CRITICAL APPRAISAL
Disusun Oleh
Puja dan puji syukur saya haturkan kepada tuhan yang maha esa yang
telah memberikan rahmatnya dan karunianya, sehingga penulis dapat
menyelesaikan tugas analisis jurnal keperawatan keluarga ini dengan baik.
2
DAFTAR ISI
3
BAB I
MASALAH KLINIS
4
BAB II
CRITICAL APPRAISAL
1. Masalah Actual
5
B. Komponen PICO
1. Population
2. Intervention
3. Comparison
4. Outcome
C. Bukti Ilmiah
6
D. Menilai bukti dengan Critical Appraisal Tools
1. Apakah jelas dalam penelitian apa penyebab dan apa akibat (yaitu
tidak ada kebingungan tentang variable mana yang lebih dulu?
Pada artikel penelitian ini yang berjuduk "latihan burger alien terhadap
peredaran darah ekstremitas bawah pada penderita ulkus diabeticus,
"Burger Allen exercise against the circulation of the lower extremities in
diabetic ulcer patients" sudah jelas antara penyebab dan akibat/antara
variable independen terhadap hasil akhir pasien (variable dependen)
Semua peserta dalam penelitian ini yang menjadi sampel adalah 43 orang
responden yang secara sadar dan tanpa paksaan. Dengan hanya satu
kelompok yang menerima intervensi.
Pariabel bebas dan terikat yang terpilih akan diuji sebab akibat dengan
menggunakan teknik eksperimen semu. Untuk memastikan pengaruh
intervensi keperawatan atau terapi (variabel independen) terhadap hasil
akhir pasien (variabel dependen). Hasil eksperimen semu digunakan dalam
keperawatan, rencana eksperimen semu dilaksanakan sebagai pra dan
pasca tes tanpa kelompok kontrol, dengan hanya satu kelompok yang
menerima intervensi.
7
4. Apakah ada kelompok kontrol?
8
7. Apakah hasil peserta dimasukkan dalam perbandingan yang
diukurdengan cara yang sama?
9
darah ke kaki setelah latihan Buerger Allen. Latihan Buerger Allen
mempunyai pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap perbaikan sirkulasi yang tidak
mencukupi pada kaki dengan tukak vena dan tukak arteriovenosa pada LKD.
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Jurnal Eduhealt, Volume 13, No. 01 September 2022
E-ISSN. 2808-4608
1. Introduction
A metabolic illness known as diabetes mellitus (DM) is brought on by many etiologies, including
hyperglycemia, which can result in issues with the microvascular, macrovascular, and nervous systems.
While this is happening, protein, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism problems prevent the pancreas
from secreting insulin, which makes insulin ineffective or both (1). Diabetic foot injury (LKD), which
can result in infections in tissue necrosis wounds, leg abnormalities, and amputation of limbs, is one of
the dangerous side effects of DM. Therefore, LKD adds to a mortality rate of roughly 25%. (2).
According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) (3), there were 7.3 billion persons
worldwide who had diabetes in 2015, and that number is expected to rise to 9 billion by 2040. IDF
reported that with a population of 10.2 million, Indonesia is now ranked seventh in the world for having
diabetes mellitus (DM) and is expected to move up to sixth place with a population of 16.2 million by
2040. According to the International Working Group on Diabetic Foot (IWGDF) (4), there were
approximately 382 million people with diabetes worldwide in 2013, accounting for 8.3% of the global
population and roughly 80% of those living in developing nations. By 2030, it is predicted that there
will be more than 552 million people with diabetes worldwide.
LKD and amputations, frequently observed in plantar areas, are caused by the increase in DM
illness, affecting 9.9% of individuals. Undiagnosed diabetic peripheral neuropathy is the most prevalent
cause of leg ulceration and arthropathy. (5) discussed the epidemiology and effects of LKD, which
Burger Allen Exercise Against The Circulation Of The Lower Extremities In Diabetic Ulcer Patients-
Anna Martiana Afida1, Candra Kusuma Negara2, Lucia Andi Chrismilasari
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E-ISSN. 2808-4608
affects someone globally every 20 seconds. Nearly 50% of people have diabetic neuropathy, and up to
85% accelerate death and increase the morbidity of LKD, amputation, and death.
As the prevalence of diabetes is predicted to rise from 71 million individuals in 2000 (majority of
2.8 percent) to 366 million (prevalence of 4.4 percent) by 2030, a person with DM illness has a 12–25
percent risk of acquiring DFS. This anticipated increase will significantly impact the provision of LKD
treatment because limb amputation incurs enormous financial costs. Without accounting for the
psychological effects of the disorders, such as reduced activity, anxiety, and stress, the National Health
Service in Taiwan estimates the cost of LKD and diabetes-related amputations to be 244 million billion
(6).
(7) research estimates that the prevalence of DM illness in Asia will rise from 4% in 1995 to 5.4%
in 2025. According to the World Health Organization (WHO)(8), developing nations will bear a
significant burden. Diabetes-related microvascular complications are present in 44.2 percent to 66.4
percent of people in Asia, and 27.8 percent in Europe, all of which contribute to the development of
LKD. In Taiwan, Chang, Chang, and Chen (9) report that LKD with peripheral neuropathy of 30% to
50% is the fourth most common cause of death among DM patients, with a mortality incidence of 26.9
per 100,000 individuals yearly. All peripheral nervous system parts, including the sensory, motor, and
autonomic ones that are involved in the development of LKD, are impacted by peripheral neuropathy.
In LKD patients with circulatory diseases, nurses play a complex role in identifying risk factors
and providing wound care, education, and information. Gymnastics and other more comprehensive
interventions are particularly helpful for LKD patients. Regular Buerger Allen exercises are one of the
foot exercises that can be taught and used in LKD patients due to circulatory or arterial issues (10). One
of the movement variations in the foot's plantar region that satisfies the requirements of contanius,
interval, progressive, and gravitational force such that each stage of movement must be carried out
systematically is foot gymnastics, also known as the burger training method.
This exercise helps the body's need for oxygen and nutrients to enter the arteries and veins,
strengthens and maximizes the work of small muscles, prevents the development of leg deformities,
promotes circulation, aids in LKD healing, and boosts the production of the hormone insulin, which is
used to transport glucose to cells. Assisting people with diabetes with blood glucose reduction (11).
While healthy, regular activity helps boost blood flow by opening capillaries (tiny blood vessels), this
movement also causes blood vessels to become more vascularized, increasing the amount of blood
available to tissues (12).
Buerger performed the original Buerger Allen exercise in 1926, and Allen improved it in 1930 to
include gravitational forces delivered to the smooth muscles and vascular system in various positions.
Jackson stated in 1972 that alternate blood column emptying and filling caused by gravity forces helped
to increase the movement of venous blood arteries (13).
On the other hand, the therapists found that burger Allen exercise had some physiological basis for
its efficiency when utilized in DM patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD), perfusion pressures
(SPP), and neuropathy brought on by atherosclerosis. Postural exercises can improve venous blood
vessels and peripheral circulation to extremities, thereby increasing the need for nutrients to the tissues
and supply to the plantar area of the legs through this exercise with changes in position and muscle
contractions (14).
According to Chang-cheng Chang et al. (2016) .'s study, patients with moderate ischemia who
underwent Buerger Allen exercise intervention before the intervention had an average blood pressure
reading of 42.2 mmHg. In contrast, following the intervention, the average task was 64.4 mmHg (p-
value = 0.001). In contrast, in patients with severe ischemia, the average value was 22.1 mmHg before
the intervention and 37.3 mmHg following it (value = 0.043).
2. Method
Quantitative research or quantitative design using a quasi-experimental design approach is the
method employed (15). The chosen independent and dependent variables will be tested for causation
using a quasi-experimental technique. To ascertain the effect of nursing or therapy interventions
(independent variables) on patient outcomes (dependent variables), quasi-experimental designs were
Burger Allen Exercise Against The Circulation Of The Lower Extremities In Diabetic Ulcer Patients-
Anna Martiana Afida1, Candra Kusuma Negara2, Lucia Andi Chrismilasari
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Jurnal Eduhealt, Volume 13, No. 01 September 2022
E-ISSN. 2808-4608
used in nursing (16). The quasi-experimental plan was implemented as a pre-and post-test without a
control group, with only one group receiving the intervention.
Based on the table above, it can be seen that most of the KGDS of LKD speakers before training with
a spare part (200-300 mg/dl) as many as 23 people (76.7%), and after exercise, There was a change in
the value of up to 16 people (53.3%). Furthermore, KGDS respondents of Client LKD before training
with moderate parts ( 301-400 mg/dl) as many as 7 people (23.3 %), after exercise Had a decrease of
Up to 2 people (7.0%). n Kgds values of respondents before the Normal exercise section or controlled
state (<200 mg/dl) as much as (0.0%), and after intervention increased by 12 people (40.0%).
Analyzes Univariate
Table 2. Frequency And Percentage Distribution of KGDS sufferers of LKD
Based on table 2 shows that the KGDS of LKD speakers before training with the middle part (301-
400 mg / dL) as many as 7 people (23.3%), and after activity decreased to 2 people (7.0%). Meanwhile,
the KGDS value of respondents before Buerger Allen exercise Against Normal parts or in controlled
terms (<200 mg/dl) as much as (0.0%) and after intervention increased by 12 people (40.0%).
Table 3. Frequency and Percentage Distribution of ABI LKD
No ABI Buerger Allen Exercise
Before After
F % F %
1. Normal (0.9-1.2 mmHg) 0 0.0 10 33.3
Venous Disorders (0.8-0.9 mmHg) 26 86.7 20 66.7
Arterial-Venous Disorders (0.5-0.8 mmHg) 4 13.3 0 0,0
Based on the table above shows that before doing exercises, the ABI values of LKD resource persons
were mainly in the category of venous ulcer disorders (0.8-0.9 mmHg) as many as 26 people (86.7%)
and after exercises decreased to 20 people (66.7%), the ABI values of LKD clients before training in
the category of arterial-venous ulcer disorders (0.5-0.8 mmHg) as many as 4 people (13.3%), and after
exercises had decreased to (0.0%). Furthermore, the ABI value of respondents of LKD patients before
training in the normal category (0.9-1.2 mmHg) (0.0%) after exercise had increased to 10 people
(37.4%).
Bivariate Analysis
Table 4. Buerger Allen exercise effect on diabetic leg blood circulation before and after intervention
Based on the table above, it can be shown that there is a statistically significant difference in the
group before and after the burger Allen exercise intervention. ABI value in LKD patients before and
after exercise was 0.71 and 0.85, with a median value of 0.71 and a range between 0.63 and 1.00. While
the median value following training is 0.82, the minimum value is 0.65, the maximum is 1.09, and there
is a substantial influence (p-value 0.000).
Foot Circulation before Buerger Allen Intervention exercise Diabetic Ulcer Patients
According to the study's findings, the majority of respondents with LKD had an ABI value in the
range of venous ulcer diseases (0.8-0.9 mmHg) as much as (86.7%), while the ABI value in the field of
arterial-venous ulcer disorders (0.5-0.8 mmHg) as much as (88.7%) before activity (13.3 percent ).
The majority of the ABI values of LKD respondents in the category of Venous ulcer circulation
disorders and arterial ulcers in LKD patients were influenced by several factors in the study, which can
be seen based on the age characteristics of respondents (62.8 percent) of the early elderly (56-65 years)
age range, which included as many as 27 people. (1) DFS patients over 50 have a higher risk of
peripheral vascular diseases. Blood circulation will decline with age, making it more dangerous to
notice alterations in one's legs' sensitivity.
Conversely, (2) arteriosclerosis and vascular endothelial diseases are more likely to develop as a
person ages. According to several studies, endothelial dysfunction has been linked to circulatory system
Burger Allen Exercise Against The Circulation Of The Lower Extremities In Diabetic Ulcer Patients-
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E-ISSN. 2808-4608
problems (3). Age will reduce blood vessel flexibility because it produces less nitric oxide, which results
in the decreased peripheral circulation (4). Endothelial dysfunction contributes to vascular
atherosclerosis progression, which results in inflammation, thrombosis, arterial stiffness, and reduced
blood flow. Endothelial dysfunction affects vasomotor function, stimulates arterial thrombosis, and
stimulates the migration and proliferation of vascular stem cells (5).
This circulatory condition affects people with diabetes starting in their early years and can result in
a progressive loss of skeletal muscle cells (6). Most LKD patients who responded to the trial and had
arterial and venous ulcer issues were men, up to 23 (53.4 percent ). Testosterone levels are a risk factor
for type 2 diabetes and can cause belly obesity, insulin resistance, and other problems (1). Additionally,
according to (6), insulin sensitivity is subject to fluctuations in testosterone.
According to (7), males over 50 are more likely to have insufficient arterial circulation in their lower
limbs. Typically the limbs affected by atherosclerosis cause distal occlusion disease, frequently
encountered in elderly diabetic patients. Some of the survivors of DFS patients with arterial-venous
ulcer diseases, with LKD lasting 1 to 5 years in up to 34 people (79.1 percent ).
One of the variables that can affect and exacerbate the occurrence of peripheral blood circulation
abnormalities is the duration of the patient's diabetic leg injury. (8) High blood sugar levels in people
with diabetes will impact blood cystic.
38 respondents had venous ulcer diseases and arterial-venous ulcers and took blood sugar-lowering
medications (88.4 percent ). (9) claimed that managing DM could be accomplished through nutrition,
Exercise (Exercise), medications, continuing counseling, and assisting DM patients in becoming self-
sufficient. It's crucial to strike a balance between food, exercise, medicine, and counseling. (10),
prepared to treat peripheral artery circulation problems associated with diabetes mellitus.
One of them is pharmaceutical therapy, which successfully focuses on anti-platelets, anti-
coagulation, antibiotics, and revascularization operations like angioplasty and branching of vascular
bypass. According to (11), some blood sugar medications have a variety of therapeutic effects, such as
lowering blood glucose levels by preventing the liver from producing glucose and reducing insulin
resistance, particularly in the liver and muscles. Based on the KGDS of respondents with arterial-venous
ulcers and venous ulcer disorders, it can be seen that the majority of KGDS respondents passed LKD
before training in the mild category (200-300 mg/dl), as many as 23 people (76.7 %), and after exercise
showed a change in values to 16 people (53.3 %).
The KGDS of respondents before training in the normal category (200mg/dl) climbed to 12 persons
from the value (0.0 percent) after the intervention (40.0 percent ). According to the study's findings,
most of the KGDS respondents changed due to the intervention. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of
metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia and microvascular, macrovascular, and
neuropathic complications.
These complications lead to impaired carbohydrates, fats, and proteins' impaired metabolism due to
defects in insulin secretion, action, or both. 90% of people with diabetes have type 2 diabetes, the most
prevalent type (12). There are both intrinsic and extrinsic causes of a diabetic foot injury. Peripheral
neuropathy, which affects the lower limbs' nerves, ischemia (reduced blood flow), and hyperglycemia
are intrinsic causes (excess glucose in the blood) (1) Blood viscosity will rise with high blood levels,
thickening the capillary membrane where erythrocyte cells, platelets, and leukocytes connect to the
blood vessel lumen and potentially causing leg injuries.
(1) The development of microvascular and macrovascular complications in DM patients at risk of
sustaining diabetic foot injuries or exacerbating existing wounds is caused by increased blood glucose
levels, which reduces blood flow and increases platelet aggregability, and encourages the formation of
microrombus and microvascular blockages.
(13) (14) suggested that physical activity routines can be used to lower blood glucose levels in people
with diabetes by increasing sex cravings relative to when they are at rest. While (15) claims that frequent
foot exercises improve insulin sensitivity, promote glucose transport translocation, and increase the
amount of glucose absorbed by tissues before, during, and after exercise.
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Physical activity management in people with diabetes is influenced by lifestyle, pharmacology (such
as oral hypoglycemic medications or insulin), glucose monitoring, and early and ongoing health
education.
exercise, and range-of-motion exercises (ROM), performed 2-4 times per day for several weeks (21).
However, according to Buerger Allen (22), teaching exercise on the same day twice a day with a 6-hour
gap between sessions shows that lower limb perfusion has significantly improved.
Lower extremity venous insufficiency can be significantly helped by frequently performing the
Buerger Allen exercise with leg elevation for 5 minutes every 6 hours. Exercise also helps decrease the
requirement for oxygen in the arteries, which increases insufficiency (22)—altered posture-induced
tissue perfusion. It is possible to boost the perfusion of the lower extremities, aid in the circulation
process, and dilate blood vessels to make blood flow easier by varying gravity and using muscle
contractions (1). Exercises like those recommended by Buerger Allen are efficient for contracting the
calf muscles effectively and stimulating the gastrocnemius muscles. The gastrocnemius and soleus can
strengthen and pump the calf muscles to promote venous blood vessel circulation and enable venous
return.
Exercises by Buerger Allen have been demonstrated to increase the effectiveness of calf muscle
pumps (23). Postural exercises can enhance local collateral circulation by causing posture and muscle
activity changes, increasing oxygen delivery to the bloodstream, and distributing nutrients to cells and
tissues (24). (25). Buerger Allen states exercise is used in individuals with peripheral circulatory
diseases to increase collateral blood circulation.
But based on the effects of exercise and the study's findings, it was determined that hanging the legs
and repeating the supine, and sitting positions on patients with ischemia is an efficient way to improve
their hemodynamic condition. One of the circulatory problems associated with LKD is inadequate vein
and artery vascularity, which is determined by three variables: blood viscosity, blood vessel length, and
blood vessel diameter.
Hyperglycemia and thickening of the vascular membranes, one of which is brought on by blockage
of prominent blood vessels, are the two factors that contribute to blood viscosity (atherosclerosis). The
profound vein system and the perforant vein in the calf area is a mechanism or combination of the
muscle contractions of the musculus gastrocnemius, soleus, anterior tibial, and plantar otoliths, which
are responsible for the reverse blood circulation of the lower extremity of the sphere.
In addition to acting as a pump to activate the venous blood and prevent backflow to the simple
system, the active contraction of the calf muscle also pushes blood away from the lower leg. For LKD
patients with venous ulcer diseases and arterial-venous ulcers, repeated and persistent Buerger Allen
exercise movements can open up local collateral circulation channels, offering significant clinical
advantages.
To continue supplying tissues and organs with blood and oxygen, the arteries will form new blood
vessel paths around the obstruction through the alternative blood flow channel. Gravity works to
alternately empty and fills the blood column in the streets and veins. At the same time, the elevated
extremities posture is a gravitational force applied to blood vessel circulation, which can ultimately
enhance blood flow to the lower extremity to the tissueperifer in LKD (23). (26).
However, research (27) indicates that the most critical factor influencing the occurrence of diabetic
foot injury is foot gymnastics activities. This suggests that, compared to respondents who consistently
and regularly completed foot exercises following the theory, those who did so had a stronger influence
on diabetic foot injuries.
There was a significant improvement in lower limb perfusion and a decrease in pain in patients who
had received Buerger Allen exercise in type 2 DM patients, demonstrating the effectiveness of Buerger
Allen exercise in improving lower extremity perfusion among diabetes mellitus patients.
Leg exercises can eventually enhance blood flow by helping empty gravity veins and fill artery
vascular columns in the legs (28). (27). Buerger Allen exercise is performed in several steps
systematically by flexing, extending, pronating, and supinating the toes can increase periphery tissue
perfusion (19). The increase in tissue perfusion of the Buerger Allen exercise due to postural changes,
modulating gravity, and applying muscle contractions can increase the perfusion of the lower
extremities and help the circulation and dilatation of blood vessels so that blood is easy to flow.
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E-ISSN. 2808-4608
Exercise can stop peripheral artery disease from developing, lower the chance of amputation in LKD
patients, restore function to the extremities, and enhance the quality of life, according to Buerger Allen
(4).
The perfusion of the lower extremities has significantly improved if the Buerger Allen exercise is
taught twice on the same day, separated by a 6-hour break. Leg elevation, which should be done for 5
minutes every 2 hours, can significantly help LKD patients with lower extremity venous insufficiency.
Using gravitational forces to make each level of movement need to be performed consistently, the
Buerger Allen exercise is one of the varieties of active movement in the lower and plantar extremity
areas. This exercise is performed to improve circulation, strengthen and maximize the activity of small
muscles, avoid the development of leg deformities, aid in the healing process for LKD, and raise the
amount of insulin produced, which is utilized to transport glucose to cells.
Hence assisting diabetic individuals in lowering their blood glucose levels (21). Buerger Allen's
exercise aims to enhance the circulation of obstructed arterial arteries by utilizing posture adjustments
and promoting peripheral circulation. Patients with LKD can improve their lower extremity perfusion
by changing gravity and using muscle contractions (18). Exercise can promote the wound healing
process since it will aid the patient in enhancing their vascularity while also assisting with healing their
wounds (21). Activity has been demonstrated to be successful in reversing lower extremity perfusion
in diabetes mellitus patients, according to Buerger Allen (23).
Effective results were obtained employing the Buerger Allen exercise mechanism, which applies
gravity changes in positions to blood vessels and smooth muscle blood vessels.
Wilcoxon test analysis showed that the respondents' circulation had improved. The statistical
analysis produced a P-value of 0.000, indicating that Buerger Allen exercise significantly enhanced foot
circulation in LKD patients with arterial-venous and venous ulcers. In this study,
Buerger Allen's exercise was done twice daily for three weeks. Training is effective in improving
leg circulation in people with diabetes or practice that can affect the improvement of circulation in the
lower extremities. This type of activity includes walking, light exercise, and range-of-motion exercises
(ROM), performed 2-4 times per day for several weeks (29).
4. Conclusion
Based on the results of the research analysis above, the following conclusions can be drawn:
1. Based on the circulation in the legs' lower extremities before a workout with Buerger Allen. Because
the majority of respondents are over 50 years old, they have had LKD for longer than a year, they
are predominantly male, and their KGDS scores fall into the mild and moderate categories, the
majority of the ABI values of respondents with LKD patients fall into the category of venous ulcer
disorders and arterial-venous ulcer disorders;
2. Most ABI values in LKD patients with the category of venous disorders showed a decrease. In
contrast, the type of normal veins showed an increase based on the circulation of the lower extremity
legs after the Buerger Allen exercise.
3. There was a significant impact of Buerger Allen exercise intervention on improving more
insufficient limb leg circulation with impaired venous ulcers and arterial-venous ulcers in LKD.
References
1. Jannaim J, Dharmajaya R, Asrizal A. Pengaruh Buerger Allen Exercise Terhadap Sirkulasi Ektremitas
Bawah Pada Pasien Luka Kaki Diabetik. J Keperawatan Indones. 2018;21(2):101–8.
2. Hadi HAR, Al Suwaidi JA. Endothelial dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. Vasc Health Risk Manag.
2007;3(6):853–76.
3. Ciecierski M, Suppan K. The effect of lower revascularization on the global endothelial function and. 2013;
4. Simarmata PC, Sitepu SDEU, Sitepu AL, Hutauruk R, Butar-butar RA. Pengaruh Buerger Allen Exercise
Terhadap Nilai Ankle Brachial Index Pada Pasien Diabetes Melitus. J Keperawatan Dan Fisioter.
2021;4(1):90–4.
5. Matsuzawa Y, Lerman A. Endothelial dysfunction and CAD: Assessment, prognosis, and treatment. Coron
Artery Dis. 2014;25(8):713–24.
6. Balducci S, Sacchetti M, Orlando G, Salvi L, Pugliese L, Salerno G, et al. Correlates of muscle strength in
Burger Allen Exercise Against The Circulation Of The Lower Extremities In Diabetic Ulcer Patients-
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LAPORAN PENDAHULUAN
DIABETES
Disusun Oleh
Dengan Menyebut Nama allah swt yang maha pemurah juga maha
penyayangg, puji syukur saya panjatkan kehadirat allah SWT yang sudah
melimpahkan hidayah, inayah dan rahmatnya sehingga saya bisa menyerlesaikan
penyusunan Laporan Pendahuluan ini.
ii
DAFTAR ISI
LAPORAN PENDAHULUAN ............................................................................... i
A. Pengertian .................................................................................................... 4
B. Etiologi ......................................................................................................... 4
D. Komplikasi ................................................................................................... 6
E. Penatalaksanaan ......................................................................................... 10
iii
BAB I
PENDAHULUAN
A. Pengertian
B. Etiologi
1. Diabetes Tipe 1
a. Faktor genetik
b. Faktor-fakror imunologi
4
c. Faktor lingkungan
2. Diabetes Tipe 2
Faktor-faktor resiko :
1. Usia
a. Obesitas
b. Riwayat keluarga
C. Manifestasi klinis
4. Gatal
5. Mata kabur
5
Manifestasi klinis diabetes melitus menurut (Riyadi, 2011) adalah:
D. Komplikasi
Komplikasi diabetes akut dapat disebabkan oleh dua hal, yaitu naik
turunnya kadar gula darah secara drastis. Keadaan ini membutuhkan
perhatian medis segera, karena jika terlambat dapat menyebabkan
hilangnya kesadaran, kejang dan kematian. Terdapat 3 macam komplikasi
diabetes melitus akut:
a. Hipoglikemia
6
banyak mengonsumsi obat penurun gula darah, atau terlambat makan.
Gejala berupa penglihatan kabur, detak jantung cepat, sakit kepala,
gemetar, berkeringat dingin dan pusing. Kadar gula darah yang terlalu
rendah dapat menyebabkan pingsan, kejang, bahkan koma.
7
2. Komplikasi diabetes melitus kronis
8
tingginya gula darah, maupun karena penurunan aliran darah menuju
saraf. Rusaknya saraf dapat menyebabkan gangguan sensorik dengan
gelaja berupa mati rasa, kesemutan, dan nyeri. Kerusakan saraf juga
bisa mempengaruhi saluran pencernaan (gastroparesis). Gejalanya
berupa mual, muntah dan cepat merasa kenyang saat makan. Pada pria,
komplikasi diabetes bisa menyebabkan disfungsi ereksi atau impotensi.
Komplikasi ini dapat dicegah dan penundaan hanya bila diabetes
terdeteksi sejak dini agar kadar gula darah bisa terkontrol melalui pola
makan dan gaya hidup sehat dan minum obat yang sesuai rekomendasi
dokter.
d. Penyakit kardiovaskular
9
E. Penatalaksanaan
1. Edukasi
2. Terapi nutrisi
10
kegemukan dan menderita morbiditas. Penderita diabetes dan kegemukan
akan memiliki resiko yang lebih tinggi daripada mereka yang hanya
kegemukan.
3. Aktifitas fisik
Kegiatan fisik setiap hari latihan fisik teratur (3-4 kali seminggu
sekitar 30 menit), adalah salah satu pilar pengelolaan DMT2. Aktivitas
sehari-hari seperti berjalan kaki ke pasar, naik turun tangga, dan berkebun
tetap harus dilakukan untuk menjaga kesehatan, menurunkan berat badan,
dan memperbaiki sensitivitas insulin. Latihan fisik dianjurkan yaitu berupa
senam aerobik seperti jalan kaki, bersepeda, jogging, dan berenang,
sebaiknya latihan fisik disesuaikan dengan umur dan status kesegaran.
Bagi mereka yang relatif sehat, dapat meningkatkan intensitas latihan
fisik, dan mereka yang mengalami komplikasi diabetes dapat dikurangi.
4. Farmakologi
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F. Patofisiologi dan pathway
12
(resistensi insulin). Defisiensi dan resistensi insulin ini akan memicu sekresi
hormon glukagon dan epinefrin. Glukagon hanya bekerja di hati. Glukagon
mula-mula meningkatkan glikogenolisis yaitu pemecahan glikogen menjadi
glukosa dan kemudian meningkatkan glukoneogenesis yaitu pembentukan
karbohidrat oleh protein dan beberapa zat lainnya oleh hati. Epinefrin selain
meningkatkan glikogenolisis dan glukoneogenesis di hati juga menyebabkan
lipolisis di jaringan lemak serta glikogenolisis dan proteolisis di otot. Gliserol,
hasil lipolisis, serta asam amino (alanin dan aspartat) merupakan bahan baku
glukoneogenesis hati.
Faktor atau pengaruh lingkungan seperti gaya hidup atau obesitas akan
mempercepat progresivitas perjalanan penyakit. Gangguan metabolisme
glukosa akan berlanjut pada gangguan metabolisme lemak dan protein serta
proses kerusakan berbagai jaringan tubuh (Manaf A, 2010).
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Pathway
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G. Asuhan keperawatan
1. Pengkajian
a. Identitas
b. Keluhan utama
Dalam hal ini yang perlu dikaji yaitu tentang penyakit apa saja
yang pernah diderita. Apakah pasien pernah mengalami penyakit yang
sama sebelumnya seperti penyakit payudara jinak, hyperplasia tipikal.
f. Pola sehari-hari
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menyebabkan keluhan sering BAK, banyak makan, banyak
minum, BB menurun dan mudah lelah. Keadaan tersebut dapat
menyebabkan terjadinya gangguan nutrisi dan metabolisme yang
mempengaruhi status kesehatan.
3) Eliminasi, adanya hiperglikemia menyebabkan terjadinya diuresis
osmotik yang menyebabkan pasien sering kencing (poliuri) dan
pengeluaran glukosa pada urine (glukosuria). Pada eliminasi alvi
relatif tidak ada gangguan.
4) Tidur/istirahat, Istirahat kurang efektif adanya poliuri, nyeri pada
kaki diabetik, sehingga klien mengalami kesulitan tidur.
5) Aktivitas dan latihan kelemahan, susah berjalan/bergerak, kram
otot, gangguan istirahat dan tidur, tachicardi/tachipnea pada waktu
melakukan aktivitas dan bahkan sampai terjadi koma. Adanya luka
gangren dan kelemahan otot-otot pada tungkai bawah
menyebabkan penderita tidak mampu melaksanakan aktivitas
sehari-hari secara maksimal, penderita mudah mengalami
kelelahan.
6) Kognitif persepsi, pasien dengan gangren cenderung mengalami
neuropati/mati rasa pada luka sehingga tidak peka terhadap adanya
nyeri. Pengecapan mengalami penurunan, gangguan penglihatan.
7) Persepsi dan konsep diri, adanya perubahan fungsi dan struktur
tubuh akan menyebabkan penderita mengalami gangguan pada
gambaran diri. Luka yang sukar sembuh, lamanya perawatan,
banyaknya biaya perawatan dan pengobatan menyebabkan pasien
mengalami kecemasan dan gangguan peran pada keluarga (self
esteem).
8) Peran hubungan, luka gangren yang susah sembuh dan berbau
menjadikan penderita kurang percaya diri dan menghindar dari
keramaian.
9) Seksualitas, menyebabkan gangguan kualitas ereksi, gangguan
potensi seks, adanya peradangan pada daerah vagina, serta
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orgasme menurun dan terjadi impoten pada pria risiko lebih tinggi
terkena kanker prostat berhubungan dengan nefropati.
10) Koping toleransi, waktu perawatan yang lama, perjalanan penyakit
kronik, tidak berdaya karena ketergantungan menyebabkan reaksi
psikologis yang negatif seperti marah, cemas, mudah tersinggung,
dapat mengakibatkan penderita kurang mampu menggunakan
mekanisme koping yang konstruktif/adaptif.
11) Nilai kepercayaan Perubahan status kesehatan, turunnya fungsi
tubuh dan luka pada kaki tidak menghambat penderita dalam
melakukan ibadah tetapi mempengaruhi pola ibadahnya
g. Pemeriksaan fisik (Head to Toe)
1) Status kesehatan umum, meliputi keadaan penderita yang sering
muncul adalah kelemahan fisik.
2) Tingkat kesadaran: normal, letargi, stupor, koma (tergantung kadar
gula yang dimiliki dan kondisi fisiologis untuk melakukan
kompensasi kelebihan kadar gula dalam darah).
3) Tanda-tanda vital
a) Tekanan darah (TD): biasanya mengalami hipertensi dan juga
ada yang mengalami hipotensi.
b) Nadi (N): biasanya pasien DM mengalami takikardi saat
beristirahat maupun beraktivitas.
c) Pernapasan (RR): biasanya pasien mengalami takipnea
d) Suhu (S): biasanya suhu tubuh pasien mengalami peeningkatan
jika terindikasi adanya infeksi.
e) Berat badan: pasien DM biasanya akan mengalami penuruan
BB secara signifikan pada pasien yang tidak mendapatkan
terapi dan terjadi peningkatan BB jika pengobatan pasien rutin
serta pola makan yang terkontrol.
4) Kepala dan leher
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tentukan ada benjolan atau tidak di kepala, tekstur kulit
kasar/halus, ada nyeri tekan atau tidak dan raba juga apakah
rambut halus/kasar maupun adanya kerontokan.
b) Mata, inspeksi lihat bentuk mata simetris, ada lesi dikelopak
mata, amati reaksi pupil terhadap cahaya isokor/anisokor dan
amati sklera ikterus/tidak. Palpasi raba apakah ada tekanan
intra okuler, kaji apakah ada nyeri tekan pada mata.
c) Hidung, inspeksi lihat apakah hidung simetris/tidak, terdapat
secret, lesi, adanya polip, adanya pernafasan cuping hidung,
kaji adanya nyeri tekan pada sinus.
d) Telinga, inspeksi cek apakah telinga simetris, lesi,
serumen/tidak. Palpasi adanya nyeri tekan pada telinga, apakah
telinga kadang-kadang berdenging, dan tes ketajaman
pendengaran dengan garputala atau bisikan.
e) Mulut, inspeksi mengamati bibir apakah ada kelainan
kongenital (bibir sumbing), mukosa bibir pucat kering, jika
dalam kondisi dehidrasi akibat diuresis osmosis dan kurang
bersih, gusi mudah terjadi pendarahan. Palpasi Apakah ada
nyeri tekan pada daerah sekitar mulut.
f) Leher, inspeksi mengamati adanya bekas luka, kesimetrisan,
ataupun massa yang abnormal. Palpasi Mengkaji adakah
pembesaran vena jugularis, kelenjar getah bening dan kelenjar
tiroid.
5) Thorax dan paru-paru
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Gejala: merasa kekurangan oksigen, batuk dengan atau tanpa
sputum purulent (tergantung adanya infeksi atau tidak).
6) Abdomen
7) Integument
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2. Diagnosis keperawatan
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3. Nursing care plan (NCP)
Berat lokasi,karakteristik,on
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nyeri akan
dirasakan,dan
antisipasi dari
ketidaknyamanan
akibat prosedur.
7. Kolaborasi pemberian
analgetik sesuai
indikasi
2. Resiko infeksi Setelah dilakukan tindakan asuhan Perlindungan infeksi
dibuktikan keperawatan selama 2x24 jam 1. Monitor adanya tanda
dengan penyakit resiko infeksi menurun. Dengan dan gejala infeksi
kronis (mis, kriteria hasil: sistemik dan lokal
diabetes No Kriteria A T 2. Periksa kondisi setiap
mellitus) 1. Mengindentifikasi 3 5 sayatan bedah atau
faktor resiko luka
infeksi 3. Periksa kulit dan
2. Mengidentifikasi 3 5 selaput lendir untuk
tanda dan gejala adanya kemerahan
infeksi atau drainase
3. Mengklarifikasi 2 5 4. Anjurkan asupan
resiko infeksi cairan dengan tepat
yang di dapat 5. Ajarkan pasien dan
infeksi kesehatan
Keterangan:
1. Tidak pernah menunjukkan
2. Jarang menujukkan
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3. Kadang-kadang menunjukkan
4. Sering menunjukkan
5. Secara konsisten menunjukkan
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9. Kolaborasi prosedur
debridement, jika
perlu.
10. Kolaborasi
pemberian antibiotik,
jika perlu.
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DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Febrinasari, R. P., Maret, U. S., Sholikah, T. A., Maret, U. S., Pakha, D. N.,
Maret, U. S., Putra, S. E., & Maret, U. S. (2020). Buku saku diabetes
melitus untuk awam. November. diakses tanggal 20 November 2020
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