Target cell
Electrical signal
along nerve cell
triggers release of
neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitter
diffuses across
synapse
Secretory
vesicle
Local regulator
diffuses through
extracellular fluid
Target cell
is stimulated
(b) Synaptic signaling. A nerve cell
releases neurotransmitter molecules
into a synapse, stimulating the
target cell.
NEUROHORMON
DIHASILKAN OLEH SEL SARAF KHUSUS DALAM HIPOTALAMUS
BERFUNGSI MENDORONG HIPOFISA MENGHASILKAN HORMON
TERDIRI DARI :
CRF (CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING FACTOR) Untuk mendorong sekresi
ACTH (Adrenocorticotropin Hormone)
GHRF (GROWTH HORMONE RELEASING FACTOR). Untuk mendorong
sekresi GH (Growth Hormone)atau somatotropin.
TRH (THYROTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE). Untuk mendorong
sekresi tirotropin.
LHRH (LUTENIZING HORMON RELEASING HORMONE). Untuk
mendorong sekresi LH (Luteinizing Hormone).
GnRH (GONADOTHROPIN RELEASING HORMONE). Untuk mendorong
sekresi gonadothropin (FSH dan LH).
Somatostatin, untuk menghambat sekresi somatotropin.
FAKTOR TUMBUH
DIHASILKAN SEL TERTENTU UNTUK MENDORONG
PERTUMBUHAN ATAU MITOSIS SEL TERDEKAT
CONTOH:
1.EGF (Untuk epidermis)
2.FGF (oleh endotel untuk fibroblast)
3.Angiotensin (oleh protein plasma yang
disintesa dalam hepatosit, untuk
mendorong disekresikannya Aldosteron
dari kortek adrenal.
Blood
vessel
Endocrine cell
Hormone travels
in bloodstream
to target cells
Target
cell
1 Exchange of
mating factors.
Each cell type
secretes a
mating factor
that binds to
receptors on
the other cell
type.
2 Mating. Binding
of the factors to
receptors
induces changes
in the cells that
lead to their
fusion.
a factor
Receptor
Yeast cell,
mating type a
factor
3 New a/ cell.
Figure 11.2
The nucleus of
the fused cell
includes all the
genes from the
a and cells.
Yeast cell,
mating type
a/
Gap junctions
between animal cells
Figure 11.3
Plasmodesmata
between plant cells
(a) Cell junctions. Both animals and plants have cell junctions that allow molecules
to pass readily between adjacent cells without crossing plasma membranes.
Figure 11.3 (b) Cell-cell recognition. Two cells in an animal may communicate by interaction
between molecules protruding from their surfaces.
Plasma membrane
CYTOPLASM
2 Transduction
3 Response
Receptor
Activation
of cellular
response
Relay molecules in a signal transduction pathway
Signal
molecule
Figure 11.5
.
Segment that
interacts with
G proteins
G-protein-linked
Receptor
Plasma Membrane
GDP
CYTOPLASM
G-protein
(inactive)
Enzyme
Activated
Receptor
GDP
Signal molecule
GTP
Activated
enzyme
GTP
GDP
Pi
Cellular response
Inctivate
enzyme
Signal-binding sitea
Signal
molecule
Signal
molecule
Helix in the
Membrane
Tyr
Tyrosines
Tyr
Tyr
Tyr
Tyr
Tyr
Tyr
Tyr
Tyr
Tyr
Tyr
Tyr
Tyr
Tyr
Tyr
Receptor tyrosine
kinase proteins
(inactive monomers)
CYTOPLASM
Tyr
Tyr
Tyr
Dimer
Activated
relay proteins
Tyr
Tyr
Tyr
Tyr
Tyr
Tyr
ATP
6 ADP
P Tyr
P Tyr
P Tyr
Tyr P
Tyr P
Tyr P
P Tyr
P Tyr
P Tyr
Tyr P
Tyr P
Tyr P
Inactive
relay proteins
Cellular
response 1
Cellular
response 2
Gate closed
Ligand-gated
ion channel receptor
Ions
Plasma
Membrane
Gate open
Cellular
response
Gate close
Figure 11.7
RESEPTOR INTRASELULER
TIDAK SEMUA RESEPTOR
SINYAL MERUPAKAN
PROTEIN MEMBRAN.
SEBAGIAN BERUPA
PROTEIN YANG TERLETAK
SITOPLASMA ATAU INTI SEL
TARGET.
MOKELUL SINYALNYA BERUPA
MOLEKUL KECIL ATAU
BERUPA LIPID SEHINGGA
BISA MELEWATI MEMBRAN
PLASMA. CONTOH HORMON
STEROID DAN TIROID.
Hormone
(testosterone)
EXTRACELLULAR
FLUID
Plasma
membrane
Receptor
protein
Hormonereceptor
complex
DNA
mRNA
NUCLEUS
CYTOPLASM
New protein
KASKADE FOSFORISASI
.
Signal molecule
Activated relay
molecule
Receptor
Inactive
protein kinase
1
ATP
Pi
Active
protein
kinase
2
ADP
PP
Inactive
protein kinase
3
ATP
Pi
de
ca
as
nc
Inactive
protein kinase
2
io
lat
ory
ph
os
Ph
Active
protein
kinase
1
Active
protein
kinase
3
ADP
PP
Inactive
protein
ATP
Pi
PP
ADP
Active
protein
Cellular
response
MESENJER KE DUA
TIDAK SEMUA KOMPONEN JALUR TRANDUKSI
BERUPA PROTEIN, BANYAK JALUR
PENSINYALAN JUGA MELIBATKAN MOLEKUL
ATAU ION KECIL NON PROTEIN YANG
TERLARUT AIR YANG DISEBUT MESENJER
KE DUA.
DUA MESENJER KE DUA YANG PALING
BANYAK DIGUNAKAN ADALAH AMP SIKLIK
(cAMP) DAN ION KALSIUM
cAMP
.
First messenger
(signal molecule
such as epinephrine)
Adenylyl
cyclase
G protein
G-protein-linked
receptor
GTP
ATP
cAMP
Protein
kinase A
Cellular responses
ION KALSIUM
.
EXTRACELLULAR
FLUID
Plasma
membrane
Ca2+
pump
ATP
Mitochondrion
Nucleus
CYTOSOL
Ca2+
pump
ATP
Key
Figure 11.11
Ca
pump
2+
High [Ca2+]
Endoplasmic
reticulum (ER)
Low [Ca2+]
Transduction
Inactive G protein
Active G protein (102 molecules)
Inactive adenylyl cyclase
Active adenylyl cyclase (102)
ATP
Cyclic AMP (104)
Inactive protein kinase A
Active protein kinase A (104)
Inactive phosphorylase kinase
Active phosphorylase kinase (105)
Inactive glycogen phosphorylase
Active glycogen phosphorylase (106)
Response
Glycogen
Glucose-1-phosphate
(108 molecules)
Growth factor
Reception
Receptor
Phosphorylation
cascade
Transduction
CYTOPLASM
Inactive
transcription
factor
Active
transcription
factor
Response
DNA
Gene
Figure 11.14
NUCLEUS
mRNA
Receptor
Relay
molecules
Response 1
Response Response
2
Activation
or inhibition
Response 4
Response 5