TEKNOLOGI BIOPROSES
Teknologi Bioproses telah secara luas digunakan dalam
produksi enzyme dan protein yang digunakan dalam bidang
1)Pengolahan Pangan (Asam Glutamat)
2)Pengelolaan Limbah (EM4)
3)Penelitian Kedokteran (Vacin, serum, testkit)
4)Pertanian/Perikanan/Peternakan (Pupuk organic)
5)Pengembangan Bidang Farmasi. (Bahan dasar obat obatan)
6)Sejumlah bidang ilmu pengetahuan yang luas (Kosmetik,
bahan untuk militer dll)
Hasil Hasil dari Teknologi Bioproses
Obat-obatan
Teknologi Bioproses lahir dari berbagai disiplin ilmu, pada awalnya ilmu dasar :
biologi dan kimia melairkan teori teori dasar mikrobiologi dan biokimia.
Perkembangan ilmu rekayasa, seperti matematika dan fisika turut mendorong
berkembangnya bioteknologi sehingga melahirkan TEKNOLOGI BIOPROSES.
Thermodinamika, unit
Ilmu Terapan operasi proses, desain Mikrobiologi, genetika
kendali dll molekuler
Produk Fermentasi Organisme Umum yang dipakai Perkiraan Pasar Dunia (kg/tahun)
Tower and loop Bioreactors Bacteria and yeasts Single cell proteins
Summary of bioreactor systems
(cont’d)
Bioreactor design Cell systems used Products
Vacuum bioreactors Bacteria, yeast and fungi Ethanol, volatile products
Perforated
plate
Downcomer
Baffle
Impeller
Product
Air
2. Bubble column bioreactors
Broth
outlet
Sampling
nozzles
Jacket
Constant temp.
water bath Perforated
Pump
plate
Compressed
air Orifice
Sparger
Air filter
Peristaltic Medium
pump reservior
Flow
Medium meter
inlet
3. Air lift reactors
Mixing method: airlift
• Compared to bubble
column reactors, in an
airlift reactors, there
are two liquid steams:
up-flowing and down-
flowing steams. Liquid
circulates in an airlift
reactor as a result of
density difference
between riser and
downcomer.
ICI Deep shaft unit
EMLICHHEIM FLOWSHEET
CONDENSATE,
MAE-UP WATER, AND
CLARIFIER FLOCCULATING AGENT
WASH
WATER
SETTLEMENT RECYCLED
TANT WATER
SAND B RECYCLE SLUDGE
B
DECANTER
CENTRIFUGE FLOATATION
SOIL AND
SLUDGE
DEEP
SHAFT
AIR
COMPRESSOR
LAGOON
4. Packed bed bioreactor
Packed-bed
reactors are used
with immobilized
or particulate
biocatalysts.
Medium can be
fed either at the
top or bottom and
forms a
continuous liquid
phase.
Packed bed perfusion bioreactor for
mammalian cell culture
5. Trickle-bed bioreactor
The trickle-bed
reactor is another
variation of the
packed bed
reactors.
Liquid is sprayed
onto the top of the
packing and
trickles down
through the bed in
small rivulets.
Trickle bed reactor for treating waste
water
6. Fluidized bed reactor
28.40
21.30 26.43
6.895
2.876
0.1
0.953
Miscellaneous reactors
• Vacuum fermenter
• Tray fermenter
• Stirred cascade reactor
Vacuum Fermenter
Chilled
water
Condenser
Vacuum
Level pump
control
Vacuum
control
Receiving
tank
(product)
Dry ice
bath
Heating Fermenter
water
Filter
Medium
reservoir
Metering Receiving
Rheostat pump tank
Filter
(bleed)
Air or O2
Tray fermenter
Stirred cascade reactor
Bioreactor Operation Modes
1. Batch Operation
•A foam breaker may be installed to disperse foam
A batch bioreactor is
normally equipped
with an agitator to
mix the reactant, and dC s rmax CS
r= =
the pH of the reactant dt K m + CS
is maintained by
employing either
buffer solution or a
Batch operation
pH controller
with stirring
+ (C s 0 − C s ) = rmax t
Cs 0
Change of Cs
K m ln
with time, t
Cs
Bioreactor Operation Modes
-2. Plug-flow mode
An ideal plug-flow reactor can
approximate the long tube,
In a plug-flow packed-bed and hollow fiber or
reactor, the substrate multistaged reactor
enters one end of a
cylindrical tube with F, Cs0 V F, Cs
is packed with
immobilized enzyme V
and the product t=0 = Residence
time
steam leaves at the F
Continuous operation
other end.
without stirring
+ (C s 0 − C s ) = rmax t
Cs 0
K m ln
Cs
Bioreactor Operation Modes
3. Continuous stirred-tank
A continuous stirred-
F, Cs0
tank reactor (CSTR)
is an ideal reactor
which is based on the
F, Cs
assumption that the V
reactants are well
mixed.
Continuous
operation with
stirring
Bioreactor Operation Modes
3. Continuous stirred-tank reactor-Con.
Mass balance of substrate:
F, Cs0
Input - Output − Consumptio n = Accumulation
F, Cs
dCs
V
FC s 0 − FC s − rsV = V
dt
dCs
Steady state: =0
dt
Michaelis- rmax C S
r=
Menten rate: K m + CS
rmax Cs
FC s 0 − FC s − V =0
K m + Cs
Bioreactor Operation Modes
3. Continuous stirred-tank reactor-Con.
Mass balance of substrate:
F, Cs0
rmax Cs
FC s 0 − FC s + V =0
F, Cs K m + Cs
V
F rmax C s
=
(
V (C s 0 − C s ) K m + C s )
F 1
=
V
rmax C s
Cs = − K m +
Cs 0 − Cs
Aeration and oxygen transfer in
bioreactor systems
• Bio-oxidation of substrate with molecular oxygen as
the final electron acceptor
Oxygen transfer in fermentation
system
GAS FILM
GAS-LIQUD
INTERFACE
O2
CELL-LIQUD
O2 INTERFACE INTERNAL
CELL
AIR BUBBLE RESISTANCE
O2O2 CELL
LIQUID FILM
Dissolved O2
O2 in liquid phase,
nutrients
Electron
(medium mostly
Transport
water)
System +
TCA cycle
LIQUID FILM enzymes
The oxygen transport path to the microorganism. Generalized path of oxygen from the gas
bubble to the microorganism suspended in a liquid is shown. The various regions where a
transport resistance may be encountered are as indicated
Oxygen transfer
1
0
Q
O2
8
QO 2
Q
O2ma
x
6
/
2
2
K
O2
C
L C
RIT.
0
0 2 4 6 8 1
0 1
2 1
4 1
6 1
8 2
0
O
xyg
enC
ONC
. (C)
L
a
UNIT LIQUID
VOLUME
AIR BUBBLE
O2 CL
O2 TRANSFER CELLS
(CONC. X)
kL OXYGEN
C *L BULK
(CONC. C )
L
LIQUID
LIQUID FILM
PHASE
Schematic diagram of the mass balance of oxygen transfer in unit liquid volume
Mass balance of oxygen in unit liquid
volume
Mass balance of oxygen in unit liquid
volume (cont’d)
Mass balance of oxygen in unit liquid
volume (cont’d)
2-
F, SO
3
In flu e n t
A ir o u tle t
M o to r
A ir flo w , ra te
rp m
W a te r o u t
W a te r in
● -2
Make sure that [SO3 ] is in excess (i.e. 0.5 M
Na2SO3)
Chemical Methods of KLa Measurement (Cont’d)
Chemical Methods of KLa Measurement (Cont’d)
Chemical Methods of KLa Measurement (Cont’d)
Chemical Methods of KLa Measurement (Cont’d)
-2
● The reaction with [SO3 ] is extremely
fast.
● As a result, the O2 gas molecules are
consumed as soon as they diffuse into
the liquid phase.
● Therefore, the D.O. concentration in the
liquid phase, CL 0.
Chemical Methods of KLa Measurement (Cont’d)
Chemical Methods of KLa Measurement (Cont’d)
8
0
7
0 d[SO -2] ]2 [SO3-2]
SLOPE =
d -
[ -
SO
3 2
]
SLO PE =~- -
3
[ -
SO
3 ~-
d t dt t t
6
0
5
0
[SO3 ]
-2
4
0
3
0
2
0
1
0
0
0 2 4 6 8
T
IME,t
,(min
)
Concentration of SO3-2 as a function of oxidation time
Chemical Methods of KLa Measurement (Cont’d)
In Situ Measurement of KLa, QO2, and CL* During Cell
Growth in a Bioreactor
Where:
HO2 = Henry’s Constant for O2 in Water
CL = D.O. Concentration In the Liquid
Phase (Mass of O2/L)
In Situ Measurement of KLa, QO2, and CL* During
Cell Growth in a Bioreactor (Cont’d)
15 10
1. Feed
DO2 pH rpm 2. Flow meter
3. Ring sparger
5 4. Impeller
Alkali Acid 11 12 13 5. Motor
6
6. Shaft
7. pH probe
Water out 8. D.O. probe
2
7 8 9. Baffle
15 10. To Condenser
11. D.O. meter
1 12. pH meter
14
30 deg. 13. Speed controller
4 9
water in 14. Water Jacket
3 16 15. Thermometer
16. Chart recorder
Set up of a Stirred tank Bioreactor with Dissolved Oxygen Probe, pH probe and accessories.
In Situ Measurement of KLa, QO2, and CL* During
Cell Growth in a Bioreactor (Cont’d)
AIR-OFF
CL STEADY-STATE
DO2 CONC. C L (mM O2/L)
CL,CRIT AIR-ON
SLOPE = - QO2 X
3
CL (mMO2/L)
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time, t (min)
• AIR-ON Period
During this period the following oxygen mass balance
equation applies:
4.4
*
Intercept = CL
3.8
CL (mgO2/L)
3.2
SLOPE = -1/kLa
2.6
2.0
1.4
0.8
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
[dCL/dt+QO2 X]
Dynamic air-on/air-off data during Poly(glutamic acid (PGA) production by Bacillus subtilis IFO 3335 (fermentation time =
26 h). Dissolved oxygen concentration CL ( ) as a function of time.
Taken from A. Richard and A. Margaritis, “Rheology, Oxygen Transfer, and Molecular Weight Characteristics of
Poly(glutamic acid) Fermentation by Bacillus subtilis”, Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Vol. 82, No. 3, p. 299-305
(2003).
Agitation requirement in fermentation systems
Where:
Dt = tank diameter,
HL = liquid height
Di = impeller diameter
Hb = impeller distance from bottom of vessel
Wb = baffle width
Li = impeller blade length
Wi = impeller blade height
Different Impeller Types. (a) Marine-type propellers; (b) Flat-blade turbine, Wi =
Di/5. © Disk flat-blade turbine, Wi = Di/5, Di = 2Dt/3, Li = Di/4; (d) Curved-blade
turbine, Wi = Di/3; (e) Pitched-blade turbine, Wi = Di/8; and (f) Shrouded turbine,
Wi = Di/8.
Macam Gambar Agitator
NP vs. NRe; the power characteristics are shown by the power number, NP, and the modified
Reynolds number, NRe, of single impellers on a shaft. [Adopted from S. Aiba, A.E. Humphrey
and N.F. Millis. “Bubble Aeration and Mechanical Agitation”. In Biochemical Engineering, 2nd
Ed., Academic Press, Inc., New York (1973) 174].
Last slides figure shows relationship between NP
and NRe at three different flow regimes:
● Laminar
● Transient
● Fully Turbulent
for three different impeller types:
● Six-bladed flat blade turbine
● Paddle impeller
● Marine Propeller
The power number is given by
NP = Pgc/n3Di5
Where:
NRe = dimensionless Reynolds number
NP = dimensionless Power number
P = Un-gassed power for liquid (no air), W
gc = 1, for SI units system
n = Impeller rotational speed, revolutions per
sec., (s-1)
Di = Impeller diameter, m
= Density of liquid, kg/m3
= Viscosity of liquid, (N.m)/(s)
NP = 6 = Pgc/n3Di5
or P = (6)(n3Di5)/(gc)