Cerita adalah rangkaian peristiwa yang disampaikan, baik berasal dari kejadian nyata maupun tidak

nyata,

sedangkan wacana ialah rentetan kalimat yang berkaitan yang menghubungkan proposisi yang satu
dengan proposisi yang lain sehingga membentuk kesatuan. Wacana adalah satuan bahasa yang
terstruktur secara lengkap yang disajikan secara teratur dan membentuk suatu makna yang disampaikan
secara tertulis maupun lisan. Wacana adalah tulisan atau ucapan yang merupakan wujud penyampaian
pikiran secara formal dan teratur. Dalam realisasinya wacana diwujudkan dalam bentuk karangan yang
utuh (novel, buku, seri ensiklopedi, dan sebagainya), paragraf, kalimat, atau kata yang membawa
amanat yang lengkap. Di atas dikatakan bahwa wacana dapat berbentuk karangan utuh, paragraf,
kalimat, atau kata. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa panjang pendeknya karangan bersifat relatif. Artinya,
wacana itu dapat panjang sampai berjilid-jilid, dapat pula hanya atas satu paragraf. Jadi ciri penanda
wacana bukan dilihat dari panjang pendeknya pernyataan, tetapi dilihat dari kelengkapan amanat yang
disampaikan.

Ciri-ciri wacana:

1. Terdapat tema
2. Satuan terbesar, tertinggi, atau terlengkap
3. Memiliki hubungan kontinuitas, berkesinambungan
4. Memiliki hubungan koherensi: Koherensi adalah keterkaitan antara bagian satu dengan
bagian yang lainnya, sehingga kalimat memiliki kesatuan makna yang utuh. Koherensi dalam
wacana artinya wacana tersebut terpadu sehingga mengandung pengertian yang apik dan
benar.
5. Memiliki hubungan kohesi: Kohesi adalah hubungan antarbagian dalam teks yang ditandai
penggunaan unsur bahasa. Kohesi dalam wacana artinya terdapat keserasian hubungan unsur-
unsur dalam wacana. Konsep kohesi pada dasarnya mengacu pada bentuk, artinya unsur-unsur
wacana (kata atau kalimat) yang digunakan untuk menyusun suatu wacana memiliki
ketertkaitan secara padu dan utuh.
6. Medium bisa lisan maupun tulis
7. Sesuai dengan konteks

Story and Discourse

Theorists of narrative have long been in agreement that there are at least two levels in a
narrative text: Something happens and this something is related in a certain way. There is, in
other words, a WHAT (What is told?) to be considered and a HOW (How is it told?). These two
levels have been given different names by different critics (for an overview of various
terminologies see Korte 1985). The distinction made by a theory of criticism called structuralism
(see ch. 1.4.3.) has proved one of the most influential ones in recent years. In structuralist
terminology the WHAT of the narrative is called story, the HOW is called discourse (see
Chatman 1978: 19, who follows structuralists like Roland Barthes, Gérard Genette and Tzvetan
Todorov).

Key terms: story, discourse, events, existents

Narratif

story (What is told?) narrative discourse (How is it told?)

For analysis, these two levels need to be further subdivided.

2.1.1. Story

The story consists of events (things that happen) and so-called existents, the characters that
make things happen or have things happen to them and the setting, meaning the place where
things happen. Events can be either brought about actively, in which case they are called
actions (one character kills another one) or they just happen (someone dies of a heart-attack).
actions events happenings story characters existents space/setting narrative discourse.

2.1.2. Discourse

Discourse is the category that comprises various elements of transmission. Strictly speaking, it
is only discourse that is directly accessible to us, since we only learn about the story via
discourse. Elements of discourse thus determine our perception of the story (what ‘actually’
happened). In the analysis of discourse one tries to determine how certain effects are achieved.
The focus of analysis are questions such as: What is the narrative situation? Whose point of
view is presented? Which narrative modes are employed? How are the thoughts of characters
transmitted? How is the chronology of events dealt with? How is style used? These elements
are always used to certain effects. For instance, how it is that the reader tends to identify with
one character and not with another? The analysis of elements of discourse reveals how the
reader is ‘manipulated’ into forming certain views about the story.

"Pray get down and fetch me some water in my golden cup out of yonder brook, for I want to drink."
"Nay," said the maid, "if you are thirsty, get down yourself, and lie down by the water and drink; I shall not
be your waiting-maid any longer."