhan H, Huls CK, et al. Center of excellence for placenta accreta. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;212(5):561-8.
SATUAN TUGAS PLASENTA AKRETA
• Rujukan
• Kebijakan Menekan Mortalitas dan
• Data Base morbiditas ibu hamil
• Penelitian
TERIMA KASIH